Course Catalogue Master Geophysics
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Geophysics (3 Credits) Spring 2018
GEO 3010 – Geophysics (3 credits) Spring 2018 Lecture: FASB 250, 10:45-11:35 am, M & W Lab: FASB 250, 2:00-5:00 pm, M or W Instructor: Fan-Chi Lin (Assistant Professor, Dept. of Geology & Geophysics) Office: FASB 271 Phone: 801-581-4373 Email: [email protected] Office Hours: M, W 11:45 am - 1:00 pm. Please feel free to email me if you would like to make an appointment to meet at a different time. Teaching Assistants: Elizabeth Berg ([email protected]) FASB 288 Yadong Wang ([email protected]) FASB 288 Office Hours: T, H 1:00-3:00 pm Website: http://noise.earth.utah.edu/GEO3010/ Course Description: Prerequisite: MATH 1220 (Calculus II). Co-requisite: GEO 3080 (Earth Materials I). Recommended Prerequisite: PHYS 2220 (Phycs For Scien. & Eng. II). Fulfills Quantitative Intensive BS. Applications of physical principles to solid-earth dynamics and solid-earth structure, at both the scale of global tectonics and the smaller scale of subsurface exploration. Acquisition, modeling, and interpretation of seismic, gravity, magnetic, and electrical data in the context of exploration, geological engineering, and environmental problems. Two lectures, one lab weekly. 1. Policies Grades: Final grades are based on following weights: • Homework (25 %) • Labs (25 %) • Exam 1-3 (10% each) • Final (20 %) Homework: There will be approximately 6 homework sets. Homework must be turned in by 5 pm of the day they are due. 10 % will be marked off for each day they are late. Homework will not be accepted 3 days after the due day. Geophysics – GEO 3010 1 Labs: Do not miss labs! In general you will not have a chance to make up missed labs. -
Summary of the New W4300 Course in DEES: “The Earth's Deep Interior” Instructor: Paul G
Summary of the new W4300 course in DEES: “The Earth's Deep Interior” Instructor: Paul G. Richards ([email protected]) This course emphasizes the geophysical study of Earth structure below the crust, drawing upon geodesy, geomagnetism, gravity, thermal studies, seismology, and some geochemistry. It covers the principal techniques by which discoveries have been made in deep Earth structure, and describes particular features of the mantle, and fluid and solid cores, such as: • the upper mantle beneath old and young oceans and continents • the transition zone in the mantle between about 400 and 700 km depth (within which density and elastic moduli increase anomalously with depth), • the lowermost mantle and core/mantle boundary (across which density doubles and sound speed halves), and • the outer core/inner core boundary (discovered by seismology, and profoundly affecting the Earth's magnetic field). The course is part of the core curriculum for graduate students in solid Earth geophysics and marine geophysics, is an elective for solid Earth geochemistry and geology, and is accessible to undergraduate science majors with adequate math and physics. The course, together with EESC W 4950x (Math Methods in the Earth Sciences), replaces the previous W 4945x – 4946y (Geophysical Theory I and II). It includes parts of previous courses (no longer listed) in seismology, geomagnetism, and thermal history. Emphasis is on current structure, rather than evaluation of dynamic processes (such as convection). Prerequisites calculus, differential -
Geophysical Methods Commonly Employed for Geotechnical Site Characterization TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2008 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OFFICERS
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH Number E-C130 October 2008 Geophysical Methods Commonly Employed for Geotechnical Site Characterization TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2008 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OFFICERS Chair: Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas Department of Transportation, Topeka Vice Chair: Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley Division Chair for NRC Oversight: C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2008–2009 TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES COUNCIL Chair: Robert C. Johns, Director, Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Technical Activities Director: Mark R. Norman, Transportation Research Board Paul H. Bingham, Principal, Global Insight, Inc., Washington, D.C., Freight Systems Group Chair Shelly R. Brown, Principal, Shelly Brown Associates, Seattle, Washington, Legal Resources Group Chair Cindy J. Burbank, National Planning and Environment Practice Leader, PB, Washington, D.C., Policy and Organization Group Chair James M. Crites, Executive Vice President, Operations, Dallas–Fort Worth International Airport, Texas, Aviation Group Chair Leanna Depue, Director, Highway Safety Division, Missouri Department of Transportation, Jefferson City, System Users Group Chair Arlene L. Dietz, A&C Dietz and Associates, LLC, Salem, Oregon, Marine Group Chair Robert M. Dorer, Acting Director, Office of Surface Transportation Programs, Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Rail Group Chair Karla H. Karash, Vice President, TranSystems Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts, Public Transportation Group Chair Mary Lou Ralls, Principal, Ralls Newman, LLC, Austin, Texas, Design and Construction Group Chair Katherine F. Turnbull, Associate Director, Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Planning and Environment Group Chair Daniel S. -
Gji-Keyword-List-Updated2016.Pdf
COMPOSITION and PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Composition and structure of the continental crust Composition and structure of the core Composition and structure of the mantle Composition and structure of the oceanic crust Composition of the planets Creep and deformation Defects Elasticity and anelasticity Electrical properties Equations of state Fault zone rheology Fracture and flow Friction High-pressure behaviour Magnetic properties Microstructure Permeability and porosity Phase transitions Plasticity, diffusion, and creep GENERAL SUBJECTS Core Gas and hydrate systems Geomechanics Geomorphology Glaciology Heat flow Hydrogeophysics Hydrology Hydrothermal systems Instrumental noise Ionosphere/atmosphere interactions Ionosphere/magnetosphere interactions Mantle processes Ocean drilling Structure of the Earth Thermochronology Tsunamis Ultra-high pressure metamorphism Ultra-high temperature metamorphism GEODESY and GRAVITY Acoustic-gravity waves Earth rotation variations Geodetic instrumentation Geopotential theory Global change from geodesy Gravity anomalies and Earth structure Loading of the Earth Lunar and planetary geodesy and gravity Plate motions Radar interferometry Reference systems Satellite geodesy Satellite gravity Sea level change Seismic cycle Space geodetic surveys Tides and planetary waves Time variable gravity Transient deformation GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION Africa Antarctica Arctic region Asia Atlantic Ocean Australia Europe Indian Ocean Japan New Zealand North America Pacific Ocean South America GEOMAGNETISM and ELECTROMAGNETISM Archaeomagnetism -
A Continuous Plate-Tectonic Model Using Geophysical Data to Estimate
GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL, 133, 379–389, 1998 1 A continuous plate-tectonic model using geophysical data to estimate plate margin widths, with a seismicity based example Caroline Dumoulin1, David Bercovici2, Pal˚ Wessel Department of Geology & Geophysics, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, 96822, USA Summary A continuous kinematic model of present day plate motions is developed which 1) provides more realistic models of plate shapes than employed in the original work of Bercovici & Wessel [1994]; and 2) provides a means whereby geophysical data on intraplate deformation is used to estimate plate margin widths for all plates. A given plate’s shape function (which is unity within the plate, zero outside the plate) can be represented by analytic functions so long as the distance from a point inside the plate to the plate’s boundary can be expressed as a single valued function of azimuth (i.e., a single-valued polar function). To allow sufficient realism to the plate boundaries, without the excessive smoothing used by Bercovici and Wessel, the plates are divided along pseudoboundaries; the boundaries of plate sections are then simple enough to be modelled as single-valued polar functions. Moreover, the pseudoboundaries have little or no effect on the final results. The plate shape function for each plate also includes a plate margin function which can be constrained by geophysical data on intraplate deformation. We demonstrate how this margin function can be determined by using, as an example data set, the global seismicity distribution for shallow (depths less than 29km) earthquakes of magnitude greater than 4. -
The Reunification of Seismology and Geophysics Brad Artman Exploration Geophysics – a Brief History
The Reunification of Seismology and Geophysics Brad Artman Exploration geophysics – a brief history J.C. Karcher patents the reflection seismic method, focused the exploration geophysicist for the next century Beno Guttenberg becomes a professor of seismology Gas research institute, Teledyne Geotech, & Sandia National Labs develop equipment and techniques for microseismic monitoring to illuminate hydraulic fracturing 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2013 Rapid advances in computational capabilities allow processing of ever-larger data volumes with more complete physics Exploration geophysics begins (re) learning earthquake seismology to commercialize microseismic monitoring Today, we have the opportunity to capitalize on the strengths of 100 yrs of development in both communities © Spectraseis Inc. 2013 2 Strength comparison To extract the full Seismology Geophysics potential from these Better sensors More sensors measurements, Better physics More compute horsepower we must capture the best of both Bigger events Smaller domain knowledge bases. Seismologists use cheap computers (grad. students) to do very thorough analysis on small numbers of traces. Geophysicists use cheap computers (clusters) to do good- enough approximations on very large numbers of traces. The merger of these fields is an historic opportunity to do exciting and valuable work © Spectraseis Inc. 2013 3 Agenda Sensor selection Survey design Processing algorithms and computer requirements Conclusions © Spectraseis Inc. 2013 4 Fracture mechanisms Compensated Linear Isotropic Double Couple Vector Dipole (explosion) (DC) (CLVD) P-waves only P- and S-waves P- and S-waves All fractures can be decomposed into these three mechanisms © Spectraseis Inc. 2013 5 DC radiation and particle motion Particle motion of P waves is compressional and in the same direction direction to the traveling wavefront. -
Equivalence of Current–Carrying Coils and Magnets; Magnetic Dipoles; - Law of Attraction and Repulsion, Definition of the Ampere
GEOPHYSICS (08/430/0012) THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD OUTLINE Magnetism Magnetic forces: - equivalence of current–carrying coils and magnets; magnetic dipoles; - law of attraction and repulsion, definition of the ampere. Magnetic fields: - magnetic fields from electrical currents and magnets; magnetic induction B and lines of magnetic induction. The geomagnetic field The magnetic elements: (N, E, V) vector components; declination (azimuth) and inclination (dip). The external field: diurnal variations, ionospheric currents, magnetic storms, sunspot activity. The internal field: the dipole and non–dipole fields, secular variations, the geocentric axial dipole hypothesis, geomagnetic reversals, seabed magnetic anomalies, The dynamo model Reasons against an origin in the crust or mantle and reasons suggesting an origin in the fluid outer core. Magnetohydrodynamic dynamo models: motion and eddy currents in the fluid core, mechanical analogues. Background reading: Fowler §3.1 & 7.9.2, Lowrie §5.2 & 5.4 GEOPHYSICS (08/430/0012) MAGNETIC FORCES Magnetic forces are forces associated with the motion of electric charges, either as electric currents in conductors or, in the case of magnetic materials, as the orbital and spin motions of electrons in atoms. Although the concept of a magnetic pole is sometimes useful, it is diácult to relate precisely to observation; for example, all attempts to find a magnetic monopole have failed, and the model of permanent magnets as magnetic dipoles with north and south poles is not particularly accurate. Consequently moving charges are normally regarded as fundamental in magnetism. Basic observations 1. Permanent magnets A magnet attracts iron and steel, the attraction being most marked close to its ends. -
PEAT8002 - SEISMOLOGY Lecture 13: Earthquake Magnitudes and Moment
PEAT8002 - SEISMOLOGY Lecture 13: Earthquake magnitudes and moment Nick Rawlinson Research School of Earth Sciences Australian National University Earthquake magnitudes and moment Introduction In the last two lectures, the effects of the source rupture process on the pattern of radiated seismic energy was discussed. However, even before earthquake mechanisms were studied, the priority of seismologists, after locating an earthquake, was to quantify their size, both for scientific purposes and hazard assessment. The first measure introduced was the magnitude, which is based on the amplitude of the emanating waves recorded on a seismogram. The idea is that the wave amplitude reflects the earthquake size once the amplitudes are corrected for the decrease with distance due to geometric spreading and attenuation. Earthquake magnitudes and moment Introduction Magnitude scales thus have the general form: A M = log + F(h, ∆) + C T where A is the amplitude of the signal, T is its dominant period, F is a correction for the variation of amplitude with the earthquake’s depth h and angular distance ∆ from the seismometer, and C is a regional scaling factor. Magnitude scales are logarithmic, so an increase in one unit e.g. from 5 to 6, indicates a ten-fold increase in seismic wave amplitude. Note that since a log10 scale is used, magnitudes can be negative for very small displacements. For example, a magnitude -1 earthquake might correspond to a hammer blow. Earthquake magnitudes and moment Richter magnitude The concept of earthquake magnitude was introduced by Charles Richter in 1935 for southern California earthquakes. He originally defined earthquake magnitude as the logarithm (to the base 10) of maximum amplitude measured in microns on the record of a standard torsion seismograph with a pendulum period of 0.8 s, magnification of 2800, and damping factor 0.8, located at a distance of 100 km from the epicenter. -
Small Electric and Magnetic Signals Observed Before the Arrival of Seismic Wave
E-LETTER Earth Planets Space, 54, e9–e12, 2002 Small electric and magnetic signals observed before the arrival of seismic wave Y. Honkura1, M. Matsushima1, N. Oshiman2,M.K.Tunc¸er3,S¸. Baris¸3,A.Ito4,Y.Iio2, and A. M. Is¸ikara3 1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan 2Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan 3Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Bogazic¸i˘ University, Istanbul 81220, Turkey 4Faculty of Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan (Received September 10, 2002; Revised November 14, 2002; Accepted December 6, 2002) Electric and magnetic data were obtained above the focal area in association with the 1999 Izmit, Turkey earthquake. The acquired data are extremely important for studies of electromagnetic phenomena associated with earthquakes, which have attracted much attention even without clear physical understanding of their characteristics. We have already reported that large electric and magnetic variations observed during the earthquake were simply due to seismic waves through the mechanism of seismic dynamo effect, because they appeared neither before nor simultaneously with the origin time of the earthquake but a few seconds later, with the arrival of seismic wave. In this letter we show the result of our further analyses. Our detailed examination of the electric and magnetic data disclosed small signals appearing less than one second before the large signals associated with the seismic waves. It is not yet solved whether this observational fact is simply one aspect of the seismic dynamo effect or requires a new mechanism. Key words: Izmit earthquake, seismic dynamo effect, seismic wave, electric and magnetic changes 1. -
Study Plan for the International Masters Programme in Geophysics
Study Plan for the International Masters Programme in Geophysics Credits 6 12 18 24 30 P1 Mathematical Geophysics P2 Statistical Geophysics P 3 Earth System Science P 4 Geocontinua r e t s e P3.1 Introduction to Earth System Science 1 [2 SWS, 3 ECTS] P2.1 Statistics for Geosciences (Lecture) P4.1 Methods of Geocontinua (Lecture) m e S P1.1 Mathematical Geophysics (Lecture) [4 SWS, 6 ECTS] [2 SWS, 3 ECTS] [2 SWS, 3 ECTS] t P3.2 Introduction to Earth System Science 2 [2 SWS, 3 ECTS] s 1 P1.2 Mathematical Geophysics (Exercise) [2 SWS, 3 ECTS] P2.2 Statistics for Geosciences (Exercise) P4.2 Methods of Geocontinua (Exercise) P3.3 Geophysics Research: Overview on Methods and Open [2 SWS, 3 ECTS] [2 SWS, 3 ECTS] Questions [2 SWS, 3 ECTS] P8 Geophyiscal Data P 5 Computational Geophysics P6 Scientific Programming P7 Advanced Geophysics Acquisition and WP: Specialisation I r Analysis e t s e P7.1 Geodynamics [2 SWS, 3 ECTS] P5.1 Computational Geophysics (Lecture) P6.1 Scientific Programming (Lecture) m e P8.1 Geophysical S [2SWS, 3ECTS] [2SWS, 3 ECTS] d P7.2 Seismology [2 SWS, 3 ECTS] Data Analysis: Elective Module, 6 ECTS n 2 Practical Introduction Choose one of WP1, WP2, WP3 P5.2 Computational Geophysics (Exercise) P6.2 Scientific Programming (Exercise) P7.3 Geo- and Paleomagnetism [2 SWS, 3 ECTS] [2 SWS, 3 ECTS] [2SWS, 3ECTS] [2SWS, 3 ECTS] P9 Research Training P10 Advanced Topics in Geophysics Elective Modules: Interdisciplinarity WP: Specialisation II r e t s P10.1 Tools, Techniques and current Trends e P9.1 Presentation, Communication, in -
Paper 4: Seismic Methods for Determining Earthquake Source
Paper 4: Seismic methods for determining earthquake source parameters and lithospheric structure WALTER D. MOONEY U.S. Geological Survey, MS 977, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, California 94025 For referring to this paper: Mooney, W. D., 1989, Seismic methods for determining earthquake source parameters and lithospheric structure, in Pakiser, L. C., and Mooney, W. D., Geophysical framework of the continental United States: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 172. ABSTRACT The seismologic methods most commonly used in studies of earthquakes and the structure of the continental lithosphere are reviewed in three main sections: earthquake source parameter determinations, the determination of earth structure using natural sources, and controlled-source seismology. The emphasis in each section is on a description of data, the principles behind the analysis techniques, and the assumptions and uncertainties in interpretation. Rather than focusing on future directions in seismology, the goal here is to summarize past and current practice as a companion to the review papers in this volume. Reliable earthquake hypocenters and focal mechanisms require seismograph locations with a broad distribution in azimuth and distance from the earthquakes; a recording within one focal depth of the epicenter provides excellent hypocentral depth control. For earthquakes of magnitude greater than 4.5, waveform modeling methods may be used to determine source parameters. The seismic moment tensor provides the most complete and accurate measure of earthquake source parameters, and offers a dynamic picture of the faulting process. Methods for determining the Earth's structure from natural sources exist for local, regional, and teleseismic sources. One-dimensional models of structure are obtained from body and surface waves using both forward and inverse modeling. -
Contributors to This Issue
Contributors to this issue Faruq E. Akbar received his BS (1988) in civil engineering from Xiaofei Chen received his BSc (1982) in geophysics from the Univ- Bangladesh University of Engineering and ersity of Sciences and Technology of China, Technology and his MS (1992) in geophysics MSc (1985) from the Institute of Geophysics of from the University of New Orleans, Louisiana. SSB of China, and PhD (1991) from the He is currently a PhD student in the Department University of Southern California. He was with of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at IG/SSBC from 1985 to 1986. He is currently a Austin. His professional interests are seismic research associate at USC. His main research data processing, modeling, migration, and interests are seismic waves in complex hetero- inversion. geneous media, inversion techniques, and earthquake seismology. Mike D. Dentith is senior lecturer in geophysics at the Department T. Alkhalifah, see biography and photograph in September-October 1995 GEOPHYSICS, p. 1599. of Geology and Geophysics, University of Western Australia. His current research inter- ests include regional geophysical studies to Estelle Blais received her MScA (1994) in mineral engineering from determine the 3-D structure of greenstone belts, Ecole Polytechnique. She is currently working as a junior geophysi- the geometry of the Darling Fault and the min- cist for SIAL Geosciences in Montreal. eralization in the Canning Basin. He has edited ASEG's geophysics publication "Geophysical Fabio Boschetti graduated in geology from the University of Genoa, Signatures of Western Australia Mineral Italy. He then worked for four years with the Deposits." same university's physics department, special- izing in alternative energy assessment, atmos- pheric pollutant diffusion, and climatology.