Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution An introduction in the context of global cropping systems PLSCS/IARD 4140
D G Rossiter
NY State College of Agriculture & Life Sciences
31-August-2021 Outline
Soil functions, global diversity, and 1 distribution Introduction
D G Rossiter 2 Soil functions Introduction Soil functions 3 Soil diversity Soil diversity Soil 4 Soil distribution distribution
Soil geographic 5 Soil geographic databases databases Drivers of 6 Drivers of change in soil properties change in soil properties
Sustainability 7 Sustainability challenges challenges Conclusion 8 Conclusion Soil? – CALS Arts Quad
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution
D G Rossiter
Introduction
Soil functions
Soil diversity
Soil distribution
Soil geographic databases
Drivers of change in soil properties
Sustainability challenges
Conclusion Table of Contents
Soil functions, global diversity, and 1 distribution Introduction
D G Rossiter 2 Soil functions Introduction Soil functions 3 Soil diversity Soil diversity Soil 4 Soil distribution distribution
Soil geographic 5 Soil geographic databases databases Drivers of 6 Drivers of change in soil properties change in soil properties
Sustainability 7 Sustainability challenges challenges Conclusion 8 Conclusion What do we mean by “soils”?
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution D G Rossiter The Earth’s epidermis
Introduction thickness not clearly defined, “soil” (≈ 2 m in most
Soil functions studies) vs. “regolith” (all loose material above hard rock) typical zone of influence for crops 30 cm – 1.5 m Soil diversity
Soil The interface between atmosphere, lithosphere, distribution biosphere, hydrosphere, anthrosphere Soil geographic databases Almost all the transformations and energy fluxes on
Drivers of “solid” earth take place in soils change in soil properties Pedogenesis (soil formation) from these fluxes, hence Sustainability vertical differentiation within soil profiles challenges
Conclusion Yangzhou, Jiangsu province PRC
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution
D G Rossiter
Introduction
Soil functions
Soil diversity
Soil distribution
Soil geographic databases
Drivers of change in soil properties
Sustainability challenges
Conclusion
_ÏlÞ_ý:ªG, hÞZëãÊ In prose . . .
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution “. . . the outer solid portions of the earth readily pass D G Rossiter into a loose and disintegrated condition. This layer,
Introduction although superficial and insignificant in comparison to
Soil functions the bulk of the earth, has performed and is still
Soil diversity performing a marvelous function. “[containing]
Soil reactions of almost unbelievable complexity. distribution “This debris of rock and plant residue, teeming with Soil geographic its microscopic life and ever restless in its endless databases efforts at equilibrium is the arable soil from which Drivers of 1 change in soil man must obtain his bread” properties Sustainability – Lyon, T. L., & Buckman, H. O. (1922). The nature and properties of soils; a challenges college text of edaphology., pp. 1–2 Conclusion
1note: “man, his” in their inclusive sense The Critical Zone and its fluxes
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution
D G Rossiter
Introduction
Soil functions
Soil diversity
Soil distribution
Soil geographic databases
Drivers of change in soil properties
Sustainability challenges
Conclusion Source: https: //criticalzone.org/national/models/conceptual-models-1national/ Soils and humans
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution
D G Rossiter
Introduction
Soil functions Humans have a large influence on soil functions and Soil diversity properties Soil distribution The soil is a finite resource and can be semi-permanently
Soil lost (erosion) or (often irreversibly) degraded geographic databases (salinization, compaction . . . )
Drivers of change in soil properties
Sustainability challenges
Conclusion Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution
D G Rossiter
Introduction
Soil functions
Soil diversity
Soil distribution
Soil geographic databases
Drivers of change in soil properties
Sustainability challenges
Conclusion
Kourites (Koυρητες´ ), Crete (Kρητη´ ) (GR) Table of Contents
Soil functions, global diversity, and 1 distribution Introduction
D G Rossiter 2 Soil functions Introduction Soil functions 3 Soil diversity Soil diversity Soil 4 Soil distribution distribution
Soil geographic 5 Soil geographic databases databases Drivers of 6 Drivers of change in soil properties change in soil properties
Sustainability 7 Sustainability challenges challenges Conclusion 8 Conclusion Textbook – introduction to soils for crop ecology
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution Connor, D. J. (2011). Crop ecology: Productivity and management in agricultural D G Rossiter systems (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76127-7;
Introduction Chapter 7 “Soil Resources” pp. 171-192
Soil functions Relevance for cropping systems? Soil diversity Soil chemistry Soil distribution Soil formation Soil geographic Soil types and uses databases Soil properties Drivers of change in soil properties Water and air components Sustainability Soil temperature relations challenges Conclusion Discuss these in terms of soil functions. Soil functions – concept
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution How the soil affects the atmosphere, lithosphere,
D G Rossiter biosphere, hydrosphere, anthrosphere on–, off–site Introduction
Soil functions An old idea, e.g. Blum, W. E. H., & Santelises, A. A. (1994). A
Soil diversity concept of sustainability and resilience based on soil functions: The role of
Soil ISSS in promoting sustainable land use. In D. J. Greenland & I. Szabolics distribution (Eds.), Soil resilience and sustainable land use (pp. 535‘‘542). CAB Soil geographic International. databases
Drivers of Increasingly recognized outside of soil science, e.g. change in soil Bouma, J. (2014). Soil science contributions towards Sustainable properties
Sustainability Development Goals and their implementation: Linking soil functions with challenges ecosystem services. Journal of Soil Fertility and Soil Science, 177, 111‘‘120. Conclusion https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201300646 Soils in the Sustainable Development Goals
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution
D G Rossiter
Introduction
Soil functions
Soil diversity
Soil distribution
Soil geographic databases
Drivers of change in soil properties
Sustainability challenges
Conclusion Source: https: //www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ Soil functions, global Water purification diversity, and and soil contaminant Climate reduction regulation distribution Carbon fao.org/soils-2015 sequestration
GHGs D G Rossiter Soil DDT CO CH NO functions Provision of food, CO fibre and fuel Introduction Nutrient Soils deliver cycling Soil functions ecosystem Soil diversity services C
N P Ca Soil that enable S Zn K Habitat for distribution organisms life on Earth Cultural heritage Soil geographic databases UNSAFE
Drivers of SAFE change in soil properties
Sustainability Provision of Flood construction regulation challenges materials
Conclusion with the support of Foundation for human Source of pharmaceuticals infrastructure and genetic resources Soil functions and the Sustainable Development The significance of soils and soil Goals science towards realization of the UN sustainable development goals
A GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Soil functions, 12 Achieve gender 2 Ensure inclusive and equality and Ensure global 7 equitable quality empower all availability and 1 9 diversity, and 10 education and promote women and girls sustainable 8 lifelong learning management of water 7 6 Ensure 11 9 opportunities for all and sanitation for all 5 5 Ensure distribution healthy lives 12 1 access to and promote 5 4 1 2 4 affordable, reliable, 1 well-being for 6 3 sustainable and modern 2 3 all at all ages HUMAN D G Rossiter End 4 energy for all 1 HEALTH 6 hunger, achieve 5 3 3 WATER 5 food security and 7 Flood SECURITY 2 improved nutrition and Provision of 7 Promote 2 mitigation 1 promote sustainable support for human 4 sustained, inclusive Provision of infrastructures and Introduction 1 agriculture and sustainable economic 2 2 raw materials animals growth, full and 4 FOOD 1 productive employment 2 SECURITY 3 HYDROLOGY Filtering of nutrients and decent work 4 Soil functions 5 and contaminants for all 3 Storing, 2 End poverty in all 1 AGRONOMY 2 filtering its forms everywhere 5 and transforming 8 4 Provision of food, 2 Soil diversity 1 5 Biomass nutrients, substances 3 6 1 wood and fibre production, and water Build resilient 1 Biodiversity including agriculture CLIMATOLOGY Carbon storage infrastructure, promote pool, such as 9 1 and forestry and greenhouse inclusive and sustainable habitats, species Soil gases regulation industrialization and Sustainable and genes Ecosytem Soil SOIL foster innovation Development distribution Services Functions SCIENCE Goals Physical and cultural 2 3 Archive of environment for humans Detoxification geological and and human activities 7 and the recycling Reduce inequality Soil 7 archaeological of wastes 10 within and among Acting as Source of heritage countries geographic Strengthen the 17 Cultural carbon pool raw material 4 means of implementation and 2 12 identity 4 revitalize the global partnership 5 11 5 databases for sustainable 6 8 Make cities and human settlements development Regulation of pests and 4 inclusive, safe, resilient Heritage ECOLOGY disease populations 9 and sustainable 11 values 12 11 9 Drivers of Promote 16 Recreation 2 peaceful and inclusive societies BIODIVERSITY Ensure 3 change in soil for sustainable development, 12 sustainable 1 provide access to justice for 2 10 1 consumption and properties all and build effective, CLIMATE 2 production patterns accountable and inclusive LAND Aesthetics CHANGE 5 institutions at all levels 1 RESTORATION 5 13 6 2 Sustainability 4 Take 7 6 2 7 3 9 Protect, 1 urgent action to 6 challenges 7 15 Conserve 14 combat climate change 4 11 restore and promote sustainable use of 2 and sustainably use 8 and its impacts terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage 4 12 3 the oceans, seas and forests, combat desertification, and halt and marine resources for 6 Conclusion reverse land degradation and halt 4 sustainable development biodiversity loss 7 5
FORUM paper: The significance of soils and soil science towards realization of the UN sustainable development goals (SDGs) Keesstra, S.D., Bouma, J., Wallinga, J., Tittonell, P., Smith, P., Cerdà A., Montanarella, L., Quinton, J., Keesstra et al. DOI: 10.5194/soil-2-111-2016Pachepsky, Y., van der Putten, W.H, Bardgett, R.D, Moolenaar, S., Mol, G., Fresco, L.O. Soil functions - 1
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution
D G Rossiter
Introduction Functions to directly support cropping systems: Soil functions substrate for plants Soil diversity
Soil moisture supply distribution nutrient supply and reserves Soil geographic habitat for soil organisms databases symbiotic, pathogenic, transformative Drivers of change in soil properties
Sustainability challenges
Conclusion Soils supporting cropping systems
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution
D G Rossiter
Introduction
Soil functions
Soil diversity
Soil distribution
Soil geographic databases
Drivers of change in soil properties
Sustainability challenges
Conclusion
Waterloo (B), Ferme de la Haie Sainte Soil functions - 2
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution
D G Rossiter
Introduction Other functions Soil functions filtering, buffering, transforming Soil diversity biological habitat and gene reserve (e.g., antibiotics) Soil distribution physical medium for construction Soil geographic source of raw materials databases
Drivers of cultural heritage. change in soil properties
Sustainability challenges
Conclusion Soils supporting hydrologic functions
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution
D G Rossiter
Introduction
Soil functions
Soil diversity
Soil distribution
Soil geographic databases
Drivers of change in soil properties
Sustainability challenges
Conclusion Rep´ublicaDominicana, Provincia Monte Plata, El De´an. Saiping Tso (MSc 1996) Soil bacterial functions related to plant growth
Soil functions, An example of detailed soil functions: global diversity, and distribution Associative N fixation; D G Rossiter Lowering ethylene levels that are otherwise an impediment
Introduction to plant growth; Soil functions Sequestration of iron by siderophores; Soil diversity Production of photohormones (e.g., auxin); Soil distribution Introduction of pathogen resistance in the plant; Soil geographic Solubilization of nutrients such P; databases Promotion of mycorrhizal functioning; Drivers of change in soil properties Modification of root morphology; Sustainability Enhancement of legume‘‘rhizobia symbioses; challenges
Conclusion Decreasing (organic or heavy metal) pollutant toxicity. Glick, B. R. et al. (1999). Mechanisms used by plant growth-promoting bacteria. London: Imperial College Press Soil constraints to production
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution
D G Rossiter
Introduction 1 water availability (amount and timing); also for Soil functions planting/harvest conditions Soil diversity 2 Soil nutrient availability, nutrient retention (added fertilizers) distribution 3 oxygen (non)availability (drainage) Soil geographic 4 databases soil physical conditions (tillage, rooting conditions)
Drivers of change in soil These and their response to management all vary by soil type. properties
Sustainability challenges
Conclusion Physical constraint: crusting, cracking, poor structure
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution
D G Rossiter
Introduction
Soil functions
Soil diversity
Soil distribution
Soil geographic databases
Drivers of change in soil properties
Sustainability challenges
Conclusion
Pusa, Bihar, India Table of Contents
Soil functions, global diversity, and 1 distribution Introduction
D G Rossiter 2 Soil functions Introduction Soil functions 3 Soil diversity Soil diversity Soil 4 Soil distribution distribution
Soil geographic 5 Soil geographic databases databases Drivers of 6 Drivers of change in soil properties change in soil properties
Sustainability 7 Sustainability challenges challenges Conclusion 8 Conclusion Soil diversity
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution
D G Rossiter
Introduction Tremendous diversity: 32 internationally-recognized Soil functions Reference Soil Groups Soil diversity IUSS Working Group WRB. (2015). World Reference Base for Soil Soil Resources 2014; Update 2015. International soil classification system distribution for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. FAO. Soil geographic http://www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf databases
Drivers of These differ greatly in their properties and functions change in soil properties
Sustainability challenges
Conclusion Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution
D G Rossiter
Introduction
Soil functions
Soil diversity
Soil distribution
Soil geographic databases
Drivers of change in soil properties
Sustainability challenges
Conclusion
© International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS) Soils as natural bodies
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution the whole is more than the sum of the parts D G Rossiter a holistic concept Introduction ensembles of properties and vertical distributions → Soil functions
Soil diversity “personality” Soil lowest-level: soil series distribution can be grouped into a monothetic hierarchical system Soil geographic international standard: World Reference Base for Soil databases Resources (WRB) Drivers of change in soil USDA Soil Taxonomy – also used in many other countries, properties e.g. India, Thailand, Venezuela Sustainability challenges Other national systems, e.g., Australia, NZ, PRC, Brazil,
Conclusion F, NL, D, ex-USSR Soil Classification
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution
D G Rossiter
Introduction
Soil functions
Soil diversity
Soil distribution
Soil geographic databases
Drivers of change in soil properties
Sustainability challenges
Conclusion http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-survey/soil-classification/ world-reference-base/en/ Why these differences?
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution
D G Rossiter Main insight: soils are in their place for a reason Introduction
Soil functions Soils are the product of soil forming factors operating
Soil diversity over time
Soil distribution These factors differ in space and time, and therefore so do
Soil soils geographic databases First insights by Dokuchaev (1883) “Russian Chernozem” Drivers of [= black earth]: soils are natural bodies to be studied as change in soil properties such. Sustainability challenges
Conclusion The Jenny model of soil formation
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution Systematization of soil genesis concepts by Jenny (1941) D G Rossiter Soil forming factors: s = f (cl, o, r, p, t) Introduction
Soil functions cl climate
Soil diversity o organisms: plants, animals (of all sizes),
Soil microbes distribution r relief, terrain position Soil geographic p parent material (pre-soil, e.g., weathered databases rock, sediments) Drivers of change in soil t time of soil formation properties
Sustainability Note that cl, o, r, p may have changed over t (e.g., challenges paleosols) Conclusion Different soil-forming factors → different soils
Soil functions, global diversity, and 5% Soils are Soil profile Organic a key element of distribution matter every landscape how fao.org/soils-2015 25% D G Rossiter Air
Soil s e s s is formed o Soil average L
composition
Introduction
A 25%
d d Water it i o n
Soil functions s
ns atio Soil diversity Transform 45% Mineral S Zn N Cu Soil B Soil processes K P s distribution ation nsloc Tra K Mn L Soil osses geographic databases 1000 years 1 cm
Parent Topography Climate Organisms Time Drivers of Material 500 0,5 change in soil 0 0 properties Soil forming factors Formation of soil is a long and Sustainability complex process challenges
with the support of Soils around Conclusion the world are very diverse Human influence
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution D G Rossiter Humans can and do modify soils Introduction minor: light tillage, agroforestry Soil functions major: deep tillage, heavy fertilization/liming, irrigation Soil diversity extreme: land levelling (terracing), excavation, deep Soil plowing distribution “improvement” (for immediate human needs) vs. Soil geographic “degradation” databases Two classes recognized in the WRB: Anthrosols, Drivers of change in soil Technosols, but human influence is recognized in most properties RSG Sustainability challenges
Conclusion Table of Contents
Soil functions, global diversity, and 1 distribution Introduction
D G Rossiter 2 Soil functions Introduction Soil functions 3 Soil diversity Soil diversity Soil 4 Soil distribution distribution
Soil geographic 5 Soil geographic databases databases Drivers of 6 Drivers of change in soil properties change in soil properties
Sustainability 7 Sustainability challenges challenges Conclusion 8 Conclusion Soils on the landscape
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution
D G Rossiter
Introduction
Soil functions
Soil diversity
Soil distribution
Soil geographic databases
Drivers of change in soil properties
Sustainability challenges
Conclusion
Waterloo (B), Ferme de la Haie Sainte “Zonal” concept
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution
D G Rossiter
Introduction
Soil functions
Soil diversity Climate is a determining factor for upland soils Soil So, climate zones map onto major soil zones distribution
Soil Not true in detail! geographic databases
Drivers of change in soil properties
Sustainability challenges
Conclusion The catena concept
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution
D G Rossiter
Introduction Catena = “chain”: a sequence of soils on a hillslope, Soil functions connected by fluxes Soil diversity water (surface, sub-surface), nutrients, minerals, clays . . . Soil soils in different slope positions have different properties distribution and functions Soil geographic databases Very well developed in some settings, e.g., Kampala area
Drivers of (Uganda) where first developed change in soil properties
Sustainability challenges
Conclusion Soil-landscape relations
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution
D G Rossiter
Introduction
Soil functions
Soil diversity
Soil distribution
Soil geographic databases
Drivers of change in soil properties
Sustainability challenges
Conclusion Otsego County NY https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/ soils/survey/geo/?cid=nrcs142p2_054317 Table of Contents
Soil functions, global diversity, and 1 distribution Introduction
D G Rossiter 2 Soil functions Introduction Soil functions 3 Soil diversity Soil diversity Soil 4 Soil distribution distribution
Soil geographic 5 Soil geographic databases databases Drivers of 6 Drivers of change in soil properties change in soil properties
Sustainability 7 Sustainability challenges challenges Conclusion 8 Conclusion Traditional soil maps
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution
D G Rossiter
Introduction
Soil functions
Soil diversity
Soil distribution
Soil geographic databases
Drivers of change in soil properties
Sustainability challenges
Conclusion
Konyango, Homabay County, Kenya Digitized soil maps
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution
D G Rossiter
Introduction
Soil functions
Soil diversity
Soil distribution
Soil geographic databases
Drivers of change in soil properties
Sustainability challenges
Conclusion Pony Hollow, Newfield NY; source https://casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/soilweb-apps/ Where to find information on soil classes and properties?
Soil functions, global 2 diversity, and World: ISRIC distribution World Soil Information Service (WoSIS) soil profile D G Rossiter databases3 4 Introduction Links to non-ISRIC Soil Geographic Databases TM5 Soil functions SoilGrids
Soil diversity consistent global predictions at 250 m resolution & 7 depth slices Soil distribution organic C density & stock; bulk density, coarse
Soil fragements/clay/sand/silt concentration; cation exchange geographic capacity; total N; pH databases 6 Drivers of USA: NRCS Soil Geography change in soil properties 2www.isric.org Sustainability 3 challenges https://www.isric.org/explore/wosis 4https://www.isric.org/explore/soil-geographic-databases Conclusion 5https://soilgrids.org/ 6https: //www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/geo/ ISRIC-World Soil Information
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution
D G Rossiter
Introduction
Soil functions
Soil diversity
Soil distribution
Soil geographic databases
Drivers of change in soil properties
Sustainability challenges
Conclusion SoilGridsTM
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution
D G Rossiter
Introduction
Soil functions
Soil diversity
Soil distribution
Soil geographic databases
Drivers of change in soil properties
Sustainability challenges
Conclusion
https://soilgrids.org/ SoilGridsTM – caution
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution not field checked, only cross-validated at training points D G Rossiter global product, not optimized for any area Introduction calibrated with observations available to ISRIC (WoSIS Soil functions
Soil diversity database), many countries have more observations they
Soil won’t share distribution observations over 50+ years, especially for soil organic C Soil geographic may be outdated databases
Drivers of old observations with poor georeference → poor change in soil properties correlation in models Sustainability classes (holistic information carriers for technology challenges transfer) only at most general (RSG) level Conclusion Table of Contents
Soil functions, global diversity, and 1 distribution Introduction
D G Rossiter 2 Soil functions Introduction Soil functions 3 Soil diversity Soil diversity Soil 4 Soil distribution distribution
Soil geographic 5 Soil geographic databases databases Drivers of 6 Drivers of change in soil properties change in soil properties
Sustainability 7 Sustainability challenges challenges Conclusion 8 Conclusion Soil genoforms and phenoforms
Soil functions, global diversity, and Soil genoforms reference state that encompasses inherent soil distribution capability under specific long-term D G Rossiter circumstances; soil series as mapped Introduction Soil phenoforms the condition of soils with similar inherent Soil functions properties but dynamic properties modified by Soil diversity specific land-use or management history. Soil distribution more than temporary or cyclical changes Soil geographic (e.g., annual tillage, crop rotation effects) databases reversible over the medium term with Drivers of change in soil appropriate management properties If not reversible → new genoform Sustainability challenges Rossiter, D. G., & Bouma, J. (2018). A new look at soil phenoforms – Definition, Conclusion identification, mapping. Geoderma, 314, 113–121. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.11.002 Drivers of change
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution intensification D G Rossiter nutrient depletion, loss of soil biodiversity, acidification or Introduction salinization (depending on genoform and type of Soil functions intensification) Soil diversity land clearing/conversion Soil distribution major losses of soil organic carbon (SOC), increased
Soil aeration, rainwater reaching the soil surface (infiltrates? geographic databases runs off? → watershed hydrology)
Drivers of major change in cropping systems change in soil properties nutrient stocks and cycling
Sustainability soil structure (e.g., rice-wheat vs. rice-rice systems) challenges soil biota Conclusion Table of Contents
Soil functions, global diversity, and 1 distribution Introduction
D G Rossiter 2 Soil functions Introduction Soil functions 3 Soil diversity Soil diversity Soil 4 Soil distribution distribution
Soil geographic 5 Soil geographic databases databases Drivers of 6 Drivers of change in soil properties change in soil properties
Sustainability 7 Sustainability challenges challenges Conclusion 8 Conclusion Sustainability challenges
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution land degradation: reversible or not? D G Rossiter WOCAT (World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Introduction Technologies)7 Soil functions resilience Soil diversity after a disturbance, ability to return to a stable state with Soil distribution (all, most, some) of the functionality of the original states
Soil example: excessive tillage → destroyed soil structure geographic databases in northern humid temperate climates → restored by freeze-thaw cycles and root action Drivers of change in soil in arid climates negative feedback loop of “pavement” properties surface soil → very low infiltration capacity → Sustainability increasingly hardened challenges
Conclusion
7https://www.wocat.net/en/ Table of Contents
Soil functions, global diversity, and 1 distribution Introduction
D G Rossiter 2 Soil functions Introduction Soil functions 3 Soil diversity Soil diversity Soil 4 Soil distribution distribution
Soil geographic 5 Soil geographic databases databases Drivers of 6 Drivers of change in soil properties change in soil properties
Sustainability 7 Sustainability challenges challenges Conclusion 8 Conclusion Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution
D G Rossiter
Introduction
Soil functions Without soils, no large-scale cropping systems (only
Soil diversity hydroponics/greenhouses) Soil Soils can be used but also abused distribution
Soil Soils differ greatly in how they must be managed for geographic databases sustainable cropping systems
Drivers of change in soil properties
Sustainability challenges
Conclusion End
Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution
D G Rossiter
Introduction
Soil functions
Soil diversity
Soil distribution
Soil geographic databases
Drivers of change in soil properties
Sustainability challenges
Conclusion
Source: doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114556