Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution An introduction in the context of global cropping systems PLSCS/IARD 4140 D G Rossiter NY State College of Agriculture & Life Sciences 31-August-2021 Outline Soil functions, global diversity, and 1 distribution Introduction D G Rossiter 2 Soil functions Introduction Soil functions 3 Soil diversity Soil diversity Soil 4 Soil distribution distribution Soil geographic 5 Soil geographic databases databases Drivers of 6 Drivers of change in soil properties change in soil properties Sustainability 7 Sustainability challenges challenges Conclusion 8 Conclusion Soil? { CALS Arts Quad Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution D G Rossiter Introduction Soil functions Soil diversity Soil distribution Soil geographic databases Drivers of change in soil properties Sustainability challenges Conclusion Table of Contents Soil functions, global diversity, and 1 distribution Introduction D G Rossiter 2 Soil functions Introduction Soil functions 3 Soil diversity Soil diversity Soil 4 Soil distribution distribution Soil geographic 5 Soil geographic databases databases Drivers of 6 Drivers of change in soil properties change in soil properties Sustainability 7 Sustainability challenges challenges Conclusion 8 Conclusion What do we mean by \soils"? Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution D G Rossiter The Earth's epidermis Introduction thickness not clearly defined, \soil" (≈ 2 m in most Soil functions studies) vs. \regolith" (all loose material above hard rock) typical zone of influence for crops 30 cm { 1.5 m Soil diversity Soil The interface between atmosphere, lithosphere, distribution biosphere, hydrosphere, anthrosphere Soil geographic databases Almost all the transformations and energy fluxes on Drivers of \solid" earth take place in soils change in soil properties Pedogenesis (soil formation) from these fluxes, hence Sustainability vertical differentiation within soil profiles challenges Conclusion Yangzhou, Jiangsu province PRC Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution D G Rossiter Introduction Soil functions Soil diversity Soil distribution Soil geographic databases Drivers of change in soil properties Sustainability challenges Conclusion _ÏlÞ_ý:ªG, hÞZëãÊ In prose . Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution \. the outer solid portions of the earth readily pass D G Rossiter into a loose and disintegrated condition. This layer, Introduction although superficial and insignificant in comparison to Soil functions the bulk of the earth, has performed and is still Soil diversity performing a marvelous function. \[containing] Soil reactions of almost unbelievable complexity. distribution \This debris of rock and plant residue, teeming with Soil geographic its microscopic life and ever restless in its endless databases efforts at equilibrium is the arable soil from which Drivers of 1 change in soil man must obtain his bread" properties Sustainability { Lyon, T. L., & Buckman, H. O. (1922). The nature and properties of soils; a challenges college text of edaphology., pp. 1{2 Conclusion 1note: \man, his" in their inclusive sense The Critical Zone and its fluxes Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution D G Rossiter Introduction Soil functions Soil diversity Soil distribution Soil geographic databases Drivers of change in soil properties Sustainability challenges Conclusion Source: https: //criticalzone.org/national/models/conceptual-models-1national/ Soils and humans Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution D G Rossiter Introduction Soil functions Humans have a large influence on soil functions and Soil diversity properties Soil distribution The soil is a finite resource and can be semi-permanently Soil lost (erosion) or (often irreversibly) degraded geographic databases (salinization, compaction . ) Drivers of change in soil properties Sustainability challenges Conclusion Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution D G Rossiter Introduction Soil functions Soil diversity Soil distribution Soil geographic databases Drivers of change in soil properties Sustainability challenges Conclusion Kourites (Koυρητ"&´ ), Crete (Kρητη´ ) (GR) Table of Contents Soil functions, global diversity, and 1 distribution Introduction D G Rossiter 2 Soil functions Introduction Soil functions 3 Soil diversity Soil diversity Soil 4 Soil distribution distribution Soil geographic 5 Soil geographic databases databases Drivers of 6 Drivers of change in soil properties change in soil properties Sustainability 7 Sustainability challenges challenges Conclusion 8 Conclusion Textbook { introduction to soils for crop ecology Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution Connor, D. J. (2011). Crop ecology: Productivity and management in agricultural D G Rossiter systems (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76127-7; Introduction Chapter 7 \Soil Resources" pp. 171-192 Soil functions Relevance for cropping systems? Soil diversity Soil chemistry Soil distribution Soil formation Soil geographic Soil types and uses databases Soil properties Drivers of change in soil properties Water and air components Sustainability Soil temperature relations challenges Conclusion Discuss these in terms of soil functions. Soil functions { concept Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution How the soil affects the atmosphere, lithosphere, D G Rossiter biosphere, hydrosphere, anthrosphere on{, off–site Introduction Soil functions An old idea, e.g. Blum, W. E. H., & Santelises, A. A. (1994). A Soil diversity concept of sustainability and resilience based on soil functions: The role of Soil ISSS in promoting sustainable land use. In D. J. Greenland & I. Szabolics distribution (Eds.), Soil resilience and sustainable land use (pp. 535``542). CAB Soil geographic International. databases Drivers of Increasingly recognized outside of soil science, e.g. change in soil Bouma, J. (2014). Soil science contributions towards Sustainable properties Sustainability Development Goals and their implementation: Linking soil functions with challenges ecosystem services. Journal of Soil Fertility and Soil Science, 177, 111``120. Conclusion https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201300646 Soils in the Sustainable Development Goals Soil functions, global diversity, and distribution D G Rossiter Introduction Soil functions Soil diversity Soil distribution Soil geographic databases Drivers of change in soil properties Sustainability challenges Conclusion Source: https: //www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ Soil functions, global Water purification diversity, and and soil contaminant Climate reduction regulation distribution Carbon fao.org/soils-2015 sequestration GHGs D G Rossiter Soil DDT CO CH NO functions Provision of food, CO fibre and fuel Introduction Nutrient Soils deliver cycling Soil functions ecosystem Soil diversity services C N P Ca Soil that enable S Zn K Habitat for distribution organisms life on Earth Cultural heritage Soil geographic databases UNSAFE Drivers of SAFE change in soil properties Sustainability Provision of Flood construction regulation challenges materials Conclusion with the support of Foundation for human Source of pharmaceuticals infrastructure and genetic resources Soil functions and the Sustainable Development The significance of soils and soil Goals science towards realization of the UN sustainable development goals A GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Soil functions, 12 Achieve gender 2 Ensure inclusive and equality and Ensure global 7 equitable quality empower all availability and 1 9 diversity, and 10 education and promote women and girls sustainable 8 lifelong learning management of water 7 6 Ensure 11 9 opportunities for all and sanitation for all 5 5 Ensure distribution healthy lives 12 1 access to and promote 5 4 1 2 4 affordable, reliable, 1 well-being for 6 3 sustainable and modern 2 3 all at all ages HUMAN D G Rossiter End 4 energy for all 1 HEALTH 6 hunger, achieve 5 3 3 WATER 5 food security and 7 Flood SECURITY 2 improved nutrition and Provision of 7 Promote 2 mitigation 1 promote sustainable support for human 4 sustained, inclusive Provision of infrastructures and Introduction 1 agriculture and sustainable economic 2 2 raw materials animals growth, full and 4 FOOD 1 productive employment 2 SECURITY 3 HYDROLOGY Filtering of nutrients and decent work 4 Soil functions 5 and contaminants for all 3 Storing, 2 End poverty in all 1 AGRONOMY 2 filtering its forms everywhere 5 and transforming 8 4 Provision of food, 2 Soil diversity 1 5 Biomass nutrients, substances 3 6 1 wood and fibre production, and water Build resilient 1 Biodiversity including agriculture CLIMATOLOGY Carbon storage infrastructure, promote pool, such as 9 1 and forestry and greenhouse inclusive and sustainable habitats, species Soil gases regulation industrialization and Sustainable and genes Ecosytem Soil SOIL foster innovation Development distribution Services Functions SCIENCE Goals Physical and cultural 2 3 Archive of environment for humans Detoxification geological and and human activities 7 and the recycling Reduce inequality Soil 7 archaeological of wastes 10 within and among Acting as Source of heritage countries geographic Strengthen the 17 Cultural carbon pool raw material 4 means of implementation and 2 12 identity 4 revitalize the global partnership 5 11 5 databases for sustainable 6 8 Make cities and human settlements development Regulation of pests and 4 inclusive, safe, resilient Heritage ECOLOGY disease populations 9 and sustainable 11 values 12 11 9 Drivers of Promote