Students Taking Charge In Pursuit of Social Justice Conducting a Literature Review

Tips for Spotting Psychological Pseudoscience Contents | Winter 2009

Departments features 3 From the Editor Tips for Spotting Elections and Constitutional 22 Amendments Psychological Pseudoscience: 22 4 President’s Message A Student-Friendly Guide Decision Time Scott O. Lilienfeld, PhD Emory University (GA) 5 Executive Director’s Message Pass It On: Leadership Continuity 7 Awards & Grants 27 Students Taking Charge: Read about the latest award The Role of Psi Chi Chapters and grant winners in Facilitating Learning 20 Get Involved Ayesha Shaikh, PhD A listing of relevant Psi Chi Lorinda B. Camparo, PhD information for students Whittier College (CA) 42 Convention Calendar Psi Chi convention programs Transformative and other meetings 29 Psychological 43 Chapter Activities Research 47 Psi Chi Merchandise in Pursuit of Social Justice Donna M. Mertens, PhD Gallaudet University (DC) 27 34 Conducting a Literature 29 Review: How to Search for Relevant Articles 34 Betty S. Lai, MS, MST Ryan R. Landoll, BS University of Miami (FL)

Abbreviations special Announcements APA American Psychological Association 6 2008 Psi Chi/APA National Convention APS Association for Psychological Science EPA Eastern Psychological Association 19 Winter 2009 Proposed Amendments to the Psi Chi Constitution MPA Midwestern Psychological Association NEPA New England Psychological Association 36 Annual Report of the Executive Officer (2007-08) RMPA Rocky Mountain Psychological Association SEPA Southeastern Psychological Association 48 National Leadership Conference SWPA Southwestern Psychological Association WPA Western Psychological Association eye ON PSI CHI www.psichi.org Winter 2009 | VOLUME 13 | NUMBER 2 Editor Lisa Mantooth [email protected] eyeArt Director/Associ ON PSIate Editor CHI Susan Iles [email protected] Associate Editor Martha S. Zlokovich, PhD [email protected]

Published by Psi Chi, The National Honor Society in Psychology. Founded September 4, 1929, at the Ninth International Congress From the Editor of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Member of the Association of College Honor Societies. Eye on Psi Chi (ISSN 1092-0803) is pub­lished ­quarterly by Psi Chi, the National Honor So­ci­ety in Psychology. All contents ©2009 by Psi Chi. The pub­li­ca­tion sched­ule fol­lows the ac­a­dem­ic year: fall, win­ter, spring, and summer. Pe­ri­od­i­cals postage paid at Chat­ta­noo­ga, Tennessee, and at ad­di­tion­al mailing ­offices. Print­ed in the USA. All opinions ex­pressed in signed Elections ar­ti­cles are those of the author(s) and do not nec­es­sar­i­ly reflect those and Constitutional of the editors and/or Psi Chi. Ed­i­to­ri­al of­fice: Psi Chi Na­tion­al Office | P.O. Box 709, Chat­ta­noo­ga, TN 37401-0709 Amendments Street Address: 825 Vine Street | Chattanooga, TN 37403 Tele­phone: (423) 756-2044 | Fax: 1-877-PsiChi3 (1-877-774-2443) Email: [email protected] | Website: www.psichi.org verywhere you look, it is election season, and Post­master: Please send address chang­es to: Eye on Psi Chi, P.O. Box 709, Chat­ta­noo­ga, TN 37401-0709. Psi Chi is no different. Although our election Permission must be obtained from the author(s) to reprint or adapt a only serves the Psi Chi membership, it is still Lisa Mantooth table or fgure; to reprint quotations exceeding the limits of fair use E from one source, and/or to reprint any portion of poetry, prose, or song Executive Offcer vitally important to the future of our organization. lyrics. All persons wishing to utilize any of the above materials must Chief Operations Offcer Chapters have the opportunity to nominate a write to the original author(s) and publisher to request nonexclusive world rights in all languages to use copyrighted material in the faculty advisor for a position serving as Regional present article and in future print and nonprint editions. All persons wishing to utilize any of the above materials are responsible for Vice-President of the Eastern, Rocky Mountain, or Western regions. If elected, the obtaining proper permission from copyright owners and are liable positions are 2-year terms; the vice-presidents attend the January and August National for any and all licensing fees required. All persons wishing to utilize any of the above materials must include copies of all permissions Council meetings, and they serve as chair of the Psi Chi programming for their regional and credit lines with the article submission. Psi Chi does not accept paid advertising for its publications Eye on Psi Chi or Psi Chi Journal conferences. Chapters also have the opportunity to nominate a current or former vice- of Undergraduate Research. The society does not wish to appear to president for President Elect of the National Council. Nominations will be accepted endorse any particular products or services. until December 15, 2008, at midnight eastern time. PSI CHI NATIONAL COUNCIL In the spring, chapters will have the opportunity to vote on a slate of nominees for NATIONAL PRESIDENT Scott W. VanderStoep, PhD the 2009-10 National Council. Please hold a special meeting providing your members [email protected] PAST-PRESIDENT with information about each candidate and make a decision as to which candidate(s) Vincent Prohaska, PhD your chapter will cast its vote. [email protected] PRESIDENT-ELECT In this issue, you will find another important item requiring your chapter’s atten- Alvin Wang, PhD [email protected] tion and vote. On page 19, there are two proposals for amendments to the Psi Chi EASTERN REGIONAL VICE-PRESIDENT Constitution. Both of these amendments will have a major impact on our organization. Jason R. Young, PhD [email protected] I ask you to carefully consider both proposals, give your members an opportunity MIDWESTERN REGIONAL VICE-PRESIDENT Betsy L. Morgan, PhD to render a decision, and then hold a vote within your chapter,. If you feel strongly [email protected] about either proposal, I ask that you submit a written opinion from your chapter by ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGIONAL VICE-PRESIDENT Melanie Domenech Rodríguez, PhD December 15, 2008, to me at [email protected]. These opinions will be placed in the [email protected] SOUTHEASTERN REGIONAL VICE-PRESIDENT Spring 2009 edition of Eye on Psi Chi. Psi Chi members will have an opportunity to Maria J. Lavooy, PhD view these opinions on the website along with the current and proposed changes to the [email protected] SOUTHWESTERN REGIONAL VICE-PRESIDENT Psi Chi Constitution. It is anticipated that the vote on the proposed amendments will Randall E. Osborne, PhD [email protected] occur on the Psi Chi website in early March 2009. WESTERN REGIONAL VICE-PRESIDENT Each chapter has the opportunity to help shape the future of Psi Chi. I ask you to Ngoc H. Bui, PhD [email protected] please review both of these proposals, consider them carefully, and VOTE! EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Martha S. Zlokovich, PhD [email protected] EXECUTIVE OFFICER/COO Lisa Mantooth [email protected] President’s Message

Decision Time

graduated from college 25 years ago with a logical research? Would you like to be a producer major in psychology. Interestingly, a question or consumer of research? (See table on left in the I I was asked (“What are you going to do with a sidebar.) psychology major?”) is probably the same question Research is foundational to our field, which is that many of you are asked today. why Psi Chi’s mission is “to advance the science of Put simply, there are two answers to that ques- psychology.” But after years of teaching psychology, tion: get a job or go to graduate school. I will try to I know research is not for everyone. Still, there are answer the employment question in the next issue. varying degrees of commitment, competence, and Currently, I would like to answer the question “Is interest in research, even among psychology gradu- graduate school for you?” by asking several other ate students. In the table on the left, if the Research questions. Producer column describes you better, you should Question 1: Are you sick of school? Even the consider a doctoral program with a heavy research best students find college occasionally stressful and emphasis. perhaps tedious. Unfortunately, the same is true with On the other hand, if the Research Consumer most careers after college. A graduate-school advisor column describes you, then a graduate program with once said to me, “All of life involves tedium.” Many less focus on producing research would be better. people report loving their jobs, yet they probably Examples would be master’s level programs in coun- don’t love every minute of every day. At some level, seling, human resources, or social work. For those of everyone gets sick of what they’re doing. Perhaps, you wanting to be a research-based practitioner with more precise questions are: Do you find it difficult clinical privileges, a PsyD degree might be a good Scott VanderStoep, PhD to complete assignments? Is reading unenjoyable? Psi Chi National President fit. Although there are many ways to evaluate the Do you wish you were doing something else? If the Hope College (MI) person-environment fit when it comes to graduate answer to any of these questions is no, then you school, I would argue that one of the most important would likely enjoy graduate school; you can skip Question 2. However, if you answered yes, explore considerations is a student’s self-perceived relation- The following characteristics diagnosing your school sickness more deeply by ship with research. typify people whom I identify proceeding to Question 2. Last Question: What are you willing to give up? as either a producer or a For those considering full-time graduate school, consumer of research Question 2: What are you sick of? Are you sick of the long hours (by yourself) required to succeed? I recommend asking if you are willing to: Research Producer Are you sick of sitting at your desk for seemingly • Work long hours for very little pay? Gets excited about research endless sessions of reading? Do you get nervous • Cope with disappointment and frustration? Is energized by statistics and before exams and suffer from performance anxiety? quantitative methods If you answered yes to any of the questions, then • Feel like your work is never finished? Sees research as foundational graduate school might not be for you. Graduate to one’s professional identity school involves long hours, often in solitude, learn- For students not bound for full-time graduate school, I recommend asking if you are willing to: Dreams of writing journal ing on your own. It also involves reading difficult articles texts, taking exams, writing papers, understanding • Give up the flexibility that graduate school Research Consumer research findings, and communicating orally. If these provides ? things make you anxious, then you will likely be Appreciates research anxious in graduate school. Perhaps you should dis- • Give up the vocational freedom of advanced (or at least tolerates it) cuss if graduate school is for you with your advisor. degrees? Recognizes the value of Conversely, are you sick of core/general educa- statistics (or at least • Possibly live with a lower salary? tolerates them) tion courses outside of psychology? Are you sick of mostly lecture-based learning? Are you sick of No one can have it all. Whatever path you choose, Sees research as foundational to the feld of psychology, studying things that you don’t view as useful? If you you’ll be gaining some things while giving up others. but not to one’s own answered yes to any of these questions, then gradu- College years are stressful because the decisions professional identity ate school might still be for you. Please move on to you make now set you on a certain life course. Enjoys reading journal articles Question 3. Changing that life path is possible, but not always Question 3: Do you want to be a producer or easy. I encourage you to ask yourself the questions a consumer? For those contemplating graduate above and to seek the counsel of wise mentors as you school, where do you stand in relation to psycho- discern your life path.

4 EYE ON PSI CHI | WINTER 2009 Executive Director’s Message Pass It On: Leadership Continuity

f you are considering running for a Psi Chi office, to set up campus copying and direct pay accounts, whether a Psi Chi chapter officer or faculty advi- passing this information on to new officers saves I sor, an important part of your leadership role will them time and allows them to move directly into be nurturing the future of your chapter. Most Psi planning events and activities for the chapter. Chi officers have the opportunity to serve in one or New faculty advisors may also feel the same more officer positions over the course of one to three frustrations if they did not receive any information years, but some only serve for one or two semesters. from their predecessors. So like officers, if faculty Faculty advisors, on the other hand, can provide advisors can keep track of how to accomplish tasks continuity over a much longer time span than stu- on their campus, such as who to contact in order to dent leaders. Nevertheless, the officers and faculty determine the 35% GPA cutoffs for new members or advisor need to work together to provide leadership reserve campus rooms for induction ceremonies, it continuity for their chapter. will make the next advisor’s job that much easier. When this kind of care is taken, it prevents new Different chapters have used different techniques officers from feeling overwhelmed, wasting time, in order ensure that information is passed on to the and “reinventing the wheel.” Although Psi Chi pro- next group of officers. Some chapters elect the new vides information about each officer’s duties and the slate of officers with enough time for them to overlap faculty advisor’s responsibilities in the Chapter and with the outgoing officers, meeting and learning Officer Handbooks, there are two reasons why this from them before they move to a different position information is not sufficient for smooth transitions or graduate. Some keep a notebook for each office in Martha S. Zlokovich, PhD to the next group of officers. One reason is that each a central location or with the faculty advisor, while Psi Chi Executive Director chapter should have its own bylaws. These bylaws others keep files in a Psi Chi office space (if they Associate Editor are written and voted on by each chapter, so they have it) or online. Newer ideas that officers might try will vary somewhat from chapter to chapter (see the are starting a wiki that is password protected so only Officer Handbook for model chapter bylaws if you the faculty advisor and officers can make changes would like ideas for revising or creating bylaws for to it, creating officer webpages, or keeping officer your chapter). information on a social networking site. The second reason that Psi Chi’s information On January 2–4, 2009, chapter presidents and alone is not sufficient is that each campus has its own faculty advisors have the opportunity to meet in unique rules governing student organizations and Nashville, TN, to participate in Psi Chi’s National activities, so it is helpful for officers to keep track of Leadership Conference. Some of the chapter how to get things done on their own campus for the presidents attending the NLC will graduate in May benefit of the next generation of officers. Then new or June, so they will need to be conscientious about officers should update this information as needed. communicating their experiences to their chapters. For example, when current officers have figured out The presidents and advisors will have the greatest tasks such as how to register a student organization impact on their home chapters not by returning to on campus, which office approves signs or flyers to their campuses and leading alone, but by bringing be posted on campus, what funding is available from back what they have learned and passing it on to the campus sources to support student organization rest of the chapter’s officers. In addition, commu- programming, who to call for free advertising in nicating with other members is important, because the campus paper or on the campus website, or how today’s member may be tomorrow’s officer.

WINTER 2009 | EYE ON PSI CHI 5 2008 Psi Chi/APA National Convention

A Psi Chi members of Friends University (KS) accepted the 2007-08 Psi Chi Ruth Hubbard Cousins National Chapter Award at the APA National Convention. A B Dr. Jason Young (Eastern Regional Vice-President, Hunter College, CUNY) presents Laura Castro-Schillo (California State University, Fullerton) with a 2008 Graduate APA Convention Award. C Dr. Vincent Prohaska (Psi Chi National President, Lehman College, CUNY) presents Dr. Drew Appleby (Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis) with the Psi Chi Distinguished Member Award plaque. D Dr. Virginia Andreoli Mathie (center) received the honor of Psi Chi Distinguished Member from the 2008-09 Psi Chi National Council. E Dr. Vincent Prohaska presents Caitlin Macy with the 2008 Kay Wilson Leadership Award for Outstanding Chapter President. F Dr. Jason Young presents Sarah L. Kopelovich (John Jay College of Criminial Justice, SUNY) with a 2008 Graduate APA Convention Award. G Council members from Psi Beta and Psi Chi met to discuss future collaboration between the two organizations. B C

D E F

G Awards & Grants

Erlbaum Awards Nathaniel R. Thomas Maggie Korn si Chi is pleased to Syracuse University (NY) Brandeis University (MA) offer over $300,000 in The chair of the Psi Chi/Erlbaum Graduate Winner Undergraduate Winner P awards and grants to Awards in Cognitive Science Faculty Sponsor: Catherine Cornwell, PhD Faculty Sponsor: Raymond Knight, PhD its members each year. Don’t Committee, Dr. Betsy Morgan miss the exciting oppor- (Psi Chi Midwestern Regional Maternal Separation Impairs Biological and Neurodevelopmental Vice-President), has announced the Preference for Familiar Odors in Differences Among Child Molesters tunities and funding these winners of the 2007-08 Erlbaum Adolescent Female CD-1 Mice and Rapists programs provide! Awards. Psi Chi congratulates these Here are the some upcom- This study was conducted to Rapists and child molesters are 2007-08 winners of the Erlbaum ing deadlines to add to your determine whether separating characteristically distinct, as their Award and wishes them continued chapter calendar or website: female mouse pups from their separate typologies suggest (Knight, success in their education and nest and dam for 180 (maternal Carter, & Prentky, 1989; Knight & December 1 careers. Cash awards of $500 each separation) or 15 (early handling) Prentky, 1990). Missing, however, Denmark National Faculty Advisor Award were presented to Mr. Thomas and min/daily, during the first 2 weeks of from these typologies are biological National Convention Research Awards Ms. Korn as the winners of this Regional Chapter Awards life, influenced olfactory preferences and dispositional variables that award. We encourage all Psi Chi Regional Faculty Advisor Awards for nest odors. Mice were tested recent research suggests may be members to begin now to prepare during adolescence on postnatal potential discriminators between January 15 papers to submit for the 2008-09 days 29, 39, and 49 for a choice and within sexual offender types APA Science Directorate Internship Grant research competition. of natural familiar shavings vs. including height, intelligence, and February 1 | Deadline natural novel shavings or familiar handedness. This study replicated APA Newman Graduate Research Award nest shavings. The results indicated findings related to lower intelligence APS Albert Bandura Graduate Research that maternal separation decreased and shorter height among child Award the preference for nest odors at all molesters. Many of the biological Cousins National Chapter Award ages relative to the finding of stable variables that were not able to FBI NCAVC Internship Grants preferences for nest odors in early differentiate offenders at the child Graduate Research Grants handled females. The current study molester/rapist dichotomy level, Psi Chi Website Award provides evidence that maternal became significant (p < .05) when Undergraduate Research Grants separation may alter early olfactory broken down into fixation levels. March 1 | Deadline learning for conspecific odors This finding supports Blanchard et APS Summer Research Grant associated with the dam and nest. al.’s (2002) hypothesis that distinct Summer Research Grants neurodevelopmental diathesis and/ Nathaniel R. Thomas, born in Harrisburg, or specific formative experiences PA,, is a fourth year doctoral student in may be related to sexual offense the experimental psychology program at behavior that focuses on children. Syracuse University. Mr. Thomas completed Nathaniel R. Thomas his BS in psychology at Coastal Carolina Maggie Korn recently graduated from University (SC) where he became interested Brandeis University (MA) as a psychology in the development of the mother-infant major. She was involved in Dr. Raymond relationship. His research is based on the Knight’s experimental psychopathology long history of attachment theory literature lab since her sophomore year and was and involves the assessment of the long- inducted into Psi Chi her junior year. She term behavioral and neuroendocrine effects recently completed her senior honors thesis following disrupted bonding in mammals. receiving high honors on her work. She The emphasis of his work involves the presented this paper as a poster at the EPA investigation of olfactory learning in Convention in Boston, MA, and presented a infant and adolescent mice. Mr. Thomas similar poster at the Society for Research is interested in how interrupting early in Psychopathology in Pittsburgh, PA, in the olfactory learning will impact social behavior fall. She plans on attending graduate school throughout the course of development. but is taking time off in hopes of conducting Additional research interests include the similar research abroad. evaluation of the use of animals in the teaching of psychology. Mr. Thomas also enjoys teaching and his career goal is to Maggie Korn attain a research-teaching faculty position at a university.

WINTER 2009 | EYE ON PSI CHI 7 Awards & Grants

Distinguished Member Awards 2008 APA Science Directorate Internship Drs. Drew Appleby and Virginia Andreoli Mathie were recently honored as and Relocation Grant by Jennifer Belding Psi Chi’s latest additions to its prestigious roll of Distinguished Members. This summer, I had the opportunity to work for APA’s Science Directorate They received special recognition at the recent 2008 APA/Psi Chi National as an intern. As a recipient of Psi Chi’s APA Science Directorate Internship Convention. Grant, I spent 10 weeks in Washington, D.C., working to advance psychological science. The Psi Chi grant provided $3,500 to assist with relocation. As an intern for Science Directorate, I met the students selected for the Summer Science Fellowship, a prestigious summer research experience for undergraduates. I assisted in coordinating the meetings for these students and discussed the research they conducted. Additionally, I was able to attend parts of the Advanced Statistical Training in Psychology course. As a result, I have a much higher understanding of regression analyses, which I can use in my own research. Other responsibilities included working on materials for the APA Convention and the Science Student Council and attending congressional briefings. I loved the ability to attend congressional briefings and hearings on Capitol Hill as a representative for APA. I heard psychologists testify to the Department of Defense about sponsoring psychological research as well as the role of women in science, technology, education, and mathematics Drew C. Appleby, PhD Virginia Andreoli Mathie, PhD fields. Another great example of these meetings was the Grand Challenges in Neuroscience Workshop. I was able to hear leaders of neuroscience discuss the most important new areas for research. Drew C. Appleby received his BA from Virginia Andreoli Mathie is the former Simpson College (IA) in 1969 and his Executive Director of Psi Chi. She Every single person at APA shared their enthusiasm for continued PhD from Iowa State University in 1972. received her BMath in mathematics education, and my desire to attend graduate school is much stronger after He is the director of Undergraduate and computer science and her BA working for the Science Directorate. I highly recommend that students Studies in the Indiana University-Purdue in psychology from the University of take advantage of the many opportunities provided by this organization. University Indianapolis (IUPUI) Psychology Waterloo (ONT) and her MA and PhD in Department where he holds the rank social psychology from the University of Jennifer (Jenn) Belding is a senior at of professor. He has authored over 80 North Carolina-Chapel Hill. Prior to joining Georgia Southern University and is expecting professional publications and made over the Psi Chi staff in 2004, she taught at to graduate in December of 2008. As a 450 presentations to a wide variety of James Madison University (VA) for 29 psychology major, she adores research and professional and nonprofessional audiences. years where she regularly supervised plans to get a PhD in social psychology. He is a fellow of Division 1 and Division 2 of undergraduate student research teams. Her research interests include persuasion, APA. He received Division 2’s Outstanding Dr. Mathie has held leadership positions changing maladaptive health behaviors, Psychology Teacher Award in a 4-Year in the American Psychological Association prayer, and game theory. She has also been College or University, IUPUI’s Chancellor’s (APA), Society for the Teaching of recently elected as Psi Chi chapter president Award for Excellence in Teaching, the IUPUI Psychology (Division 2 of the APA), and at Georgia Southern. She has received School of Science Teacher of the Year the Virginia Psychological Association. In numerous awards including being selected Award, and was chosen to present APA’s addition to receiving teaching and service as the Psi Chi intern for APA’s Science G. Stanley Hall Teaching Lecture. He was awards from James Madison University, Directorate, the Georgelle Thomas Honors recognized for his advising skills by the in 2000 she was named the APA Harry Award, Who’s Who in American Colleges and National Academic Advising Association Kirke Wolfe Lecturer and in 2002 she won Universities, Excellent Scholarship Graduating when he received the Outstanding Adviser the APA’s Distinguished Contributions of Senior, HOPE Scholarship, and president’s and Award of its Great Lakes Region, by IUPUI’s Applications of Psychology to Education Jennifer Belding dean’s list. She has presented at numerous School of Science when he received its and Training Award. conferences including the 2008 Georgia Advisor of the Year Award, and by the IUPUI Psychological Society Conference in Macon, GA, and will be presenting at Society for Psychology Department when he received Personality and Social Psychology (SPSP) Conference in February 2009. She also serves on its Advisor of the Year Award three times. Georgia Southern’s College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences (CLASS) Student Advisory He was recognized for his mentoring skills Board and the CLASS Dean Search Committee as the student representative. by receiving IUPUI’s Alvin Bynum Mentor of the Year Award, being named the IUPUI Psychology Department’s Mentor of the Year three times, and by being chosen as a mentor by 254 graduating IUPUI psychology majors since 2002, 105 of whom indicated that he has “infuenced the whole course of their lives.”

8 EYE ON PSI CHI | WINTER 2009 Awards & Grants

Guilford Awards Katy Orchowski Mindy Krischer Bonnie Nelson Allegheny College (PA) Washington University (MO) Pacifc Lutheran University (WA) Psi Chi congratulates the 2007-08 First Place Second Place Third Place winners of the Guilford Awards Faculty Sponsor: Rodney Clark, PhD Faculty Sponsor: Michael Strube, PhD Faculty Sponsor: Jon Grahe, PhD and wishes them continued success. Cash awards were as follows: $1,000 Effects of Abrupt Withdrawal Impression-Managed Responding: Working Together or Not: Do Mutual for first place, $650 for second of Valproic Acid in The Use of Response Latencies to Contributions Impact Rapport? place, and $350 for third place. We Sprague-Dawley Rats Identify Dissimulation The impact of mutuality of encourage all Psi Chi members to Previous research has shown that The use of personality measures in contributions on rapport was begin now to prepare papers to individuals who rapidly withdraw personnel selection has been widely examined by manipulating the submit for the 2008-09 research from antiepileptic drugs quickly criticized in light of evidence that amount of contributions that each competition. relapsed to epileptic seizures. The individuals can effectively distort participant made while completing present study examined the levels their scores. Cognitive models of the tasks. A 2 (Structure: Mutual at which valproic acid induced response selection suggest that or Individual) X 2 (Task Type: seizures after its abrupt withdrawal. response times could be used to Computer and Puzzle) X 2 (Order) Six female Sprague-Dawley rats detect impression-management. mixed-factor design demonstrated were given 3 acute doses of valproic This study used a within-subjects that task structure impacted the acid for 1 week each, after which manipulation of instructions rapport experience; dyads’ mutual administration was abruptly (i.e., respond honestly, make a contributions increased rapport withdrawn for 1 week. The results good impression, make a specific compared to dyads in the individual indicated that withdrawal of low impression) to examine whether the condition. This effect of structure doses of valproic acid (100-mg/kg) distribution of response times across was larger for the puzzle task induced more seizures than higher response scale options could be compared to the computer task. doses of valproic acid (125-mg/kg used to identify faking on the NEO This increased rapport emerged and 150-mg/kg). This indicated PI-R. The well-known inverted-U at the cost of rapport agreement that individuals who withdraw response pattern emerged when which was lower when the dyad from valproic acid after short-term participants responded honestly, as made mutual contributions. These Katy Orchowski exposure are not at risk for the well as when participants were asked findings occurred because dyads in occurrence of seizures. to make a good impression or were the individual condition focused given specific response instructions. more on interpersonal behaviors Katy Orchowski is a junior at Allegheny The inverted-U response time while dyads in the mutual condition College in Meadville, PA. She is a pattern, therefore, cannot be used to focused on the tasks. neuroscience and psychology double major, identify faking. as well as a French minor. Her research Bonnie Nelson is a 2008 summa cum laude interest began as a sophomore when she Mindy Krischer graduated summa cum graduate of Pacifc Lutheran University was a teaching assistant in the Physiological laude from Washington University in St. (PLU) in Tacoma, WA. She participated in the Psychology Laboratory. Since then, she has Louis with a double major in psychology psychology department as vice-president completed three research projects under and economics and a minor in applied of the Psi Chi chapter. She also worked the supervision of her research advisor statistics. At Washington University, she as a teaching assistant in a research Dr. Rodney Clark. Her research interest was a research assistant in the Social methods course and as a research assistant focuses on pharmacology, namely in the Behavior Lab run by Dr. Michael Strube. She investigating rapport under the direction area of drug addiction. Ms. Orchowski’s has also worked as a research assistant of Jon Grahe. She presented research at most recent project compares the at the University of South Florida College the WPA and the MPA Conventions. She discriminative stimulus effects of caffeine of Medicine. The current project comes was selected as a recipient of a 2008 and cocaine through several dopamine and from Ms. Krischer’s honors thesis in WPA Student Scholarship Award as well adenosine antagonists. After graduating Mindy Krischer psychology, advised by Dr. Strube. She also as the 2007-08 PLU Severtson/Forest from Allegheny, she plans to obtain a PhD received the John A. Stern Undergraduate Foundation Student and Faculty Research in neuroscience and pursue a career in Research Award from Washington Fellowship. She is currently serving a year pharmaceutical research. University’s Psychology Department. The as an AmeriCorps NCCC (National Civilian combination of her academic focus, as well Community Corps) team leader in Colorado. as her experiences studying development She plans to attend graduate school for economics at the London School of educational psychology. Economics and volunteering in Northeastern Thailand, have led to interests in culture, personality, adaptive performance, quantitative methods, and decision-making. She is currently pursuing a PhD in I/O psychology at the University of Houston.

Bonnie Nelson

WINTER 2009 | EYE ON PSI CHI 9 Awards & Grants

APS Summer William Acklin Ashley P. Gunn Jean M. Kim University of Central Arkansas University of Colorado at Colorado Springs University of Michigan Research Grants Faculty Sponsor: Shawn R. Charlton, PhD Faculty Sponsor: Lori James, PhD Faculty Sponsor: Edward C. Chang, PhD Psi Chi partnered with APS to offer six annual grants for research What is the Role of Executive “Use It or Lose It” and Optimistic and Pessimistic Bias conducted during the summer. The Function in Visual Search? Transfer Effects in Older Adults in European Americans and Asian Americans: Distinguishing Between winning student receives a $3,500 There are occupations that require Popular belief indicates that using Predictions for Physical and stipend, and the sponsor receives a high levels of cognitive processing one’s cognitive abilities can prevent Psychological Health Outcomes $1,500 stipend. Winning students which are associated with executive their decline. This study determined also receive a complimentary annual function, such as air traffic how levels of cognitive processing The present study examined membership to APS. controllers and baggage screeners. affect word retrieval, and if deeper optimistic and pessimistic bias Executive function includes a processing causes improvement in the prediction of positive and variety of higher-level cognitive in a word retrieval task to transfer negative physical and psychological processes that require both working to another recall task. Participants health outcomes in European memory and top-down attention. were given a puzzle to complete and American (n = 171) and Asian There are currently instruments that were asked to answer 60 definitional American (n = 168) college students. measure each of these functions questions, with answers to 20 Between-groups analyses indicated separately, but traditionally they questions among the words used that European Americans were have not been related. This study in the puzzles. It was hypothesized more likely to expect positive and attempts to bridge the gap between that participants would answer negative physical health outcomes these two higher-level cognitive more questions correctly when the to occur to the self than to others. functions using the operational span answer was a previously primed Importantly, within-groups analyses (OSPAN) scores as a measure of word. Those in the crossword indicated an optimistic bias in working memory capacity (WMC) condition were expected to do better European and Asian Americans in and the response times based on a on the questions for which they had predicting negative physical health visual search task as a measure of not been primed, due to transfer- outcomes, and positive and negative William Acklin top-down attention. appropriate processing theories. psychological health outcomes. Preliminary results show robust Asian Americans also indicated William Acklin, a senior at the University priming effects. Complete analysis a pessimistic bias in predicting of Central Arkansas, will graduate in is underway. positive physical health outcomes. December 2008 with a BS in psychology. He This indicates a need to consider is a nontraditional student who returned to Ashley P. Gunn is currently a senior cultural variations in cognitive bias academics following 20 years of leadership psychology major at the University of and management in the restaurant industry, as a function of outcome valence Colorado at Colorado Springs (UCCS). She and type of outcome predicted. including the past 8 years as a franchisee has worked in the labs of Drs. Lori James of several Domino’s Pizza locations. His and Michael Kisley researching cognitive Jean M. Kim is a junior psychology major experience in people management has and neuropsychological aspects of aging, with a minor in Spanish at the University engendered a desire to learn more about the respectively. Ms. Gunn’s current project is of Michigan. As a research assistant for vast disparity of individual’s performance in part of her participation in the psychology Dr. Edward Chang, her summer research the workplace. After graduation, Mr. Acklin honors program at UCCS and is a refection included an examination of optimistic and plans to pursue a PhD in applied cognitive of her commitment to doing work that pessimistic bias in the prediction of physical psychology. benefts older adults. She will graduate with and psychological health outcomes in Asian He has been on the president’s list honors in the spring of 2009. She plans to and European Americans. She has also throughout his academic career maintaining pursue a PhD in geropsychology, after which done research looking at spirituality as a a 4.0 GPA. This past summer, he was she hopes to work with older adults in Ashley P. Gunn potential mediator between loneliness and awarded the Psi Chi Summer Research assisted living and skilled nursing facilities. psychological adjustment. Furthermore, at Grant and presented a poster at the ABA Outside of her research, Ms. Gunn is the Ann Arbor VA, she examined mindfulness International Convention. Mr. Acklin currently president of the UCCS chapter of Psi Chi and therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder serves as a research assistant in the volunteers with a local hospice organization with Dr. Anthony King. Behavioral and Social Decisions Laboratory. and the Alzheimer’s Association’s “Memories In addition to being a member of Psi Chi in the Making” program. In her spare and APS, she is also the fundraising chair time, she enjoys playing board games and of the University of Michigan’s Circle K and creating mixed media artwork. volunteers at the Depression Center. Ms. Kim plans to graduate with honors in April 2010 and intends to pursue a PhD in clinical psychology and a career in academia. In her free time, she enjoys playing tennis and piano.

Jean M. Kim

10 EYE ON PSI CHI | WINTER 2009 Awards & Grants

Allison C. Milam Matthew Harold Robinson Elizabeth Rossier Vanderbilt University (TN) Indiana University South Bend Fairfeld University (CT) Faculty Sponsor: Georgene L. Troseth, PhD Faculty Sponsor: Michelle Verges, PhD Faculty Sponsor: Linda Henkel, PhD

Toddler’s Learning From Repetition It Depends on Weather: Seasonal The Impact of Imagination on of an Interactive-Style Video Effects on Environmental Attitudes Changes in Memory Reports This study examined the effect of Two studies seek to address weather The present study examined the repetition on toddlers’ learning as an exogenous factor that may impact of imagery on changes in from an interactive television influence environmental attitudes. memory reports over time. After show. Researchers visited 2- The first examines weather’s effect watching a videotaped crime under year-olds’ homes twice, showing on individuals’ concern over the full or divided attention and then an episode of Greta’s Games, an threat of global warming. It was remembering details from the scene, interactive television program, on hypothesized that individuals participants imagined the scene each visit. For the 3 days between will feel that the threat of global as depicted in a description of the visits, participants were randomly warming is more severe when the event by another witness. Some Allison C. Milam assigned to watch either Greta’s weather is unusually warm for details were not described at all, Games or a noninteractive program. the season. The results indicate some were described correctly, and Researchers measured children’s a moderate opposite effect. This some were described incorrectly. learning of novel words presented may be due to sampling during a Later participants remembered on Greta’s Games and their cooler season than expected. The details from the video again. imitation of novel actions seen on second study examines how weather Preliminary analyses suggest that another program. Repetition of the influences the extent to which participants often changed their interactive television program did people feel “connected” to nature. It correct responses on the first test not increase learning of new words, is hypothesized that individuals will to align on the second test with but it did assist in the retention of feel less connected to nature when incorrectly imagined details, and words previously learned from the the weather is poor than when the this effect was somewhat more program and increase children’s weather is pleasant. Due to a large marked when the video was viewed imitation of actions seen on another sample size, data analysis is ongoing. under divided attention. Imagery program. can cause people to change their Matthew Harold Robinson attends Rutgers memory reports. Allison C. Milam is currently a senior University Camden and will graduate in May 2009 with a degree in psychology. While at Duke University. She is majoring Elizabeth Rossier of Bristol, CT, is a Matthew Harold Robinson in psychology with a concentration in holding a 4.0 cumulative GPA, Matthew senior psychology major at Fairfeld developmental psychology and a minor in served as chapter president of Psi Chi and University scheduled to graduate in education. Ms. Milam is on the dean’s list received the Dorothy and David Cooper May 2009. Over the last 3 years, she and plans to graduate in May of 2009. She Scholarship for Psychology, the Jeanne has been a volunteer at Head Start in a is a member of her university’s chapter and Lewis Romer Scholarship, the Dean’s nearby inner city neighborhood and has of Psi Chi and was awarded the Psi Chi Undergraduate Research Travel Grant, participated in several mentoring programs Summer Research Grant. Her primary and the Psi Chi Summer Research Grant. for disadvantaged high school students, interests are in child development and early Recently, Mr. Robinson presented research including MAACS (Mentoring for Academic childhood education. Ms. Milam has worked on environmental attitudes and behaviors Achievement and College Success) and Let’s in Dr. Georgene Troseth’s Early Development at the 2008 APS Convention in Chicago, Get Ready (an SAT-prep program). Elizabeth Lab assisting with her research on young IL. He credits his mentors Drs. Michelle has made the dean’s list for six consecutive children’s learning from television and social Verges (assistant professor of psychology semesters. This summer’s research cues. Ms. Milam has also spent time in Chile at Indiana University South Bend) and Sean project was her frst independent project. conducting an independent study project Duffy (assistant professor of psychology Her research involved examining factors on education and resources for students at Rutgers University Camden) for their that can increase or decrease memory with learning disabilities in Santiago. She enthusiastic encouragement and strong distortions in eyewitness accounts. This also enjoys working as a head tutor for the leadership. Currently, he is studying abroad topic was inspired by a class she took about America Reads*America Counts program. in Tokyo, Japan, for the fall 2008 semester the death penalty in America where she Ms. Milam plans to continue studying in order to foster his interests in Japanese frst learned of the terrible consequences of Elizabeth Rossier education and psychology in graduate language, culture, and art. After graduating, faulty eyewitness reports. She plans to apply school. he plans on earning his PhD in school to graduate programs in school counseling psychology. and to begin her career as a high school guidance counselor.

WINTER 2009 | EYE ON PSI CHI 11 Awards & Grants

Allyn & Bacon Awards Melissa Martin Jeremy Wing-Hei Luk Kartik Ramamoorthi University of Vermont University of Washington Rutgers University New Brunswick (NJ) Psi Chi would like to thank Allyn First Place Second Place Third Place & Bacon Publishers for sponsoring Faculty Sponsor: Lynne A. Bond, PhD Faculty Sponsor: Robert Kohlenberg, PhD Faculty Sponsor: Tim Otto, PhD the 2007-08 research award competition. Cash awards were Adolescents’ Reported Experiences Contextual Variations of Learning Induces Heterogeneous provided by Allyn & Bacon to the of Living With a Sibling With Autism Mindfulness Across Interpersonal Arc Expression in Hippocampal winners as follows: $1,000 for first and Task-Oriented Contexts: The Subregions This study examined the experiences place, $650 for second place, and Roles of Gender and Ethnicity of adolescents in Vermont who Several lines of evidence suggest $350 for third place. have siblings with autism using Mindfulness, defined as that dorsal (DH) and ventral interviews and questionnaires. nonjudgmental awareness of the (VH) hippocampus likely play Participants were 8 teens and 6 present moment, is often measured differentiable roles in trace fear parents from 6 families who had as a trait that remains stable across conditioning. Specifically, it at least 1 child with autism (ages contexts. This study used self-report appears that while VH is integral 5–20). The research addressed the questionnaires to evaluate potential to acquisition, DH plays a less adolescents’ various relationships variations of mindfulness across significant role. In order to examine and support systems available to unspecified, interpersonal, and this dissociation on a molecular them. task-oriented contexts among 204 level, the current study examined Data analysis revealed diverse undergraduate students. A within- mRNA expression of the immediate experiences individually and subject ANOVA showed significant early gene Arc (activity regulated among the group, rather than context by gender interaction cytoskeletal-associated protein) a predominance of positive or (p = .01). Differences in mindfulness in DH and VH at various time negative experiences. Parents across contexts were significant points following training. Trace tended to underestimate the positive among females only (p < .01). fear conditioning led to increased aspects of the teens’ experiences. Across all contexts, Caucasians Arc expression in VH, followed Melissa Martin Parents and teens agreed that the reported higher mindfulness scores by increased expression in DH. In development of support systems than Asians (p < .05). Multiple contrast, shock exposures or tone for teens who have siblings with regression analyses showed that exposures led to a different pattern autism would be beneficial to the relationships between mindfulness of Arc expression. Collectively, adolescents. Both groups specifically and other psychological constructs these data support the notion that noted the importance of support such as attachment style and the contributions of VH and DH groups for sharing experiences and mood varied across contexts. to various hippocampal dependent giving advice. Preliminary results suggest the tasks are differentiable. existence of distinct context-specific Melissa Martin, originally from mindfulness constructs. Findings Kartik Ramamoorthi is a senior Manahawkin, NJ, was a member of the are discussed in terms of gender role undergraduate at Rutgers University university’s Honor College for the class theory and potential cultural biases New Brunswick with a double major in of 2008. Ms. Martin studied psychology in mindfulness measures. neuroscience and psychology. He has with a focus on childhood development. been working in Dr. Tim Otto’s lab for 3 She held several leadership positions years where he has learned all aspects Jeremy Wing-Hei Luk graduated including president of the Inter-Residence of behavioral neuroscience research. Mr. magna cum laude in psychology (with Association, Honors College student mentor, Ramamoorthi would like to thank Dr. Otto, distinction) and comparative religion from and Psi Chi chapter president. Currently, Jen Czerniawski, Camille Parsons, and the Jeremy Wing-Hei Luk the University of Washington in 2008. As Melissa is working at the New England rest of the Otto Lab for all of their support. an undergraduate, he pursued numerous Center for Children teaching children and opportunities to broaden his knowledge teens on the autism spectrum. She plans in psychology and beyond. For instance, to begin graduate coursework in applied he studied the Truth and Reconciliation behavior analysis in January. This paper Commission in Cape Town, South Africa, was completed as an honors thesis to fulfll and completed psychology and theology requirements for the University of Vermont’s courses at the University of Oxford. frst graduating Honors College class. In These cross-cultural and interdisciplinary addition to meeting the requirements, Ms. experiences have enriched his approach Martin also received the Heinz L. Ansbacher to the challenges of scientifc psychology. Award. She hopes that this research will Mr. Luk’s honors project on mindfulness is add to the literature and help generate an an attempt to integrate his dual interests in interest in this area of study. psychology and religion. With this project, he was awarded a Mary Gates Research Scholarship and a Psi Chi Undergraduate Research Grant. Looking forward, Mr. Luk plans to pursue a PhD in clinical psychology towards his goal of becoming an interdisciplinary researcher in the study of family. He is currently a post-baccalaureate fellow at the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

12 EYE ON PSI CHI | WINTER 2009 Awards & Grants

Intel International Shauna Linn Kaleigh Ann Eichel Baltimore Polytechnic Institute (MD) Strongsville Senior High School (OH) Science and First Place Third Place Engineering Fair Faculty Sponsor: Sally Kutzer Faculty Sponsor: Daniel J. Mott

Awards Correlating Anatomical and The Ability to Learn: Learning For the second time, Psi Chi Behavioral Asymmetry and Communication Between Comet Goldfish presented awards at the Intel The human brain shows left-right International Science and (L-R) differences in neuroanatomy The project modeled the effect of Engineering Fair (ISEF) for three and is functionally lateralized. How an abrupt environmental change high school presentations in the field asymmetry arises in the developing on animal behavior. Specifically, it of psychology. Dr. Maria Lavooy (Psi nervous system remains unclear. demonstrated the ability of fish to Chi Southeastern Regional Vice- The zebrafish forebrain is an first alter their behavior to survive in President), Dr. Gregory M. Corso excellent model because it contains the new environment, and second, (Georgia Institute of Technology), asymmetries in morphology to then communicate the new Shauna Linn and Dr. Deborah Garfin (Georgia (e.g., neuropil density) and gene behavior to other fish. Ultimately, State University) served as judges for expression. Moreover, the pineal the data suggested what seems these awards. These awards provided complex contains a visual marker to be “altruistic” behavior in fish, the first-place winner with a cash of the direction of brain asymmetry which has new implications on award of $1,000, the second-place (parapineal). Genetic manipulations traditional evolutionary thought. It winner with $300, and the third- in zebrafish embryos allow L-R shows that during periods of rapid place winner with $150. asymmetry of the brain to be environmental change, behavioral reversed. Tests were conducted adaptation may be a stronger on whether such “reversed-brain” mechanism of survival than genetic larvae behave differently in visual adaptations. and locomotor assays. Left and right-parapineal larvae exhibited no Kaleigh Ann Eichel grew up in Strongsville, difference in eye preference when OH, and is attending the University of viewing a group of age-matched Waterloo (Ontario, Canada) this fall with a major in knowledge integration. Her project conspecifics. However, reversed- was presented at the International Science brain larvae took significantly longer and Engineering Fair in Atlanta, GA, where to begin navigating, suggesting it received recognition as Best of Category Kaleigh Ann Eichel they are slower to adapt to a novel and was awarded the Seaborg Stockholm environment. International Youth Science Seminar (SIYSS) Award. The project examined the ability Shauna Linn worked under the guidance of of goldfsh to alter their behavior to a new Drs. Marnie E. Halpern and Lucilla Facchin environment and to then communicate this at the Carnegie Institution Department new behavior to other goldfsh. She plans to of Embryology during her senior year at continue her studies in animal behavior and the Baltimore Polytechnic Institute. At biology at the university. the 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair, she won second place in the behavioral and social sciences category. She graduated frst in her class and was a member of the William R. King National Honor Society and the Poly Varsity Softball team. In the fall, she will attend Johns Hopkins University (MD) as a Baltimore Scholar and Maryland Distinguished Scholar. She plans to pursue public health and creative writing, while experimenting with Arabic and cognitive or linguistic science.

WINTER 2009 | EYE ON PSI CHI 13 Awards & Grants

Faculty Advisor 2006-07 Winners Jonathan F. Bassett, PhD Matthew R. Kelley, PhD Lander University (SC) Lake Forest College (IL) Research Grants A Terror Management Theory Ironic Effects of Censorship: Psi Chi congratulates the 2006-07 Analysis of Disgust Sensitivity Generating Censored Lyrics and the 2007-08 Faculty Advisor Among University Students, Enhances Memory Research Grant winners. All current Mortuary Science Students, faculty advisors and coadvisors Four experiments explored the and Older Adults who have served an active Psi Chi generation effect—mnemonic chapter for at least one year are The present study examined advantage for self-generated eligible to apply. The purpose of the Terror Management Theory information—in the applied setting this program is to provide funds for premise that disgust represents of lyrical censorship. Participants advisors to defray the direct cost of an attempt to symbolically deny listened to an original song in conducting a research project (no human similarity to other animals which a subset of nouns were either stipends included). Two grants are as a means to quell death anxiety. partially or completely censored available annually within each of University students, mortuary and then completed a recognition Psi Chi’s six regions for a total of students preparing for a career in memory test consisting of heard, 12 grants. Jonathan F. Bassett, PhD funeral service, and older adults censored, and distractor items. were randomly assigned to write When participants successfully about watching television, being generated the censored item 2007-08 Winners uncertain, or their own mortality during encoding, the standard Eastern Region prior to completing a measure generation effect was observed; Mark G. Rivardo of disgust sensitivity. University ironically, recognition accuracy Saint Vincent College (PA) students reported significantly was significantly higher for the Alicia A. Grandey greater disgust sensitivity than did generated censored items compared Pennsylvania State University at older adults and mortuary students. to heard items. Source memory University Park Although participants in the did not differ from chance and mortality salience condition showed participants showed a strong Midwestern Region slightly greater disgust sensitivity bias towards indicating than any Patricia H. Hawley than did participants in the other “recognized” word was ”heard.” University of Kansas 2 conditions, this difference was Overall, these results suggest that by Krista K. Fritson not statistically significant. Further, omitting certain words from songs, University of Nebraska-Kearney the effect of mortality salience did censors might actually make those not differ significantly across the 3 words more memorable. Rocky Mountain Region Matthew R. Kelley, PhD groups of participants. Glena L. Andrews Matthew R. Kelley is an associate Northwest Nazarene University (ID) Jonathan F. Bassett received a BA in professor at Lake Forest College. He psychology from Furman University (SC) and received his PhD in cognitive psychology Southeastern Region a PhD in social psychology from Georgia from Purdue University (IN) and completed Mindy J. Erchull State University. He is currently assistant a post-doctoral fellowship in developmental University of Mary Washington (VA) professor in the department of psychology neuropsychology at the University of at Lander University where he teaches Louisville (KY). Dr. Kelley’s basic memory Matthew J. Zagumny Introductory Psychology, Research Methods, research is aimed at discovering the general Tennessee Tech University Statistics, and Social Psychology. In 2006, principles that govern memory over both he won Lander University’s Young Faculty short and long time intervals. In particular, Southwestern Region Scholar Award. His research interests are he has focused on how the temporal Shelia M. Kennison in the areas of attitudes about death and aspects of events are encoded, maintained, Oklahoma State University dying, measures of implicit social cognition, and retrieved by the human memory Shawn R. Charlton and interpersonal attraction and jealousy. system. More recently, however, he has University of Central Arkansas He is author or coauthor on 17 papers explored applications of benchmark memory published in peer review journals such as phenomena (e.g., generation effect in lyrical censorship) and has edited a book entitled Western Region Death Studies, Personality and Individual Differences, and Current Research in Social Applied Memory, slated for publication in Bettina J. Casad Psychology. the spring of 2009. The Faculty Advisor California State Polytechnic University, Research Grant generated four experiments: Pomona one book chapter for Applied Memory, two conference presentations, and one student- authored submission to Psi Chi Journal. Five Lake Forest College undergraduates served as coauthors on the chapter and presentations.

14 EYE ON PSI CHI | WINTER 2009 Awards & Grants

Jonna Kwiatkowski, PhD Carla J. Reyes, PhD Fang Zhang, PhD Emmanuel College (MA) University of Utah Assumption College (MA)

Creative Potential and Latent Exploring the Risk and Resilience What Your Best Friend Sees That Inhibition Reconsidered: Variations Factors to the Development of I Don’t See: Comparing Close Friend in Domain and Saliency of Cues Eating Disorders Dyads and Casual Acquaintance Dyads on the Perception of Facial This study addresses inconsistencies Risk and resilience factors in the Expressions of Emotion in the literature about the relationship development of eating disorders between latent inhibition (LI) and (ED) in dancers were examined. It is assumed that intimacy and creative potential. There is published Risk measures included anxiety, familiarity will lead to better research that shows a relationship depression, weight-pressures, and more efficient emotional between creativity and an auditory and perfectionism. ED-Risk was communication. Previous research LI task (Carson, Peterson, & measured by the Eating Disorder has failed to support this. The Higgins, 2003), and other published Inventory-3. Resilience measures study proposes that efficiency in research that reports no relationship included social-support, self-esteem, emotional communication in close Jonna Kwiatkowski, PhD between creativity and a visual LI proactive-coping, hope, optimism/ dyads resides more in the detection task (Burch, Hemsley, Pavelis, & pessimism, sense-of-humor, and of subtle, temporal, and dynamic Corr, 2006). There also seems to spirituality. Results demonstrated facial cues than in the detection of be discrepancies in the saliency weight-pressures-in-dance was the full facial expressions. Forty-three of the cues used in various latent risk factor most correlated with close friend dyads were compared inhibition experiments. This ED risk, followed by depression with 49 acquaintance dyads on project will compare participant and anxiety. Resilient factors their recognition of the partner’s responses on both cue type (visual negatively associated with ED partial facial expressions. Close vs. auditory) and cue saliency for LI included self-esteem, optimism, and friends dyads were more accurate and creative potential tasks. The goal proactive-coping. Negative affect than casual acquaintance dyads is to clarify the relationship between mediated the relationship between in detecting each other’s partially creativity and LI while establishing environmental pressures and overall formed sad or angry expressions. norms for using LI tasks in creativity ED risk. Resilience factors may The 2 groups were similarly accurate research. serve a compensatory function in in detecting happy expressions. The total ED-risk. Although overall results suggest that interpersonal Jonna Kwiatkowski’s main research risk decreased, resilience factors closeness fosters greater sensitivity interest is creativity, which she has explored did not completely compensate to subtle facial cues, particularly Carla J. Reyes, PhD through cognitive, neurophysiological, as for the impact that specific weight negative emotions. well as educational research. In graduate pressures have in the overall ED risk school, she focused on differences in Fang Zhang is currently an assistant neuropsychological response (EEG/ERP) to in dancers. professor of psychology at Assumption creative tasks. After graduate school, she College. She earned her BA and MA did post-doctoral research at the PACE Carla J. Reyes received her PhD in 1996 at in psychology in China and her PhD in Center at Yale University (CT) where she the University of California, Santa Barbara, social and personality psychology from was involved in research on giftedness, in counseling/clinical/school psychology Cornell University (NY). Before joining alternative assessments of intelligence, with an emphasis on child clinical. While in the Assumption College faculty, she and assessments of basic cognitive skills academia, she served as a Psi Chi advisor worked as a research associate at the and learning disabilities in Zambia, Africa. for a number of years. She also served Adult Development Lab at Wayne State Currently, she is interested in using a two terms as the Psi Chi Rocky Mountain University (MI). She teaches Introduction componential approach to understand Regional Vice-President, received the Psi to Psychology, Statistics, Personality creativity. There are various factors that Chi Regional Faculty Advisor Award for the Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Self have been independently linked with Rocky Mountain region in 1999, and was a Development and Research Seminar. creativity—novelty seeking, task-switching, founding, and now current, member of the Her research focuses on three areas: and disinhibition—yet there is little known Psi Chi Diversity Task Force. In 2006, she The frst area is adult attachment and about how these factors might interact was awarded the Early Career Award from self development. Specifcally, she is during creative thought. We can move RMPA. Her major areas of interests include Fang Zhang, PhD interested in the connection between towards understanding the interactions resiliency, child sexual abuse/childhood development of the self and attachment between these factors by using well- trauma, multicultural counseling issues, security in adulthood and the infuence of defned neurophysiological tasks that can working with ethnic minority children and life experience on this connection. Second, be assessed for individual differences in families, prevention and intervention for she is interested in the role of nonverbal creative potential. In both her teaching and at-risk children, play therapy, and treatment communication of emotions in relationships. research, Dr. Kwiatkowski is looking for outcomes. She currently is working full time Her third area of research is the infuence of opportunities to interact with students in in private practice. culture on self and emotion communication. mutual learning experiences. At this point, she compares the American and the Chinese cultures.

WINTER 2009 | EYE ON PSI CHI 15 Awards & Grants

Summer Gerard F. Forbes Molly S. Frolich Veronica J. Geretz Creighton University (NE) Occidental College (CA) Hiram College (OH) Research Grants Faculty Sponsor: Matthew T. Huss, PhD Fac Spsr: Andrea Hopmeyer Gorman, PhD Fac Spsr: Kimberley A. Phillips, PhD Psi Chi’s seventh year for offering the Summer Research Grants Relation of Psychopathy and The Impact of Adolescent Tool Manipulation in Cotton-Top program included eight winners. Treatment Related Behavior Crowd Affiliation Tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) Each grant included a stipend Treatment of psychopathic patients This study sought to explore the Cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus of $3,500 to the winning Psi Chi has always challenged mental health relationship between students’ oedipus) in captivity have been student plus $1,500 to the research professionals. The Psychopathy crowd labels and their socio- shown to use tools in past research. institution. Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) has emotional adjustment and academic Tamarins’ ability to manipulate become the standard for evaluating performance. Participants were 374 tools, a more specific aspect of tool psychopathy in patients. Despite seventh-grade students (197 boys, use requiring reorientation of a tool, being the gold standard, there are 177 girls, M = 12.52 years, SD = .61) has not been revealed through past limitations using the PCL-R. The from a moderately-sized middle investigations. The current study Personal psychopathy inventory school in a lower-class urban section used smaller-sized tools than past (PPI) is a 187-item self-report test of Los Angeles County. Crowd labels research has employed to investigate that is less time consuming for were obtained through interviews the possibility that tamarins in past mental health professionals. PPI with peers. Academic performance studies could not manipulate objects scores were used to determine the was determined by school-reported because of the size of the tools. relationship between psychopathy GPA and self-reported academic Six subjects were presented with and treatment related variables in a engagement. Overall, this study both a cane (6–12 cm in length) sample of forensic patients. helps to paint a picture of the crowd within reach and a food reward out structure in a low-income Latino of reach. The food reward could Gerard F. Forbes is a senior at Creighton school. Those at the top of the social have been retrieved by reorienting University and plans on graduating with hierarchy are seen as aggressive the cane. The results suggest that honors in December 2008 with a degree and perform poorly in school. In manipulating tools requires motor- Gerard F. Forbes in psychology. He spends much of his contrast, the less popular (as viewed skills or a means-end understanding time interacting with the psychology tamarins do not possess. department whether it be working as a by their peers) experience high teaching assistant/grader or participating levels of both overt and relational Veronica J. Geretz, a native of Norwalk, in Psi Chi events. Originally a business victimization. OH, is currently a senior philosophy and student at Creighton University, Mr. Forbes psychology major at Westminster College became interested in psychology late in his Molly S. Frolich, a senior at Occidental (UT). Her research interests include freshman year; at that point, he switched his College, plans to graduate in May 2009 consciousness, cognitive neuroscience, major and has not looked back. Aside from with a degree in a psychology and a minor moral decision making, and peace his own research, he has helped gather in elementary education. Upon graduation, studies. She is the current president of and enter data for other studies conducted she will also receive her California teaching Westminster’s Psi Chi and Phi Sigma Tau by undergraduate and graduate students. credential and plans to pursue a masters of Chapters. Ms. Geretz is currently conducting Upon graduation, he plans on attending law arts in teaching during the 2009-10 school her interdisciplinary philosophy and school and applying what he has learned year. She was frst drawn to psychology psychology honors research investigating about the consequences of legal decisions during her Developmental Psychology class the physiological correlates involved in to his studies and his career. He feels that when she began to realize how important moral decision making. She has presented his undergraduate studies and research psychology is to successful teaching. Ms. work at the 2006 Neuroscience Conference, will give him an understanding of the legal Frolich began working with Dr. Hopmeyer 2008 Midwestern Primate Interest Group system that goes beyond what one can Gorman in the spring of 2007 and received Molly S. Frolich Conference, and the 2008 International learn from a text book. a Ford Fellowship in the summer of 2007 Religion and Philosophy Conference. She to research adolescent peer relations. Upon intends to pursue her PhD in the fall of completion of her project, she presented her 2009 within the domain of peace studies fndings at the Occidental Undergraduate and confict resolution. With this degree, Research Conference. She plans to continue she hopes to employ her background in working in this feld throughout her time research to assist individuals internationally as an undergraduate, and upon graduation who have been impacted by poverty and/or hopes to apply the knowledge she has war. Beyond academics, her passion lies in gained from her psychology research to her traveling, outdoor adventure, and indulging teaching career. in nature.

Veronica J. Geretz

16 EYE ON PSI CHI | WINTER 2009 Awards & Grants

Max Greger-Moser Rebecca Susan Lomas Kathleen M. McKillip Yale University (CT) Swarthmore College (PA) Creighton University (NE) Faculty Sponsor: Linda Mayes, MD Fac Spsr: Etsuko Hoshino-Browne, PhD Faculty Sponsor: Isabelle Cherney, PhD

ERP Responses to Infant Stimuli in Does Relationship Matter? Thinking Outside the Toy Box: an Emotional Go-Nogo Paradigm A Look Into Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive Dissonance, Creativity, in Interpersonal Relationships and Gendered Play This study investigated the affect of social versus nonsocial stimuli in A study was conducted in order This study examined 4-year-olds’ an emotional Go-Nogo paradigm. to determine whether the degree gender stereotyped play before Participants performed an of closeness in relationships and after the introduction of emotional Go-Nogo task and were affects cognitive dissonance in counterstereotyped stories. Results asked to respond whenever they interpersonal decision making. showed that boys and girls used saw an “O” or a sad infant face and Past research has shown that North significantly more blocks when to inhibit responding whenever Americans tend to experience enacting a counterstereotyped story they saw an “X” or a happy infant cognitive dissonance when than when enacting a stereotyped Max Greger-Moser face. Letter and face trials were they are making a decision for story. Girls were also more likely divided into separate blocks such themselves while East Asians tend than boys to change their decision that on each block the participant to experience cognitive dissonance about the gender of a toy after being only responded to letters or faces. when making a decision for others. exposed to the stereotyped story. Behaviorally, individuals had The current study measured the Half of the girls recategorized a slower reaction times for sad faces cognitive dissonance experienced masculine toy as a feminine toy compared to Os and committed by individuals living in North after counterstereotyped exposure more errors of omission for Go America and making a decision for and play. Both genders showed high sad faces and more errors of their family member, close friend, levels of symbolic play. Children commission for Nogo happy faces. or acquaintance. It was predicted used primarily gender associations Neural components demonstrated a that individuals would experience and egocentric thinking to assign a more pronounced N2 for the Nogo cognitive dissonance when making gender to the toy pictures. faces suggesting increased difficulty a decision for their family member inhibiting responding. or close friend. Interestingly, results Kathleen M. McKillip is a senior psychology indicated that individuals were major at Creighton University. A member Max Greger-Moser is a senior psychology more likely to experience cognitive of Creighton’s Honors Program and of Alpha Sigma Nu (the Jesuit University major/sociology minor at Drew University dissonance when making a decision Rebecca Susan Lomas Honors Society), she has been active in (NJ). For two years, he has worked for their acquaintance. at the Yale Child Study Center in the many groups and initiatives on campus. Developmental Electrophysiology Lab. At the Her research with Dr. Isabelle Cherney Rebecca Susan Lomas currently attends lab, he has administered neuropsychological examines aspects of cognitive development Rutgers University Camden (NJ) and is assessments to children, designed various through play behaviors. Kathleen is currently majoring in psychology and minoring experimental paradigms, and collected and studying abroad in the Dominican Republic in childhood studies. She serves as the analyzed EEG data. A review on conduct and is planning to graduate in 2009. After chapter vice-president of Psi Chi and is an disorder, cognitive behavioral therapy, and graduation, she is planning to attend active member of the Psychology Club. She executive functions that he wrote while at medical school. has planned several events such as the Yale was recently accepted for publication spring induction ceremony and community in the Undergraduate Journal of Psychology service events. Ms. Lomas also serves as a at the University of North Carolina, Charlotte. research assistant in the Culture, Cognition, At Drew University, Mr. Greger-Moser and Development Lab. Under the direction serves as a private tutor, a tutor at the Drew of Dr. Sean Duffy, she has assisted in Writing Center, and a teaching assistant for studies pertaining to infant cognition and Research Methods in psychology. Currently, the environment. This past May, she was he is working on his honors thesis using awarded the Undergraduate Research Travel data collected from his time at Yale. For Grant and attended the APS Conference future endeavors, he plans to apply to Kathleen M. McKillip in Chicago where she presented research clinical PhD graduate programs. In his on recycling compliance. Currently, Ms. free time, he enjoys cycling, running, and Lomas is living in Tokyo, Japan, where she spending time with friends. is studying Japanese language, culture, and art. She will be graduating from Rutgers University Camden in May 2009. After fnishing her undergraduate education, she plans on pursuing a PhD in school psychology.

WINTER 2009 | EYE ON PSI CHI 17 Awards & Grants

Jessica Ann Stuart Miko Wilford Model Chapter Lehigh University (PA) George Washington University (DC) Fac Spsr: Catherine M. Arrington, PhD Faculty Sponsor: Michelle Stock, PhD Awards Thirty-one Psi Chi chapters qualified The Negative Impact of Mind Changing Binge Drinking for recognition as Model Chapters Wandering on Multitasking Conditions: The Impact of Mode of during the 2007-08 year. The Psi Chi Processing, Comparison, Targets, Mind wandering often has Model Chapter Awards program and Past Behavior detrimental effects on task annually recognizes and rewards performance. We hypothesized that Absent-exempt (AE) is the belief those chapters that consistently mind wandering would negatively that if one has not experienced maintain outstanding records of impact multitasking performance, negative consequences (e.g., alcohol membership inductions, chapter especially in more cognitively poisoning), despite engaging in the correspondence, service projects, demanding environments. To test risk behavior, then one is unlikely to and other criteria associated with this hypothesis, subjects performed in the future. This study examined being an outstanding chapter. Jessica Ann Stuart magnitude or parity tasks on single how mode of processing and social Chapters do not need to submit digits presented in either cued or comparison manipulations affect AE an application form for the Model voluntary task switching procedures. thinking with students’ own alcohol Chapter designation. All chapters During the course of task risk behavior as a moderator. All submitting evidence of meeting the performance, subjects were probed 122 participants reported past criteria are designated winners and to determine whether they were binge drinking without alcohol receive a check for $100 noting their mind wandering. Subjects reported poisoning (T1). At T2, participants achievement as a model chapter. mind wandering on approximately a were instructed to think rationally In addition, winning chapters are quarter of all probes. When subjects or heuristically and heard a eligible to win subsequent years. reported mind wandering, task comparison target who engaged in Eligibility is determined after the performance slowed, particularly binge drinking and did or did not end of the fiscal year (June 30). on more demanding task switching suffer alcohol poisoning (victim vs. The 2007-08 Model Chapter Award trials. In addition, task switching nonvictim). Participants’ drinking winners are: probability decreased in the behaviors were assessed one month voluntary task switching procedure. later (T3). Multiple regression Belmont University (TN) Together these results suggest analyses showed significant Butler University (IN) that when subjects were mind participant risk-level by processing California State University, Fullerton Miko Wilford wandering, they were less effective manipulation by comparison target Charleston Southern University (SC) at multitasking. interactions on AE. Creighton University (NE) Drury University (MO) Jessica Ann Stuart, a rising senior at Miko Wilford’s ultimate career passion Eastern Michigan University Lehigh University, is pursuing a degree in is focused on strengthening a connection Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (FL) psychology with a minor in sociology. As between psychology research and its Friends University (KS) a junior, she helped conduct research on application. In high school, he discovered Grand Valley State University (MI) motivation in Dr. Heidi Grant’s lab. In her the work of Dr. Elizabeth Loftus in Hawaii Pacifc University senior year, she plans on completing an psychology and law and has developed Kutztown University (PA) honors thesis and conducting independent a program of study to prepare to bridge Millersville University (PA) research on cognitive development. the gap between law research and its Missouri Western State University Outside of the classroom, Ms. Stuart is application: a primary degree in psychology, Morningside College (IA) very active on campus. She is secretary of a second degree in political science, and Ohio State University-Newark Campus the Residence Hall Association, a member a minor in research statistics. His honors Rogers State University (OK) of Alpha Phi Omega, and a leader of the thesis examines the awareness and Saint Vincent College (PA) Substance Free Community. She also enjoys attitudes of college binge drinkers with Southeast Missouri State University community service and playing intramural regard to their behavior and its implications. Texas State University-San Marcos sports. Following graduation, she plans on This experience included a summer at the University at Buffalo, SUNY entering graduate school in fall of 2009. George Washington University, which was University of Central Arkansas She would like to pursue a career in the funded by the Psi Chi Summer Research University of Central Missouri education feld. Grant. Mr. Wilford is currently working on University of Illinois at Chicago two independent research projects. The University of La Verne (CA) frst examines the long-standing debate University of Mary Washington (VA) regarding face recognition, and the second University of South Carolina researches possible distortions that can University of Saint Thomas-Texas occur in memory, and how immediate Utah State University questioning can exacerbate or reduce Whittier College (CA) distortion effects. Winthrop University (SC)

18 EYE ON PSI CHI | WINTER 2009 Amendments

Winter 2009 Proposed Amendments to the Psi Chi Constitution he Psi Chi National Council has approved, by a 2/3 majority T vote, the following 2 proposals for Proposal 1 amendments to the Psi Chi Constitution. To amend the Psi Chi Constitution in the following 10 ways in order to make Psi Chi According to Article XVI, Amendment The International Honor Society in Psychology: Of Constitution, Section 2, Psi Chi 1. Change the description of Psi Chi in Article II, Purpose from “national” to “international”. members have the opportunity to write in support of or in opposition to the 2. Change the name of the “National Office” to “Central Office” throughout the Constitution. amendments (please limit to 300 words or 3. Change the name of the “National Council” to “Board of Directors” throughout the less). The views as presented, or as edited, Constitution. will be published in the Spring 2009 issue of Eye on Psi Chi. All correspondence 4. Change “national convention” to “Society annual convention” throughout the regarding the proposed amendments must Constitution. be received by December 15, 2008. Send 5. Change “national Society” to “Central Office of the Society” and change “national dues or correspondence, to: assessments” to “Central Office dues or assessments” in Article III, Members, Section 3, and change “national fees or dues” to “Central Office fees or dues” in Article III, Members, Lisa Mantooth Section 8. Editor [email protected] 6. Change “national committee” to “Society committee” in Article IV, Officers, Section 5, and “national committees” to “Society committees” in Article V, Duties Of Officers, Section 2. The National Office will send an email digest to chapters regarding the voting 7. Change “National Leadership Conference” to “Psi Chi Leadership Conference” and “NLC” process for the proposed amendments. to “LC” in Article VII, National Council, Section 4. Psi Chi chapters will be eligible to vote 8. Change “national policy” to “Society policy” in Article XI, Voting Other Than In A using the online voting portal on the Psi Meeting, Section 1. Chi website. The chapters will have 45 days to vote. If an amendment is approved by 9. Change Article IX, Regions, Section 3 to state “Each chapter in a country other than the three-fourths of the chapters voting, the United States of America will be assigned to one of the regions as determined by the Board amendment will go into effect immediately of Directors.” and will be announced in a future issue of 10. Change the first sentence in Article XII, Chapters, Section 1 to read: “A chapter of Eye on Psi Chi and on the Psi Chi website. the Society may be established, maintained, or reactivated in a college or university in the United States of America or in countries other than the United States”; change Proposal 1 “international affiliate chapters” to “chapters” and change “that country” to “other Thecurrent Psi Chi Constitution may countries” in Article XII, Chapters, Section 2. be viewed on the Psi Chi website at: www.psichi.org/about/constitution.asp Proposal 2 A version of the Psi Chi Constitution that incorporates the proposed international Proposed amendment to delete all references to the National Leadership Conference amendments may be viewed on the in Article VII Section 4 of the constitution and add Article VII Section 7 and Psi Chi website at: Article X Section 2D. www.psichi.org/pdf/amendments.pdf

Article VII Section 7. The National Council shall be responsible for providing, on an annual basis, activities and opportunities that advance the leadership skills and abilities of Psi Chi members, especially chapter officers and faculty advisors. Such activities and opportunities may include but are not limited to: special leadership training programs/speakers at the regional conventions, grants and awards, a leadership conference at the national or regional level, and assistance to chapters.

Article X Section 2D. The Leadership Committee shall plan and recommend to the National Council activities and opportunities to advance the leadership skills and abilities of Psi Chi members, especially chapter officers and faculty advisors. The Committee also shall be respon- sible for implementing and assessing the activities and opportunities approved by the National Council. The President-Elect and Executive Director shall serve as co-chairs of the Committee.

WINTER 2009 | EYE ON PSI CHI 19 Get Involved

in national organizations

2008 Psi Chi National Elections Discounts for Joining National Organizations Recently, the call for nominations was done electronically through The Association for Psychological Science (APS) is pleased to give the Psi Chi website. In the coming weeks, the National Council undergraduate student members of Psi Chi a discounted student will receive biographical and position statements for regional membership rate of $25 (per year). Join now and your member- (Eastern, Rocky Mountain, and Western) vice-president candidates ship will be good through the end of 2009. To take advantage of and for the National President-Elect position. this special offer to become an undergraduate student affiliate [The Nomination/Election Committee considers the qualifications of all candidates for office and member of APS, chapter officers and advisors are encouraged to proposes at least one nominee (no more than two) for each office to be filled.] apply for membership by completing the online application on APS’s website. Now that voting is easily accessible online, Psi Chi encourages ALL chapters to participate in deciding our future leaders. Please www.psichi.org/pdf/2009_PSI_CHI_ad.pdf use the following as a guide to the voting process. Psi Chi students who are not currently affiliated with the On or before February 1, election ballot information American Psychological Association (APA) will receive a free 1regarding the candidates for Psi Chi’s National Council and copy of APA’s Publication Manual—a $32 value—when they join how to vote online will be sent to all Psi Chi chapters. for the first time by December 31, 2008. To take advantage of this special offer along with additional benefits, chapter officers and Chapters should plan to organize a chapter meeting where advisors are encouraged to pass along the special Student Affiliate 2all members can be present when the candidates for office application which can be found on the Psi Chi website. are announced. Use this meeting time to read the candidates’ bio- www.psichi.org/pdf/APAapp08.pdf graphical information, their position statements, and their goals for their term of office. Have your chapter make an informed decision about selecting which candidate your members think Internship Opportunity Available would best benefit your chapter and the Society. With APA’s Science Directorate Psi Chi has partnered with APA’s Science Directorate to offer an To access the electronic ballot, your Psi Chi chapter presi- internship during the summer that is exclusive to Psi Chi under- 3dent, with assistance from the faculty advisor as needed, graduate members. Applications are due online by January 15, should log in as a chapter administrator between February 1 and 2009. Because official transcripts and letters of recommendation March 15 on the Psi Chi website at are required elements of the application, interested members are www.psichi.org/chapters/login.asp encouraged to collect their application materials early so they If your chapter has lost its chapter administrator login informa- can be submitted prior to the end of the fall semester. Complete tion, it can be emailed to your chapter’s current email contact by submission instructions can be found online at going to www.psichi.org/chapters/login_forgot.asp www.psichi.org/pdf/apagrant.pdf On the menu that appears after successfully logging in, a www.psichi.org/awards/award_43.asp 4new section for electronic ballots/voting will appear in the list of administrator options. Click on that section’s link to con- Six APS Summer Research Grants tinue. This section will only be visible Available for 2009 a) between the dates of February 1 and March 15, and b) if your chapter has not previously cast its vote. Psi Chi is pleased to be partnering with the Association for Psychological Science (APS) to offer six summer research grants You will be presented with your chapter’s ballot(s). All again in 2009. Each grant provides the student with a $3,500 5chapters will have a ballot and be able to vote for the Psi Chi stipend to conduct research with an APS sponsor over the sum- National President-Elect position. All chapters in the Eastern, mer. The sponsor receives $1,500, making the total value of each Rocky Mountain, and Western regions will also have a ballot and grant $5,000. This spring, APS will provide Psi Chi a list of APS be able to vote for their region’s vice-president (the other three members who are willing to sponsor a student for the summer to regions’ vice-presidents are elected in odd-numbered years). conduct research. This list will be posted on Psi Chi’s website at Select the ballot you want to cast a vote for, choose the can- the address listed below. Interested members can refer to the list 6didate your chapter has selected, and click on the “Submit and contact sponsors to arrange summer projects. Ideally, appli- Ballot” button. A confirmation screen will appear with your cants will apply to work with mentors in institutions outside of candidate selection, and if necessary, allow you to cancel your their own institution. Preference will be given to projects that are vote and resubmit it if you made an error. Just as with mail bal- spearheaded by the grant applicant, encompass all aspects of the lots, once you submit your vote, you cannot edit or change your research process, and might result in a first-authored publication vote. Please contact the Psi Chi National Office if you have any or presentation by the applicant. The deadline for submissions for questions about voting. this grant is March 1. email: [email protected] | phone: (423) 756-2044 www.psichi.org/awards/aps_sponsors.asp

20 EYE ON PSI CHI | WINTER 2009 Get Involved in the community 2008-09 calendar

ACHS/Washington Internship National Service Projects December 1 | Deadline l Psi Chi Paper/Poster submissions for the Institute Scholarship for 2008-09 Psi Chi/APA National Convention The Washington Internship Institute (WII) Psi Chi congratulates its 1000+ chapters for l Psi Chi Poster submissions for the APS offers internship opportunities in government their participation in service-related projects National Convention agencies, nonprofit organizations, and busi- and encourages all Psi Chi chapters to continue l Denmark National Faculty Advisor Award nesses in Washington, DC, each fall, spring, contributing their time, efforts, and skills. l Psi Chi Regional Chapter Awards and summer. Interns spend four days a week Psi Chi currently supports five avenues l Regional Faculty Advisor Awards at the internship site and spend one day a week for chapter service. First is a continuation of in classes that bridge theory and practice. Psi the Adopt-A-Shelter project, which provides December 15 | Deadline Mail nominations for national officers Chi members are eligible for a $500 merit- services to shelters and those in need at the local l based scholarship that is cosponsored by the level. Second is participation with UNICEF l Spring 2009 Eye on Psi Chi submissions Association of College Honor Societies and Children in War Relief Project, which provides January 2–4 | NLC Conference WII. The application deadlines for the 10-week services on an international level. Third is par- l Nashville, TN summer 2009 internships are February 15 (early ticipation with Habitat for Humanity, which January 15 | Deadline deadline) and March 15, 2009. provides shelter for low-income families. Fourth l APA Science Directorate Internship www.wiidc.org is Food Drives, which provides an opportunity & Relocation Grant for Psi Chi chapters to serve their local commu- nities by gathering food for a local organization January 16 | Deadline Brain Awareness Week [March 16-22, 2009] or other population. Fifth is the Archives of the l Submissions to Rocky Mountain Regional Convention The Psi Chi National Council encourages Psi History of American Psychology (AHAP), Chi chapters to participate in Brain Awareness which highlights the importance of Psi Chi’s February 1 | Deadline Week (BAW), March 16-22, 2009. The Dana history as well as the history of psychology. All l APA Newman Graduate Research Award Alliance for Brain Initiatives developed BAW in chapters are encouraged to devote at least one l APS Albert Bandura Graduate Research 1996 as a public awareness campaign. fund-raising effort to benefit the Archives. Award “Brain Awareness Week is an international www.psichi.org/chapters/serviceprojects.asp l Cousins National Chapter Award effort organized by the Dana Alliance for Brain l FBI NCAVC Internship Grants Initiatives to advance public awareness about l Graduate Research Grants the progress and benefits of brain research. The APA/TOPSS Ethnic Minority l National officer election ballots to chapters Dana Alliance is joined in the campaign by part- Recruiting Project l Psi Chi Website Award ners in the United States and around the world, If you would like to share your enthusiasm for l Undergraduate Research Grants including medical and research organizations; psychology with high school students, consider patient advocacy groups; the National Institutes participating in the American Psychological February 18–21 | SEPA Convention of Health, and other government agencies; Association/Teachers of Psychology in l Southeastern Region, New Orleans, LA service groups; hospitals and universities; K-12 Secondary Schools (APA/TOPSS) Ethnic March 1 | Deadline schools; and professional organizations.” (Dana Minority Recruiting Project. The goal of this l APS Summer Research Grant Alliance for Brain Initiatives, 2007). program is to encourage ethnic minority high l Summer Research Grants Chapters might consider developing pro- school students to consider pursuing careers grams for their campus and/or visiting local in psychology by introducing them to ethnic March 5–8 | EPA Convention schools to give presentations about psychological minority role models in psychology and provid- l Eastern Region, Pittsburgh, PA research dealing with the brain. Talk with your ing them with career information. March 15 | Deadline Psi Chi faculty advisor about how to develop a Chapters are encouraged to work with local l Deadline for national officer election ballots BAW program. The Dana Alliance also provides high school teachers, community college and l Summer 2009 Eye on Psi Chi submissions suggestions for and links to BAW educational 4-year college students and teachers, graduate April 1 | Deadline programs on its education website. students, and psychologists in the community to l Kay Wilson Leadership Award The Society for Neuroscience (SFN), a part- develop educational sessions for ethnic minority ner in the BAW initiative, also provides a variety high school students similar to the Pilot Projects April 2–4 | SWPA Convention of resources that will help your chapter develop described on the APA/TOPSS Ethnic Minority l Southwestern Region, San Antonio, TX presentations and programs. You can find links Recruiting website. The website contains more April 16–18 | RMPA Convention to these resources at the SFN website. specific information about developing and l Rocky Mountain Region, Albuquerque, NM presenting programs for this project as well as References April 23–26 | WPA Convention Dana Alliance for Brain Initiatives. (2007). Brain awareness week. Retrieved contact information for people who can answer Western Region, Portland, OR November 19, 2007, from http://brainweek.dana.org specific questions. l April 30–May 2 | MPA Convention www.dana.org/brainweek www.apa.org/ed/topss/minority_recruit.html l Midwestern Region, Chicago, IL

WINTER 2009 | EYE ON PSI CHI 21 Distinguished Lecturer

22 EYE ON PSI CHI | WINTER 2009 sycho Tips for Spottingl og i c a l P Ps e u do science

Scott O. Lilienfeld, PhD A Student-Friendly Guide Emory University (GA)

ne need not have taken any courses of these phenomena isn’t itself all that trou- Wolff, 2009), we can define pseudosciences in psychology to see that pseudosci- bling. For example, it’s not outside the realm as disciplines that pretend to be scientific Oence has fundamentally altered the of possibility that future research could pro- but aren’t. They display the superficial trap- landscape of modern life. Whether they vide support for ESP, although most of the pings of science but lack its substance. As a be astrologers, crystal ball readers, spirit current scientific evidence points strongly consequence, pseudosciences can easily fool mediums, psychics, unidentified flying against it (Hines, 2003; Milton & Wiseman, all of us into believing they’re scientific even object (UFO) enthusiasts, or peddlers of 1999). Moreover, a certain degree of open- though they’re not. the latest herbal remedy for boosting our mindedness to unconventional ideas is Pseudosciences differ from sciences memories, proponents of pseudoscientific essential to scientific thinking (Sagan, 1995). not in their content, but in their approach claims are difficult to miss (Lilienfeld, Lohr, Instead, what’s troubling is that many to evidence, especially negative evidence. & Morier, 2001; Shermer, 2002). We can more Americans profess belief in highly For example, what makes the discipline of find them in shopping malls, on late-night questionable claims than in scientifically UFOlogy (the study of UFOs) largely pseu- television shows, on radio advertisements, supported claims. There are about 20 times doscientific is not that its claims are false—it’s in supermarket tabloids, and on websites. more astrologers than astronomers in the remotely possible that certain reports of flying saucers from alien worlds will turn In the domain of psychology, proponents United States (Gilovich, 1991), and surveys out to be true—but that most advocates of of subliminal persuasion, energy therapies, show that twice as many Americans say they UFOs don’t avail themselves of the essential extrasensory perception (ESP), psychic heal- “definitely” believe in creationism (39%) protections of the scientific method when ing, and handwriting analysis, to name a than in what’s probably the best supported evaluating their claims. In particular, they few disciplines, routinely make extravagant theory in all of natural science, namely, rarely make use of research safeguards against claims that outstrip their meager scientific Darwin’s theory of natural selection (18%; confirmation bias (Nickerson, 1998)—the support (Hines, 2003). USA Today/Gallup Poll Results, 2007). tendency to seek out evidence that supports These percentages point to a striking discon- The Prevalence of our hypotheses and ignore, minimize, or mis- nect between popular belief and scientific interpret evidence that doesn’t. Among these Pseudoscience in Modern Life evidence. crucial safeguards are demands for “blind” Surveys show that substantial percentages of observation (the requirement that observers the American public endorse pseudoscien- What is Pseudoscience? who are examining the data aren’t aware of tific or at least highly questionable assertions What do we mean by pseudoscience, and crucial factors that could bias their ratings), about the world. Forty-one percent believe how can we tell which claims are pseudosci- independent replication (the requirement in ESP, 32% in ghosts, 25% in astrology, entific, scientific, or somewhere in between? that one’s findings be duplicated by other and 21% in communication with the dead Although the boundaries between pseudo- observers), and peer review (the requirement (Moore, 2005). Of course, the fact that many science and science aren’t clear-cut (Leahy that one’s findings be subjected to evaluation Americans remain open to the possibility & Leahy, 1983; Lilienfeld, Lynn, Namy, & by largely impartial colleagues). Each of these

WINTER 2009 | EYE ON PSI CHI 23 but a well-established physical mechanism for them, namely continental drift. The Wegener saga underscores a crucial point: over time, sciences tend to be self-cor- recting, because they eventually revise their theories in response to contrary evidence. In contrast, most pseudosciences remain stagnant, because they tend to ignore or dismiss contrary evidence. For example, most forms of astrology have remained essentially identical for the past 4,000 years despite spectacular advances in our knowl- edge of the solar system and stars. Moreover, because of a well-documented astronomical phenomenon called “precession,” which refers to a gradual shift in the earth’s axis over time (Hines, 2003), astrological charts that are several millennia old are now hope- requirements minimizes, although certainly out. Indeed, in some cases ad hoc hypotheses lessly out of date, although many astrologers doesn’t eliminate, the possibility that confir- can provide legitimate explanations for continue to use them. mation bias will fool us into accepting our negative results and point to suggestions for (3) Exaggerated claims. Science is a pre- hypotheses and into believing what we want designing our study better the next time. scription for humility (McFall, 1996). As the to believe (Kida, 2006). Yet we can take ad hoc hypotheses too far, as late Carl Sagan (1995) noted, good scientists Proponents of sciences aren’t always when they merely become excuses to dismiss have a little voice in their heads reminding right, nor are proponents of pseudosci- every result that’s not to our liking. For exam- them, “I might be wrong.” Of course, not all ences always wrong. But over the long haul, ple, some proponents of parapsychology—the scientists are modest in their assertions, and scientists are much more likely to be correct study of ESP and related phenomena—have some are guilty of hyperbole. Nevertheless, than pseudoscientists, largely because they invoked the “experimenter effect” to explain good scientists are careful not to overstate make concerted efforts to compensate for why people who seem to display ESP in the strength of evidence for their claims. confirmation bias. As we will soon discover, the outside world usually do no better In contrast, proponents of pseudosci- scientific research endeavors tend to be than chance when brought into the more entific or questionable techniques often self-correcting, whereas pseudoscientific tightly controlled confines of the laboratory advance extravagant claims that aren’t research endeavors do not. (Gilovich, 1991). The experimenter effect justified by research evidence. For example, describes the supposed “inhibition” of ESP by research on the polygraph or so-called Warning Signs of Pseudoscience skeptical experimenters. The problem with “lie detector” test reveals that this method A number of authors have developed lists of invoking the experimenter effect for negative probably does only somewhat better than criteria, or “warning signs,” for distinguish- ESP findings is that it makes the existence chance—perhaps 70%— in distinguishing ing pseudoscience from science (Bunge, of ESP impossible to disprove: If laboratory truths from falsehoods (Lykken, 1998; 1983; Langmuir, 1989; Lilienfeld, 1998; findings for ESP are positive, this provides Ruscio, 2005). To a large extent, that’s Park, 2000; Ruscio, 2006). The presence of evidence for ESP; but if laboratory findings because the polygraph test is misnamed: it’s multiple warning signs isn’t proof positive for ESP are negative, this doesn’t provide an arousal detector, not a lie detector. This that a claim is pseudoscientific, but it should evidence against ESP, because these findings test picks up not only the anxiety or guilt arouse suspicion of its proponent’s claims. could be due to negative “vibes” emitted by associated with lying, but also surprise, Here are five warning signs that I’ve found skeptical researchers. indignation, and the fear of being convicted especially helpful for teaching students to (2) Absence of self-correction. As we’ve or a crime one didn’t commit. Yet some distinguish pseudoscience from science in already seen, science doesn’t always gener- advocates of the polygraph test have cited psychology: ate correct answers. Moreover, scientists accuracy rates as high as high as 95% (Raskin (1) Overuse of ad hoc hypotheses. An have sometimes been guilty of dismissing & Honts, 2002) or even 99%. These optimis- “ad hoc hypothesis” is a fancy term for an hypotheses that ran counter to accepted tic percentages go well beyond those found escape hatch or loophole that proponents views. When a young German researcher in most carefully controlled studies. of a hypothesis invoke to explain away named Alfred Wegener proposed in 1912 (4) Overreliance on anecdotes. negative findings. Most scientists use ad hoc that all of the earth’s major continents were Anecdotes are typically “I know a person hypotheses (e.g., “Maybe our questionnaire once joined in a gigantic land mass (he called who” stories (Nisbett & Ross, 1980; wasn’t reliable or valid enough,” “Maybe our it “Pangea”) and were slowly moving apart, Stanovich, 2006). “I know a person who went participants misunderstood our instructions,” many scientists dismissed him as a crackpot to a professional fortune teller who told her “Maybe our sample size was too small to (Schwarzbach, 1986). Yet today we know that that her boyfriend would break up with her detect the effect we were seeking”) from time Wegener was right, because later research and sure enough, he broke up with her a to time to account for why a study didn’t pan provided not only evidence for his claims, month later”; “I know a person who told me

24 EYE ON PSI CHI | WINTER 2009 Distinguished Lecturer

his migraines got better after he went to an fields, including philosophy and sociology research shows that this association is nonex- acupuncturist”; “I know a person with severe (Andrewski, 1973; Lilienfeld & Landfield, istent (Rotton & Kelly, 1985). depression who started feeling better after 2008). Nevertheless, this language is espe- How, then, can we resist the powerful going to a therapist who had him relive his cially widespread in psychology, probably allure of pseudoscientific claims? Although birth experience under hypnosis.” because many unsupported psychological there’s no standard formula for avoiding the All of these anecdotes are intriguing and claims can be cloaked in the terminology quicksand of pseudoscience, here are three perhaps worth investigating, but they’re of allied scientific fields (e.g., neuroscience, pointers I’ve found especially helpful in my difficult to interpret. As a wise person once medicine) that lend them the cachet of teaching and in my everyday life. said, “the plural of anecdote isn’t fact.” For respectability. First, we should be sure not to confuse one thing, “I know a person who” stories are correlation with causation. That is, merely usually open to many alternative explana- How to Avoid Falling because one variable (that is, anything that tions (Loftus & Guyer, 2002). The fortune Prey to Pseudoscience varies) goes together with a second variable teller who predicted the woman’s break-up We’re all prone to the seductive charms of statistically doesn’t necessarily mean that may have merely been “lucky” (or unlucky pseudoscience, largely because many pseu- the first variable caused the second, nor from the woman’s standpoint), or may have dosciences promise us quick fixes and easy that the second variable caused the first. picked up on subtle cues about the woman’s answers to life’s problems (Beyerstein, 1990). The correlation between these two variables relationship (such as apparent insecurity After all, who among us wouldn’t want to be could just as easily be due to one or more about her boyfriend’s commitment to her) able to predict the winning number in next third variables. Most psychology students while talking to her. For another, anecdotes month’s $60 million Powerball© lottery? For have heard this advice in their classes. But may be atypical of most people’s experiences. example, some advocates of Thought Field they often forget to apply it to real-world The migraine sufferer and depressed person Therapy, a treatment that supposedly treats examples, because their preconceptions who felt better following these treatments anxiety disorders by tapping on people’s can lead them to find a causal explanation may be in a tiny minority; the overwhelm- invisible energy fields, claim to be able to cure plausible even when it’s wrong. For example, ing majority of people who received these phobias in as little as 5 minutes (Gaudiano one study revealed that men who remain treatments either may not have improved, or & Herbert, 2000). Much as those of us with sexually active into their 70’s and 80s tend to even gotten worse. extreme fears of cats, blood, or flying would live longer than other men (Smith, Frankel, Most pseudosciences place too much love to believe otherwise, there’s no research & Yarnell, 1997). Sure enough, some popular stock in anecdotes. For example, advocates support for this astonishing assertion. In writers quickly concluded that having sex of ESP may point to stories in which a addition, our mind’s tendency to make “sense makes people live longer, with one even husband “had an eerie feeling” that his wife out of nonsense” and seek “order in disorder,” proclaiming that sex can be a “lifesaver.” was in a serious car accident in another city, although generally helpful in daily life, can Can you figure out why this conclusion isn’t and this hunch came true (Hines, 2003). render us vulnerable to certain pseudosci- warranted (a hint: ask yourself whether the Although such stories are dramatic, they entific beliefs (Gilovich, 1991; Pinker, 1997). researchers’ finding is correlational)? don’t provide convincing evidence for ESP. For example, our tendency to notice cases of Second, we should “give chance a Perhaps the husband had good reason to crimes and suicides during full moons can chance.” That is, we should remain open to fear that his wife might get into a car acci- lead us to perceive an association between the possibility that certain striking findings dent (e.g., he might have known that his wife full moons and these events, even though are merely due to chance (non-repeating) was extremely tired that day), or perhaps he’d experienced that eerie same feeling hundreds of times without his wife getting into a car accident. Pseudosciences (5) Psychobabble. Unless we’re careful, we can all be fooled by highfalutin’ lan- differ from guage that sounds scientific, but isn’t. Such sciences not “psychobabble” (Rosen, 1977) is a common in their content, persuasion technique among many advo- but in their approach cates of pseudoscience (van Rillaer, 1991). For example, proponents of voice stress ana- to evidence, especially lyzers claim that they can distinguish truths negative evidence. from lies on the basis of high-frequency modulations in subaudible “laryngeal micro-tremors” in people’s voices. That claim sounds awfully impressive until we learn that voice stress analyzers barely do any better than chance at detecting lies (Hollien, Geison, & Hicks, 1987). The language typical of psychobabble is by no means unique to psychology and surely characterizes other Distinguished Lecturer

fluctuations (Abelson, 1995). For example, I’ve outlined here, can help us spot these Park, R. (2000). Voodoo science: The road from foolishness to fraud. New York: Oxford University Press. when a friend with whom we haven’t claims not only inside but outside the class- Pigliucci, M. (2005, March/April). Do extraordinary claims require spoken in many years calls us a few seconds room. In turn, these tips can help us make extraordinary evidence? Skeptical Inquirer, 29(2), 14, 43. after that friend came to mind, we may be Pinker, S. (1997). How the mind works. New York: Norton. better decisions about a host of important Raskin, D.C., & Honts, C. R. (2002). The comparison question test. In inclined to attribute that astonishing coinci- matters in real life, ranging from what used M. Kleiner (Ed.), Handbook of polygraph testing (pp. 1-47). London, dence to ESP. Although that explanation is UK: Academic Press. car to buy, to what self-help book to read, Rosen, R. D. (1977). Psychobabble. New York: Avon. possible, to evaluate it adequately we’d need what herbal remedy to take, and what psy- Rotton, J., & Kelly, I. W. (1985). Much ado about the full moon: A to consider all of the times we’ve thought of chotherapy to recommend to a loved one. meta-analysis of lunar-lunacy research. Psychological Bulletin, that friend when she didn’t call us. We’d also 97, 286–306. A student who’s learned to distinguish pseu- Ruscio, J. (2005, January/February). Exploring controversies in the art need to consider all of the other old friends doscience from science is also an informed and science of polygraph testing. Skeptical Inquirer, 29(1), 34-39. we’ve thought of who never called us (Falk, Ruscio, J. (2006). Critical thinking in psychology: Separating sense consumer of claims in everyday life. 1981). In a clever illustration of the role of from nonsense (2nd ed.). Pacifc Grove, CA: Wadsworth. Sagan, C. (1995). The demon-haunted world: Science as a candle in chance in life and death, Nobel-prize win- References the dark. New York: Random House. Schwarzbach, M. (1986). Alfred Wegener: The father of continental drift ning physicist Luis Alvarez (1965) described Andrewski, S. (1973). Social sciences as sorcery. London: Andre (Carla Love, Trans.). Madison, Wisconsin: Science Tech. (Original Deutsch. an eerie event that occurred to him while work published 1986) Abelson, R. P., (1995). Statistics as principled argument. Hillsdale, NJ: traveling abroad. When reading a newspa- Shermer, M. (2002). Why people believe weird things: Pseudoscience, Lawrence Erlbaum. superstition, and other confusions of our time (2nd ed.). New York: per, he came upon a phrase that reminded Alvarez, L. W. (1965) . A pseudo experience in parapsychology. Science, Freeman. 148, 1541. him of an old friend he hadn’t thought about Smith, D. G., Frankel, S., & Yarnell, J. (1997). Sex and death: Are they Beyerstein, B. L. (1990) Brainscams: Neuromythologies of the New Age. for decades, and only a few pages later he related? Findings from the Caerphilly cohort study. British Medical International Journal of Mental Health, 19, 27-36. Journal, 315, 1641-1645. found that friend’s obituary! After getting Bunge, M. (1983). Demarcating science from pseudoscience. Stanovich, K. (2006). How to think straight about psychology (7th ed.). Fundamenta Scientiae, 3, 369-388. over his initial shock, Alvarez conducted New York: HarperCollins. Carroll, R. T. (2003). The skeptic’s dictionary: A collection of Tavris, C. (2000). Psychobabble and biobunk: Using psychology to some calculations and discovered that this strange beliefs, amusing deceptions, and dangerous delusions. think critically about issues in the news. Upper Saddle River, NJ: New York: Wiley. kind of coincidence probably occurs to 8 to Prentice-Hall. Falk, R. (1981, Winter). On coincidences. Skeptical Inquirer, 6 (2), 9 people each day across the world. USA Today/Gallup Poll Results (2007, June 7th). Creationism and 18-31. evolution. Retrieved October 22, 2008, from http://www.usatoday. Third,we should remember that Gaudiano, B. A., & Herbert, J. D. (2000, March/April). Can we really tap com/news/politics/2007-06-07-evolution-poll-results_n.htm away our problems? A critical analysis of Thought Field Therapy. extraordinary claims require extraordinary van Rillaer, J. (1991). Strategies of dissimulation in the Skeptical Inquirer, 24(4), 29-33, 36. evidence. That guideline, sometimes called pseudosciences. New Ideas in Psychology, 9, 235–244. Gilovich, T. (1991). How we know what isn’t so: The fallibility of human “Hume’s maxim” after the Scottish philoso- reason in everyday life. New York: Free Press. Scott O. Lilienfeld, PhD, is pher who described it in somewhat different Halpern, D. F. (1998). Teaching critical thinking for transfer across domains. American Psychologist, 53, 449-455. a professor of psychology at terms (Shermer, 2002), reminds us that if a Hines, T. M. (2003). Pseudoscience and the paranormal: A critical Emory University in Atlanta. He claim runs counter to virtually everything examination of the evidence (2nd ed.). Amherst, NY: Prometheus. is editor-in-chief of the Scientific we know, we should demand especially Hollien, H., Geison, L., Hicks, J. W. (1987). Voice stress analysis and lie Review of Mental Health Practice detection. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 32, 405-418. convincing evidence for it (Pigliucci, 2005). and past president of the Kida, T., (2006). Don’t believe everything you think: The 6 basic Society for a Science of Clinical For example, if we see an advertisement mistakes we make in thinking. Amherst, NY: Prometheus. Psychology. He has served on Langmuir, I. (1989, October). Pathological science. Physics Today, for a speed-reading course that claims to nine journal editorial boards 42(11), 44. boost college students’ reading speeds from Leahy, T. H., & Leahy, G. E. (1983). Psychology’s occult doubles: and is a columnist for Scientific 300 words per minute to 25,000 words per Psychology and the problem of pseudoscience. Chicago: Nelson/ American Mind magazine. Hall. Dr. Lilienfeld has published over 190 articles, book chapters, minute—which some courses claim to be Lilienfeld, S. O. (1998, Fall). Pseudoscience in contemporary clinical and books on personality disorders, psychiatric classifcation, able to do (Carroll, 2003)—we should be psychology: What it is and what we can do about it. The Clinical and pseudoscience in clinical psychology. Among his books exceedingly skeptical. After all, if we accept Psychologist, 51(4), 3–9. are Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding (Allyn & Lilienfeld, S. O., & Landfeld, K. (2008). Science and pseudoscience in Bacon, 2009; coauthored with Steven Jay Lynn, Laura Namy, that claim, people who’ve taken such courses law enforcement. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35, 1215-1230. and Nancy Woolf) and Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical can polish off Leo Tolstoy’s 1,400 page Lilienfeld, S. O., Lohr, J. M., & Morier, D. (2001). The teaching of Psychology (Guilford, 2003; coedited with Steven Jay Lynn novel, War and Peace, in a mere 22 minutes. courses in the science and pseudoscience of psychology: Useful resources. Teaching of Psychology, 28, 182-191. and Jeffrey M. Lohr). His work has been featured in the New Moreover, the speeds advertised by many Lilienfeld, S. O., Lynn, S. J., Namy, L., & Wolff, N. (2009). Psychology: York Times, Newsweek, Boston Globe, Washington Post, speed reading courses exceed the maximum From inquiry to understanding. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. USA Today, and New Yorker; and he has appeared on ABC’s speed obtainable by the human eyeball! Loftus, E. F., & Guyer, M. (2002, May/June). Who abused Jane Doe? 20/20, CNN, and CBS Evening News. In 1998, Dr. Lilienfeld The hazards of the single case study: Part I. Skeptical Inquirer, 26 received the David Shakow Award for Outstanding Early (3), 24-32. Career Contributions to Clinical Psychology from APA Division Lykken, D. T. (1998). A tremor in the blood: Uses and abuses of the lie Concluding Thoughts 12, and in 2007 he was elected a Fellow of the Association detector (2nd ed.). Plenum: New York. Many educators, both inside and outside McFall, R. M. (1996). Making psychology incorruptible. Applied and for Psychological Science. In 1998, he was selected as a of psychology, have rightfully bemoaned Preventive Psychology, 5, 9-15. member of Emory University’s “Great Teachers” lecturer Milton, J., & Wiseman, R. (1999). Does psi exist? Lack of replication series. the paucity of critical thinking skills among of an anomalous process of information transfer. Psychological much of the general public (Halpern, 1998; Bulletin, 125, 387–391. Please address all correspondence concerning this article to Tavris, 2000). Fortunately, there may be Moore, D. W. (2005, June 16). Three of four Americans believe in Scott O. Lilienfeld, PhD paranormal. Gallup News Service. Retrieved June 16, 2008, from Department of Psychology, Room 206 reason for hope. Recognizing that we’re all http://home.sandiego.edu/~baber/logic/gallup.html Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 drawn to pseudoscience and vulnerable to Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confrmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2, 175-220. Electronic mail: [email protected] its superficial appeal is a crucial first step. Nisbett, R. E., & Ross, L. D. (1980). Human inference: Strategies Moreover, taking a few basic tips for evaluat- and shortcomings of social judgment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: ing pseudoscientific claims, including those Prentice-Hall.

26 EYE ON PSI CHI | WINTER 2009 Chapter Growth

see others carrying the burden of responsi- bility. We have found that the following types Ayesha Shaikh, PhD of benefits of active membership can help Lorinda B. Camparo, PhD increase student ownership: Whittier College (CA) • stressing the importance of students’ Students active membership, accountability, and ownership of Psi Chi during the induction ceremony; and Taking Charge • emphasizing that active involvement can enhance faculty members’ knowledge of the students’ abilities, which can result in The Role of Psi Chi Chapters better letters of recommendation. in Facilitating Learning Footing the Bill Now that you have established visibility and an active membership, you may find yourself wondering how to fund activities. aking charge of your own education • announcing Psi Chi activities and Because membership dues can only go so far involves more than simply earning inviting new members to join Psi Chi in in financing activities, chapters can pursue T high marks. When students actively classroom settings, thereby creating the the following options to support chapter contribute to their own education through opportunity to spotlight the merits of activities: involvement in student organizations, they membership to a broad audience; • fundraising, which can range from bake benefit in ways that go well beyond what • publicizing Psi Chi events in a widely- sales, car washes, and participation they may gain in the classroom, and Psi Chi circulated departmental newsletter; in recycling programs to larger-scale chapters may be an untapped resource for events such as silent auctions or ticketed achieving this. Of course, students who are • displaying a prominently-located bulletin banquets; the most involved will reap the most ben- board dedicated to Psi Chi events, efits because they will be afforded multiple awards, and benefits for members; • applying for grants from the national Psi opportunities for developing the content Chi office (www.psichi.org/awards); and • sponsoring departmental and campus- knowledge, leadership skills, communica- wide events; and • dedicating departmental and/or Student tion skills, and professional social skills that Life funds specifically to support chapter • creating departmental awards sponsored result from participation in chapter activi- activities. ties. Although there are many challenges to by your Psi Chi chapter. maintaining a successful Psi Chi chapter that Staying on the Radar So What’s in It for You? provides these types of student outcomes, Once you’ve recruited members, keeping While many student organizations there are also many solutions that are within them interested and active in the organi- provide their membership with a sense of your chapter’s reach. In this article, we will zation may present a further challenge. community and affiliation, Psi Chi goes identify some specific chapter activities that Students may be involved in a variety of beyond this by also providing opportunities may facilitate this learning in members. organizations and their time may be limited. to gain content knowledge as well as leader- Barriers and Solutions Some students may say they will be active, ship, communication, and professional but instead they become social loafers as they social skills. Keeping a successful chapter running from year-to-year is no easy task, but there are ways of overcoming common barriers to success. The following three sections will discuss how to enhance your chapter’s vis- ibility, maintain active membership, and fund chapter events. Getting on the Radar There are many options for student par- ticipation in organizations, and chapters may have difficulty motivating students to devote their time and attention to Psi Chi. We have found the following strategies can help students recognize the value of Psi Chi membership:

WINTER 2009 | EYE ON PSI CHI 27 Chapter Growth

Content Knowledge the Psi Chi Journal of Undergraduate as well as chapter events (www.psichi. Students gain a great deal of content Research (www.psichi.org/pubs/journal) org/awards). Finally, faculty members can knowledge in classrooms; however, Psi Chi or an undergraduate institutional fulfill their departmental and in some cases provides an alternative venue for promoting research journal; and institutional service responsibilities through this type of learning. Aside from learning becoming a chapter advisor; and sometimes • participating in undergraduate research more about various areas of psychology, working with students can be (even) more conferences through organizing and students can also acquire knowledge about fun than sitting through lengthy faculty hosting them yourself or finding a nearby graduate programs, degrees, and profes- committee meetings. chapter or institution with which to sional development through well-planned collaborate. Reference Psi Chi chapter activities. This can be Sleigh, M. J., & Ritzer, D. R. (2004, September). Beyond the classroom: Professional Social Skills Developing students’ professional social skills. The Observer, 17(9), accomplished through the following types of 39-40, 51-53. chapter activities: Another often-overlooked category of skills that students gain when participating in • invited speakers on topics of interest; Ayesha Shaikh, PhD, is an Psi Chi is professional social skills, rang- assistant professor in the • alumni and graduate program panels; ing from dressing appropriately, to being Department of Psychology at on time, being receptive to feedback, and Whittier College. She has been • student panel discussions of internship showing interest and motivation toward serving as faculty coadvisor and research experiences; and assigned tasks (see Sleigh & Ritzer, 2004 for for the Psi Chi chapter with Dr. Lorinda Camparo since • field trips to psychologically-relevant a more complete listing of professional social she joined the Whittier faculty settings. skills). Knowing how to conduct oneself in 2003. Dr. Shaikh has Leadership Skills in professional situations is a skill set that also served as the Western many government, private, and non-profit Region coordinator (2004- Students who are interested in develop- organizations look for in college-educated 06) and secretary/treasurer (2006-08) for the Council ing their leadership abilities and adding to of Undergraduate Psychology Programs (CUPP). She is employees (Sleigh & Ritzer). Because faculty the skills that they may list on a resume or president of the board of directors for the Intercommunity often do not dedicate time to teaching these Counseling Center (Whittier, CA), and she was recently application for a job, may run for elected skills, learning them outside of the classroom recognized by the Social Services Commission of the City of positions in Psi Chi. As student leaders is necessary. While most of the activities Whittier as Volunteer of the Year (2008) for her service to the they are exposed to the inner-workings of community. She received her PhD in clinical psychology in that have been listed above (field trips, guest their organization within Student Life and 2002 from Miami University (FL) and completed her clinical speakers, undergraduate research confer- the psychology department, and they gain internship and post-doctoral fellowship at Northwestern ences, etc.) allow students to gain content University Medical School in 2003. Her clinical and greater visibility among their peers and the knowledge, leadership skills, and communi- research interests include college student ADHD, group faculty. As officers, leadership skills will be cation skills, participation in these activities psychotherapy, and communication in close relationships. enhanced through engaging in the following also provides members with opportunities types of activities: Lorinda Camparo, PhD, is to practice and refine these important pro- an associate professor in the • scheduling, organizing, running, and fessional social skills. Faculty advisors can Psychology Department at advertising meetings and events; emphasize the importance of these skills Whittier College. She was faculty advisor for the Whittier Psi Chi • prioritizing and delegating tasks; by explicitly conveying their significance to chapter from 1997 to 2003 chapter members. • motivating members to complete tasks; and has been faculty coadvisor with Ayesha Shaikh, PhD, since and Some Final Thoughts 2003. In 1999, Dr. Camparo • writing Psi Chi grants or other funding founded the annual Whittier Psi for Chapter Advisors Chi Review—bound volumes requests. While constructing a successful Psi Chi of especially excellent literature reviews written by junior Communication Skills chapter can be challenging at times, we have and senior-level students which is blind peer reviewed proposed many solutions to these barri- by Whittier Psi Chi chapter alumni. In 2002, the chapter Certainly students gain speaking and writ- president and Dr. Camparo received a Psi Chi grant to fund ing skills in the classroom, but the audience ers, and the student learning that results is the frst annual Psi Chi Whittier Undergraduate Research is typically limited to their professor and certainly worth the effort. Chapter advisors Conference (WURC). Now in its 8th year, WURC serves as a classmates. In today’s competitive job and invest a lot of time and energy into helping venue for paper and poster presentations by undergraduates graduate school markets, students need com- ensure the success of the chapters, and they from Whittier and several other L.A.-area institutions. WURC received a second grant in 2008, and Dr. Camparo has munication skills that are more developed do this to support student learning; however, received two Faculty Advisor Grants for her own research than what a typical classroom experience we can also benefit from our role as chapter examining prejudice in children and emerging adults. offers. Psi Chi provides an arena to enhance advisors. For example, Psi Chi provides fac- ulty with additional venues to foster student Authors’ Notes. Correspondence related to this article should be one’s oral and written communication skills directed to Ayesha Shaikh, PhD, Whittier College, Department of through the following types of activities: learning, as well as opportunities to engage Psychology, 13406 Philadelphia St., Whittier, CA 90608; in the scholarship of teaching through [email protected]; (562) 907-4200 ext. 4475. • writing for a Psi Chi chapter newsletter This paper was presented at WPA in April 2008 in Irvine, CA, their work as chapter advisors. Psi Chi also or website; with Niles Cook and Christine Arrington, BA, as part of a symposium offers chapter advisors a variety of awards jointly sponsored by Psi Chi and Council of Undergraduate Psychology • contributing as a reviewer or author to and grants to assist with their own research Programs.

28 EYE ON PSI CHI | WINTER 2009 Donna M. Mertens, PhD Gallaudet University (DC)

n the late 1800’s, the American Transformative government forced many I Native American children Psychological Research to leave their families and move to boarding schools. The government sought to “civilize” ni Pursuit of Native Americans by removing them from their communities, denying them their language, Social Justice family, and cultural heritage.

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A Mohawk woman remembers: “We were of the problems, but also has had the effect oppression in all their forms, put in boarding schools and not [allowed] to of perpetuating ineffective health promotion including all of the methods we follow our religion and everything. Abusing practice (p. 167).” When the deficit perspec- use to understand the populations us if we used [our] language. Cutting our tive is used to frame a group as a “problem” we serve…A consistent theme… hair. Making us forget our religion and with barriers, then the strengths in that com- everything” (DeBlase, 2003, p. 300). Why munity are not as likely to be recognized. relates to the interpretation and should a psychologist be aware of the While psychological research on dissemination of research findings historical legacy of boarding schools when prejudice, discrimination, and oppres- that are meaningful and relevant planning research on therapy for Native sion provides valuable insights into why to each of the four populations1 Americans? discrimination and oppression occur (see and that reflect an inherent Duran and Duran (2000) assert that for example Parker & Gielen, 2007), many understanding of the racial, cultural, most of the attempts to provide mental voices within and outside the psychology and sociopolitical context within health services to Native American people community call for an expanded view of the which they exist (CNPAAEMI, have ended in failure because they do not assumptions that underlie research in order provide relevant forms of treatment to this to more directly address issues of social 2000, p. 1). ethnic population. Socio-historical factors justice (Lincoln & Denzin, 2005; Reason & This principle suggests that researchers such as the boarding school program have Bradbury, 2006). had a devastating effect on the dynamics must be wary of deficit models that place In the early work of Donald Campbell, the blame for social problems on the indi- of Native American families. In order to be he envisioned an experimenting society successful, interventions to address issues vidual or culture, rather than on the societal that would lead to incremental reform as response to the individual or cultural group. such as family violence for Native American knowledge was gained through random peoples need to be cognizant of the tragic assignment to alternative treatments Transformative Paradigm consequences of such policies of the past. (Campbell & Stanley, 1966). This approach Psychologists research many issues that Social science researchers currently con- placed high value on the researchers being are critical to a more just society, such as duct their work within one of four major objective and value neutral in order to literacy, mental health, addiction, violence, paradigms: post-positivist, constructivist, produce scientifically valid knowledge. and disease. Yet many people continue to pragmatic, and transformative (Mertens, Christians (2005) criticizes this notion live with discrimination and oppression as 2005). The post-positivist paradigm holds that “a morally neutral, objective observer part of their daily existence due to physical, that there is one reality that can be known will get the facts right” (p. 148). He asserts historical, economic, and other factors that within a certain level of probability, and that ethical behavior must be “cognizant are associated with both a failure to address places high value on the use of randomized of power relations associated with gender, human rights and less access to societal experimental designs. The constructivist sexual orientation, class, ethnicity, race, and privileges. One reason for this problematic paradigm holds that reality is socially con- nationality” (p. 148). We have much to gain situation is that researchers assume that they structed and relies primarily on qualitative in our struggle for ethical research by allow- can conduct their research without consider- methods. The pragmatic paradigm views ation of the historical context that surrounds ing the perspectives of those who are steeped reality in terms of what makes sense within the participants. in multi-vocal and cross-cultural representa- a particular study, and recommends that Duran and Duran’s (2000) reflections tion to raise questions and proffer different researchers choose their methods based on on research into the effectiveness of considerations in the research context. their specific research questions. interventions for Native Americans raise The American Psychological Association The transformative paradigm provides concerns about research conducted with (APA) made an important contribution an overarching metaphysical framework a deficit perspective that focuses on the to this conversation about social justice that specifically addresses the anomalies problems in a community and ignores the and ethics in research. APA’s support for that arise when researchers and community strengths. Researchers who focus on social the importance of addressing issues of members express frustration that their justice implications of research argue that social justice is evident in the Guidelines on efforts are falling short of the desired mark much research in indigenous and minority Multicultural Education, Training, Research, in terms of social justice (Mertens, 2007; communities suffers from this destructive Practice and Organizational Change for in press). The transformative paradigm has theoretical and methodological perspective. Psychologists (APA, 2002). The guidelines relevance for researchers who work with Chiu (2003) echoed Duran and Duran’s include the following principle that spe- the ubiquitous peoples who experience concerns in her research on participation cifically focuses on the researcher’s ethical discrimination and oppression on whatever in health care and ethnic minority women. responsibilities when conducting research in basis that occurs, including, but not limited She contended that the reason many ethnic minority communities: to race/ethnicity, disability, immigrant status, political conflicts, sexual orientation, intervention studies yield inconclusive and As an agent of prosocial change, the contradictory results is because they focus poverty, gender, age, or the multitude of culturally competent psychologist on community deficits. She stated: “The characteristics that are associated with less narrow focus on language and culture as carries the responsibility of access to social justice. It is also relevant to combating the damaging effects 1 The APA developed guidelines for four specifc groups: Asian American/Pacifc barriers to uptake of services has not only Islander populations, persons of African descent, Hispanics, and American Indian hindered a wider theoretical understanding of racism, prejudice, bias, and participants.

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the study of power structures that perpetuate in the contract that specified that the data behavior. In the transformative paradigm, social inequities, as in studies that critically belonged to them and that publications the axiological assumption prioritizes examine the dynamics of White privilege. would carry their names first. Chilisa the furtherance of social justice as the Research on interventions to prevent expressed concerns that the benefits were basis for the ethical conduct of research. HIV/AIDS in Botswana (Chilisa, 2005) viewed in terms of publications for Western Interestingly, APA’s (2002) description illustrates the major themes of the researchers and not for the in-country of the role of the psychologist as an transformative paradigm. Theme 1: The researchers or for Batswana whose needs agent of prosocial change is reflective underlying assumptions rely on ethical were not met by the intervention. of this axiological assumption of the stances of inclusion and challenging Theme 3: Results are disseminated in transformative paradigm. oppressive social structures. Chilisa (2005) such a way as to enhance the furtherance of 2. The ontological assumption is provides numerous examples of challenging social justice and human rights (Mertens, concerned with the nature of reality oppressive practices in the research team Holmes, & Harris, in press). Chilisa noted and what is perceived to be real. In the relationships. The research team was made that dissemination of the results was limited transformative paradigm, the ontological up of a leader and several members from to publication in research journals and was assumption rejects cultural relativism and a European university who contracted to not used to further social justice and human interrogates the social and psychological work in a collaborative relationship with rights. She subsequently obtained funding forces that lead to acceptance of what is in-country researchers. (Chilisa is an indig- from the National Institutes of Health in the considered to be real. As we saw in the enous Motswana with a PhD from a U.S. USA to engage in transformative research Chilisa (2005) example, the European university.) The project began with a needs in HIV/AIDS prevention that took into researchers had a different view of assessment that consisted of a literature consideration the culture and language of the sexual behavior of Batswana than review and a standardized survey. The Batswana. In this way, she is working to did Chilisa. If researchers accepted literature review included the statement: “A address the people’s right to benefit from that either view was valid, then this is high acceptance of multiple sexual partners research on their health. both before marriage and after marriage is cultural relativism. However, ignoring a feature of Botswana society (Chilisa, 2005, Transformative the social and psychological factors that p. 676).” Working from a transformative Philosophical Framework operate in Botswana in terms of sexual behaviors and placing priority on their framework, Chilisa recognized that realities The transformative paradigm consists of are constructed and shaped by social, politi- own view of reality led to implementation basic philosophical beliefs that explicitly of inappropriate and ineffective cal, cultural, economic, and ethnic values, address issues of social justice and build and that power is an important determinant interventions and an increasing death on a rich base of scholarly literature from of which reality will be privileged. When she spiral due to HIV/AIDS. mixed methods research (Tashakkori & saw this statement in the literature review Teddlie, 2003); qualitative research (Denzin 3. The epistemological assumption centers regarding the sexual promiscuity of people & Lincoln, 2005), participatory action on the nature of knowledge and the in Botswana, she notified the European team research (Reason & Bradbury, 2006), femi- relationship between the knower and members that these statements were in con- nist researchers (Madison, 2005), culturally what-would-be-known (or in the case flict with her knowledge of the norms of the responsive research and evaluation (Hood, of research, between the researcher society. In response, the research leader said Hopson, & Frierson, 2005), indigenous and the participants in the study). that they would not change the statement, researchers (Battiste, 2000; Chilisa, 2005; The transformative epistemological but that they would add additional litera- Cram, Ormond, & Carter, 2004); dis- assumption includes the need to establish ture citations to support it. Chilisa asked: ability researchers (Gill, 1999; Mertens & a trusting relationship and an explicit “…which literature, generated by which McLaughlin, 2004), and researchers and acknowledgement of power differentials researchers and using which research frame- evaluators in the international development in the relationships between researchers works?...What if the researched do not own a community (Mikkelsen, 2005). and diverse community members. description of the self that they are supposed Guba and Lincoln (1985) were pioneers to have constructed” (Chilisa, 2005, p. 677)? 4. Methodological assumptions make in explaining the basic belief systems that This example illustrates the depiction of explicit the appropriateness of underlie the major paradigms of research. reality when viewed from a transformative approaches to systematic inquiry in Later, Lincoln and Denzin (2005) added to stance with that of researchers who chose to research. Transformative methodological our understanding by identifying four basic ignore the cultural complexity inherent in assumptions lead to inclusion of belief systems that provide a framework for indigenous voices and realities. community members in respectful ways describing a paradigm. The belief systems Theme 2: Researchers need to establish throughout the research process. Mixed include: axiology (ethics), ontology (nature trusting relationships at entry points with methods are commonly used to obtain of reality), epistemology (the nature of communities through culturally appropri- multiple perspectives from multiple data knowledge), and methodology (systematic ate strategies. They should make clear what sources. For example, Chilisa (2005) inquiry). These belief systems are manifest benefits they will get (e.g., publications, used focus groups to examine how in the transformative paradigm as follows: royalties, grants), as well as what community HIV/AIDS was understood by people in members will get. In Chilisa’s situation, the 1. The axiological assumption relates to Botswana and she used epidemiological European researchers included language what is considered ethical or moral and demographic data to determine

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which groups of people were most at risk develop a plan to increase the accessibility intervention in a TD school was viewed of contracting the disease. of the court for deaf and hard of hearing as an evolving entity that was developed people. The final component of the research through a co-constructive process involving Examples of Research strategy included a follow-up visit to the the evaluators, school staff, parents, and stu- Conducted in the court systems to observe and interview court dents (Thomas, 2004). Thomas describes this Transformative Spirit personnel and deaf and hard of hearing process as a challenge to the conventional people to determine the extent to which role of an evaluator, such that the boundary Numerous examples illustrate the themes, their access plans were implemented. In this between evaluator and program designer is framework, beliefs and ethical guidelines way, a transformative approach resulted in blurred. The TD evaluator was involved in of the transformative paradigm. In my the voices of deaf and hard of hearing people the decision making about the intervention own research, I applied the transformative being present throughout the determination because they had in-depth knowledge of the paradigm in such diverse contexts as exami- of the nature of court-related challenges, setting and participants, and they shared nation of cultural factors that allowed sexual the development of interventions, and the the responsibility of program development, abuse to occur in a residential school for deaf assessment of the effects of implementing implementation, and evaluation with the students (Mertens, 1996), access to the court those interventions. In this way, I was able program designers and implementers. system for deaf and hard of hearing people to tie the research data to the facilitation of In keeping with the transformative belief (Balch & Mertens, 1999; Mertens, 2000), social change to enhance deaf and hard of systems that emphasize human rights, increase in diversity of teachers of deaf hearing people’s access to the courts. understanding reality from the perspectives students with multiple disabilities (Holmes, While communication support systems of those with lived experiences, and building Mertens, & Harris, 2008) and parenting needed to do transformative research in the trusting relationships between researchers deaf or hard of hearing children (Meadow- deaf community may seem to be an extreme and participants, the TD evaluators also Orlans, Mertens, & Sass-Lehrer, 2003). In example, researchers who understand the placed a premium on cultural competence each of these contexts, the dimensions of culture and diversity in their communi- in the context of the urban school. To that diversity had to be carefully considered ties of practice will find similarly complex end, they sought evaluators of color or through consultation with diverse members dimensions of diversity that need to be from underrepresented groups. When this of the community and provision of appro- appropriately identified and supported in was not possible, evaluators were required priate support mechanisms to legitimately order to further social justice. to obtain a fundamental understanding of include the community members. The Talent Development Model provides the cultural norms and experiences of the For example, in the court access project, another illustration of how a transformative stakeholders by means of building relation- the transformative paradigm is shown by the lens can be used to design and conduct ships with key informants, interpreters, or fact that I began my understanding of chal- research on improving academic achieve- critical friends to the evaluation. TD evalu- lenges not by asking judges, but by asking ment for children in urban schools. The ators are encouraged to engage in ongoing the deaf and hard of hearing people about Talent Development (TD) Model of School self-reflection and to immerse themselves in what they experienced in court. I collected Reform (Boykin, 2000) is designed to the lifestream of the urban school through data from a series of focus groups with deaf explicitly address the strengths in students attendance at meetings, informal discus- and hard of hearing people who represented and their communities primarily in under- sions, and attendance at school functions the broad spectrum of diversity in that com- resourced urban schools serving low-income such as fundraisers or parent information munity. Cultural responsiveness is illustrated students, most of whom are African nights. These are strategies that increase by the use of four interpreters in one focus American. In accord with the transformative stakeholders’ access to the evaluators and group to support fully accessible communi- framework, the TD Model rejected typical program implementers, with the goal being cation: one signed into the hands of a deaf negative language that labels such children improved school performance for those who and blind participant; one pantomimed for as “at risk” and reframed the language to say are placed at risk by implementation of less a deaf individual whose linguistic skills were children “placed at risk,” thus acknowledging culturally responsive interventions. very low (he only understood pantomime that a wider community shares responsibil- and gesture); and two used American Sign ity for the situation in which the children are Conclusion Language to provide an English translation trying to learn. The transformative paradigm is a way of for the hearing moderator. The focus group Guided by the TD Model, Howard thinking about research and not a step- was led by two moderators, one hearing and University’s Center for Research on the by-step procedure. The transformative one deaf. In another focus group held in the Education of Students Placed at Risk framework leads researchers to critically southwestern US, an additional interpreter (CRESPAR) exemplified transformative examine their underlying belief systems for was added who understood Mexican Sign principles in their work by ethically includ- research and focus on the furtherance of Language. ing members of the community, They held human rights and social justice. This para- The data gathered from the focus groups multiple meetings along with the field digm is compatible with the purpose of the were used as a basis for the development implementers and key stakeholder groups APA’s Public Interest Government Relations of professional development activities for with the intention of obtaining genuine buy- Office of supporting its members in judges, other court staff, and deaf people and in from these groups. To the extent possible, researching and advocating for programs in their advocates. The people who attended stakeholder suggestions were incorporated the public interest that relate to such issues as the professional development were asked to into the activities and the evaluation. The aging, children, individuals with disabilities,

32 EYE ON PSI CHI | WINTER 2009 Special Topics

ethnic minority populations, HIV/AIDS, social justice. Journal of Mixed Methods, 1, 212-225 • The Council of National Psychological Associations for the Mertens, D. M. (2009). Transformative research and evaluation. NY: Advancement of Ethnic Minority Interests (CNPAAEMI) published lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender issues, Guilford Press. Guidelines for Research in Ethnic Minority Communities (APA, socioeconomic status, and women’s issues. Mertens, D. M., Holmes, H., & Harris, R. (2009). Transformative 2000). APA members are called upon to participate research and ethics. In D. M. Mertens & P. Ginsberg, (Eds.), • The APA’s Joint Task Force of Division 17 (Counseling Psychology) Handbook of social research ethics (pp. 85-102). Thousand Oaks, and Division 45 (Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues) in conversations about public policy as a CA: Sage. published Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, civic responsibility that is enriched by their Mertens, D. M., & McLaughlin, J. (2004). Research and evaluation Research, Practice and Organizational Change for Psychologists methods in special education. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. (APA, 2002). particular expertise. Mikkelsen, B. (2005). Methods for development work and research. References (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Donna M. Mertens, PhD, is a American Psychological Association. (2003). Guidelines on multicultural Parker, M. R., & Gielen, U. P. (2007, Summer). Recent developments in professor in the Department of the study of prejudice. Eye on Psi Chi, 11(4), 19-22. education, training, research, practice, and organizational change Educational Foundations and for psychologists. American Psychologist, 58, 377-402. Reason, P., & Bradbury, H. (Eds.). (2006). Handbook of action research: Research at Gallaudet University Balch, G., & Mertens, D. M. (1999). Focus group design and group Concise paperback edition. London: Sage. dynamics: Lessons from deaf and hard of hearing participants. Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (Eds.). (2003). Handbook of mixed methods in Washington, D.C., where she American Journal of Evaluation, 20, 265-277. in social and behavioral research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. was honored with the Most Battiste, M. (Ed.). (2000). Reclaiming indigenous voice and vision. Thomas, V. G. (2004). Building a contextually responsive evaluation Distinguished Faculty Award in Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press. framework: Lessons from working with urban school interventions. 2007. She is a former president In V. G. Thomas & F. I. Stevens, (Eds.), Co-constructing a Boykin, A. W. (2000). The talent development model of schooling: of the American Evaluation Placing students at promise for academic success. Journal of contextually responsive evaluation framework. The talent Association and continues to Education for Students Placed at Risk, 5, 3-25. development model of reform: New directions for evaluation, Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1966). Experimental and quasi- No. 101 (pp. 3-24). San Francisco, CA: Wiley Periodicals. make contributions to the feld in international and diversity issues. Her 12 books cover experimental designs for research. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally. Additional Resources Chilisa, B. (2005). Educational research within postcolonial Africa: A areas such as transformative research and evaluation, Two subgroups of the American Psychological Association (APA) made critique of HIV/AIDS research in Botswana. International Journal of their voices heard through the development of ethical guidelines ethical issues that relate to social justice, and dimensions of Qualitative Studies in Education, 18, 659-684. relevant to social justice and transformation. diversity critical to enhancing human rights. Chiu, L. F. (2003). Transformational potential of focus group practice in participatory action research. Action Research, 1, 165-183. Christians, C. (2005). Ethics and politics in qualitative research. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research. (3rd. ed., pp. 139-164). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Cram, F., Ormond, A., & Carter, L. (2004, October). Researching our relations: Reflections on ethics and marginalization. Paper presented at the Kamehameha Schools 2004 Research Conference on Hawaiian Well-being, Kea’au, HI. Council of National Psychological Associations for the Advancement of Ethnic Minority Interests. (2000) Guidelines for research in ethnic minority communities. Washington DC: American Psychological Association. Denzin, N. & Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). (Eds.) The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. DeBlase, G. L. (2003). Missing stories, missing lives: Urban girls (re)constructing race and gender in the literacy classroom. Urban Education, 38, 279-329. Duran, B. & Duran, E. (2000). Applied postcolonial clinical and research strategies. In M. Battiste (Ed.) Reclaiming indigenous voice and vision (pp. 86-100). Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press. Gill, C. (1999). Invisibility ubiquity: The surprising relevance of disability issues in evaluation. American Journal of Evaluation, 29, 279-287. Guba, E. G. & Lincoln, Y. S. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Holmes, H., Mertens, D. M., & Harris, R. (2008, February). Voices of new teachers: Implications for the preparation of teachers of the deaf and hard of hearing. Presentation at the annual meeting of the Association for College Educators—Deaf/Hard of Hearing, Monterey, CA. Hood, S., Hopson, R., & Frierson, H. (Eds.). (2005). The role of culture and cultural context. Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing. Lincoln, Y., & Denzin, N. (2005). The eighth and ninth moments— Qualitative research in/and the fractured future. In Lincoln & Denzin (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp. 1115-1126). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Madison, D. S. (2005). Critical ethnography. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Meadow-Orlans, K., Mertens, D. M., & Sass-Lehrer, M. (2003). Parents and their deaf children: The early years. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University. Mertens, D. M. (1996). Breaking the silence about sexual abuse of deaf youth. American Annals of the Deaf, 141, 352-358. Mertens, D. M. (2000). Deaf and hard of hearing people in court: Using an emancipatory perspective to determine their needs. In C. Truman, D. M. Mertens, & B. Humphries (Eds.), Research and inequality (pp.111-125). London: Taylor & Francis. Mertens, D. M. (2005). Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Mertens, D. M. (2007). Transformative paradigm: Mixed methods and

WINTER 2009 | EYE ON PSI CHI 33 Conducting a Literature Review: How to Search for Relevant Articles

Betty S. Lai, MS, MST Ryan R. Landoll, BS University of Miami (FL)

onducting a literature review is one is choosing a single construct of interest such as Google™ Scholar, because of their of the most important steps of the (e.g., depression, body image), rather than user-friendly interface and searching abili- Cscientific process. A good literature thinking about relationships between several ties. While these public sites are becoming review will “analyze, evaluate, and creatively constructs and the variables that may link popular and can be a great tool to augment synthesize” published work (Froese, Gantz, & them (e.g., how depression may influence a literature review, it is also important to Henry, 1998). A literature review may stand body image). Synthesizing information utilize search engines most familiar to alone as a published article, or it may appear will make your literature review a valuable psychological researchers. Become familiar in shorter form in the introduction section of contribution to the field. with several of these search engines, and a research article (Kazdin, 2003). Literature experiment to find which search engine you reviews may help answer the following ques- Step Two: Take Note of are most comfortable using. After you find tions: Why is your work important? How is Available Research Tools a favorite search engine, be sure to also use your work new? What are the current ques- Now that you have defined your area of other search engines in order to obtain a less tions in the field? What are the gaps in what interest, you must also determine what biased search for your articles. we know? Despite all of the advantages of research tools are available to you. Begin by conducting a great literature review, few consulting with your school librarian. Your Step Three: Cast a Wide Net people receive formal training on how a lit- librarian will help identify the databases Now that you have determined what erature review should be conducted (Froese, available at your school and the best search tools are available, use these tools to “cast Gantz, & Henry, 1998). This article is a step- engines for your particular area of interest. a wide net” in your search for articles. It by-step guide to finding the articles you will Your librarian may also be able to provide is important that you not only search for need for an excellent literature review. technical assistance on how to use selected articles that may “fit” theories in which you engines and other methods for conducting are interested, but that you also search for Step One: Define Your Interests your literature review. articles that may disconfirm these theories In the very beginning, find articles that spark While conducting a literature review, use (Baumeister, 2003). Conducting a broad your curiosity in a particular research area. all of the search engines to which you have search will make your literature review The best way to find these articles is to talk access. Schools subscribe to different search stronger, and it will make it a more honest to your professors, examine articles cited engines in order for their students to have summary of the work in the field. in textbooks, or start reading journals that access to academic databases. PsycINFO®, Begin a broad search by examining the focus on your area of interest. As you read, one of APA’s databases, contains over 2.5 articles you have already found. Look at you are likely to come across the names of million records and is updated on a weekly their reference sections and examine the leading experts in the field. Searching for basis (APA, 2008). It is considered one of the articles they have cited. Search “backwards” articles by these experts will help lead you leading databases in the field of psychology, by obtaining these cited articles. This is an towards respected articles in the field. and it is probably the one with which you important place to begin to expand your As you read, also begin to define the are most familiar. However, other databases, search for articles because it will help you topic of your literature review. Choose a such as PubMed, are becoming increasingly gain important background information and topic that will synthesize information in popular, particularly in health-related, perspective on your area of interest. the field. Froese, Gantz, and Henry (1998) biological and medical research. Recently, Another useful strategy for conducting a caution that a common “beginner’s” mistake researchers have begun to use public sites, broad search for articles is called a “forward

34 EYE ON PSI CHI | WINTER 2009 Promotion of Research

search.” Beginning with an article you find determine whether the work is “outdated”. be printing almost 1,000 pages! Not only is interesting, search “forward” for other works Ask yourself if later articles debunked the printing that many pages bad for the envi- by this author. This will help you trace the theories posed in the articles. However, be ronment, it is also incredibly costly and may trajectory of her or his research. In addition, careful before discarding older research, as it be unnecessary. If you keep your article ref- take note of other researchers with whom is possible that an older article is a landmark erences and pdf files organized, you should the author publishes, as well as who the article, which influenced modern conceptu- be able to quickly identify and select the author frequently cites. It is very likely that alizations of a topic. articles that are most relevant to your topic you will find these scientists’ work interest- Also employ modern methods for of interest. Print only the articles that will be ing. Most search options will also allow conducting your search for articles. Utilize relevant to your literature review. you to search for articles that have cited the the literature review methods employed In conclusion, learning how to conduct a article you are examining. Use this option to by Cochrane reviews and meta-analysis great literature review is a vital skill to hone examine other works related to your primary reviews. Both types of reviews include as a psychology student and researcher. articles. detailed methods section for others to Following these steps will help you define Additionally, examine major journals in understand how their literature reviews your interests, identify leading research in the your area of interest. In order to determine were conducted (http://www.cochrane. field and conflicting theories, and help you which journals are leaders in the field, it may org/reviews/clibintro.htm#reviews; conserve your own time and energy. As you be useful to talk to your librarian, mentor, Lipsey & Wilson, 2001). do so, you will gain a better understanding of or professor. Examine these journals and your own interests, key theories under inves- look through their most recent issues. As Step Five: Conserve tigation, and future directions for our field. Baumeister (2003) noted, beginning with Time and Paper recently published articles is extremely Conducting a literature review is a large References beneficial for two reasons: it introduces you American Psychological Association. (2008). APA databases: PsycINFO. task which may involve a great deal of time Retrieved June 25, 2008, from the American Psychological to new work, and it also introduces you to and a large number of articles. In order to Association Website: http://www.apa.org/psycinfo/ older works. Older works are introduced conserve your energy, it is important to stay Baumeister, R.F. (2003). Writing a literature review. In M. J. Prinstein to you because new works “will contain & M. C. Patterson (Eds.) The portable mentor: Expert guide to a organized during this process. Know what successful career in psychology (pp. 57-73). New York, New York: references to important older work” (pg. 59). you have already searched. Keep a record Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. While you are reading, ask yourself if certain Froese, A. D., Gantz, B. S., & Henry, A. L. (1998). Teaching students of the search engines you have examined to write literature reviews: A meta-analytic model. Teaching of articles are often cited. Finding these articles and the search terms you have used to find Psychology, 25, 102-105. may point you to landmark studies or stud- articles. In addition, save the articles you Kazdin, A.E. (2003). Publishing your research. In M. J. Prinstein & M. C. ies that are “new” and “exciting” in the field. Patterson (Eds.) The portable mentor: Expert guide to a successful find as pdf files. We recommend saving these career in psychology (pp. 85-100). New York, New York: Kluwer Further broaden your search for articles files in a systematic way so that you will be Academic/Plenum Publishers. by looking for articles that employ different able to find the articles later. Personally, the Lipsey, M.W., & Wilson, D.B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. Thousand research methodologies. Ask yourself if the Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. What is a Cochrane review? authors save files using the following format: Retrieved September 15, 2008, from The Cochrane Collaboration articles you are finding are experimental, “author_title_year”. For example, if we found Web site: http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/revstruc.htm qualitative, or case studies. In general, exam- an article entitled How the Ewoks Took Over ining a mix of methodologies will enhance Earth by Han Solo and published in 2090, Betty Lai, MS, MST, is a your literature review because each type of we would save this article as Solo_How the third-year doctoral student in research offers different perspectives. Ewoks_2090. child clinical psychology at the University of Miami (FL). Before Finally, you may broaden your search for In addition, save time by making use of articles by looking at research conducted graduate school, she taught a reference manager—a software tool for middle school mathematics and outside of the field of psychology. Other publishing and managing bibliographies. science in New York City with disciplines may be attacking your ques- Endnote® and Refworks® are two commonly Teach for America. Her work tions of interest in innovative ways. These used reference managers that are often avail- focuses on social networks perspectives may be important to consider and their infuence on health able through your school or in a research behaviors. as literature reviews are often enhanced by laboratory. These reference managers can be more flexible thinking about a topic and connected to major search engines, which Ryan R. Landoll, BS, is a multiple perspectives (Baumeister, 2003). will automatically download formatted refer- second-year graduate student in the doctoral program in ences for you. Saving references as you work Step Four: Be Rigorous child clinical psychology at will conserve your energy when you need the University of Miami (FL). and Set High Standards to create a reference section and cite your He received his bachelor’s As you conduct your broad search for references. degree at the University of articles, remember to employ rigorous Further, it is important to conserve paper. North Carolina at Chapel Hill where he graduated summa research methods. Distinguish between As you accumulate a collection of articles, cum laude with highest honors good research and poor research. Where was you may be tempted to print and read each in psychology in 2007. His your article published? Articles published in one. However, an individual article aver- interests include the interplay between peer relations, peer-reviewed journals are subject to a more ages about 30 pages. If you were to print depression, and social anxiety, as well as health risk behaviors and body image among adolescents. rigorous scientific review process. Also, 30 articles for a review paper, you would

WINTER 2009 | EYE ON PSI CHI 35 Annual Report Annual Report of the Executive Officer (2007-08)

Lisa Mantooth | Psi Chi Executive Offcer/Chief Operations Offcer

he 2007–08 year, under the leadership Psi Chi National Council (2007–08) National Elections of Psi Chi National President, The Psi Chi National Council members for The Psi Chi Nomination/Election T Dr. Vincent Prohaska, and the the 2007–08 year were: Committee received nominations for the National Council, focused on the future President: Vincent Prohaska, PhD positions of President-Elect and Regional of Psi Chi. The 2009 National Leadership President Elect: Scott W. VanderStoep, PhD Vice-Presidents, which are provided to the Conference (NLC) was a major focus as Past President: John M. Davis, PhD chapters for the national election. Dr. John planning and preparations led to the deci- Eastern Vice-President: Jason R. Young, PhD Davis (Texas State University–San Marcos), sion to hold the the conference in Nashville, Midwestern Vice-President: Betsy L. Morgan, PhD served as the Nominations/Election TN. The National Council spearheaded Rocky Mountain Vice-President: Melanie Domenech Committee Chair. Vice Presidents’ terms the search for a new Executive Director Rodríguez, PhD of office began on July 1, 2008, while the as Psi Chi wished a happy retirement to Southeastern Vice-President: Maria Lavooy, PhD President-Elect’s term of office began at the Dr. Virginia Andreoli Mathie. Dr. Chris Southwestern Vice-President: Richard A. Kasschau, PhD conclusion of the 2008 Psi Chi National Koch, editor for the Psi Chi Journal of Western Vice-President: Ngoc Bui, PhD Council Meeting in August. Elected to serve Undergraduate Research, published his first Executive Director: Virginia Andreoli Mathie, PhD were Dr. Alvin Wang (University of Central two issues. With an eye toward the future Executive Offcer/Chief Operations Offcer: Lisa Mantooth, MBA Florida) as President-Elect; Dr. Betsy L. of the organization, the National Council Morgan (University of Wisconsin-La Crosse) worked to create new partnerships with as Midwestern Regional Vice-President; organizations whose missions parallel Psi Committees Dr. Maria Lavooy (University of Central Chi’s mission. The 2007-08 Psi Chi Committee mem- Florida at Cocoa) as Southeastern Regional Psi Chi National President Dr. Vincent bers and chairs (c) appointed by National Vice-President; and Dr. Randall Osborne Prohaska appointed a search committee to President Vincent Prohaska were: (Texas State University–San Marcos) as begin the process of hiring a new Executive Executive Committee/Finance: Vincent Prohaska (c), Scott Southwestern Regional Vice-President. Director. At the January 2008 National VanderStoep, John Davis, Virginia Andreoli Mathie, Lisa Mantooth Psi Chi appreciates the commitment Council Meeting, Council decided upon Nomination/Election: John Davis (c), Chris Koch, Martha each member of the National Council has hiring Dr. Martha Zlokovich as Psi Chi’s Zlokovich, Pete Giordano, Harold Takooshian given to support our organization. Psi Chi is incoming Executive Director. Dr. Zlokovich, Research Grants Committee: Melanie Domenech Rodríguez (c), a Past Psi Chi President and chair of the honored to have distinguished professionals JasonYoung, Dan Corts, Lauren Scharff furthering the mission of Psi Chi. Psychology Department at Southeast Research Awards Committee: Betsy Morgan (c), Ngoc Bui, Missouri State University, began her posi- Miguel Roig, Merry Sleigh Chapters & Members tion on July 1, 2008. Outgoing Executive Regional Psi Chi Awards: National Offce Staff The 2007-08 year was one of continued Director, Dr. Virginia Andreoli Mathie, National/Chapter Psi Chi Awards: National Offce Staff/ retired June 30, 2008, after serving 4 years Executive Committee growth for Psi Chi in both membership in her capacity with Psi Chi. Dr. Mathie Program Committee: Vincent Prohaska (c), John Davis, and chapters. While the installation of new was honored at the 2008 APA National Betsy Morgan chapters was declining, Psi Chi did see 10 Convention in August, with an hour of pro- External Affairs: John Davis (c), Ngoc Bui, Joan Cannon new chapters for the year. gramming devoted to her contributions to Internal Affairs: Rick Kasschau (c), Jason Young, Michael Hall Psi Chi and the field of psychology. During Diversity Task Force: Scott VanderStoep (c), Melanie Certificates this ceremony, Dr. Mathie was also named as Domenech Rodríguez, Lori Barker-Hackett, Joe Horvat, Psi Chi continued its service of providing Carla Reyes a Distinguished Member of Psi Chi. certificates of recognition and appreciation Psi Chi continued its pattern of growth National Leadership Conference: Vincent Prohaska (co), for its members and chapters. During the Virginia Andreoli Mathie (co), Scott VanderStoep, Susan with 10 new charter installations and 22,019 Krauss Whitbourne, Ngoc Bui, Lisa Mantooth 2007-08 year, Certificates of Appreciation new members during 2007–08. Psi Chi has Executive Director Search Committee: Scott VanderStoep (c), were awarded to 98 chapter officers and 20 inducted a total of 559,221 members since Pete Giordano, Norine Jalbert, Steven Davis, Becky faculty advisors; Service Award Certificates its founding on September 4, 1929. Stoddart were presented to 9 worthy chapter

36 EYE ON PSI CHI | WINTER 2009 Annual Report

members. Certificates of Recognition for Allyn & Bacon Research Awards Psi Chi Growth Statistics, 1981-2008 scholarly contributions were presented to See page 12 of the Awards section. Psi Chi members who presented papers at Fiscal New Total New Total conventions during the 2007-08 year. In APS Summer Research Grant Year Members Members Chapters Chapters addition, 80 Name Change Certificates, 303 See page 10 of the Awards section. 1981-1982 7,322 134,982 27 548 Replacement Certificates and 143 Transfer 1982-1983 7,231 142,213 23 571 Certificates were mailed. Cousins Award 1983-1984 7,337 149,550 23 594 Psi Chi’s Ruth Hubbard Cousins National 1984-1985 8,262 157,812 19 613 2009 National Chapter Award for the outstanding 2007–08 Leadership Conference chapter was presented to the Friends 1985-1986 8,210 166,022 15 628 Under the leadership of National President University (KS) chapter for the excellence of 1986-1987 8,732 174,754 15 643 Prohaska, a program committee was its total program. The award was presented 1987-1988 9,738 184,492 20 663 assembled to prepare the topics of interest during the Psi Chi Award Ceremony at the 1988-1989 10,667 195,159 15 678 and the agenda for the 2009 NLC. Susan 2008 APA National Convention. Following 1989-1990 12,384 207,543 28 706 Krauss Whitbourne (University of the award presentation, the winning essay Massachusetts–Amherst) was appointed was presented by Kristina R. Thielen, the 1990-1991 14,030 221,573 28 734 chair of the Program Committee and chapter vice-president. The winning chap- 1991-1992 14,918 236,491 25 759 other members of the program committee ter received a $3,500 check, expenses for 1992-1993 16,089 252,580 47 806 included Ken Weaver (Emporia State an officer to attend the convention, and a 1993-1994 17,359 269,939 36 842 University, KS), Regan Gurung (University plaque to be displayed in the chapter’s psy- of Wisconsin-Green Bay), and Kate chology department. 1994-1995 17,511 287,450 33 875 Marsland (Southern Connecticut State 1995-1996 18,414 305,864 15 890 University). The NLC was in the final stages Erlbaum Award 1996-1997 19,316 325,180 25 915 of planning with registration beginning in See page 7 of the Awards section. 1997-1998 18,934 344,114 22 937 mid September 2008. The 2009 NLC will be 1998-1999 19,420 363,534 19 956 held in Nashville, TN, on January 2–4, 2009. FBI NCAVC Internship Grant 1999-2000 19,516 383,050 18 974 This is the fourth year that the FBI and Psi 2007-08 Award/Grant Winners Chi have partnered to offer this grant. The 2000-2001 19,435 402,485 17 991 Psi Chi designated $307,650 for awards and purpose of the grant is to further goals of Psi 2001-2002 20,496 422,981 13 1,004 grants during the 2007-08 year of which Chi by providing funds for undergraduate 2002-2003 22,380 445,361 9 1,013 $212,190 was awarded. or graduate Psi Chi members to conduct 2003-2004 22,280 467,641 14 1,027 research at the FBI National Center for the APA Science Directorate Analysis of Violent Crimes (NCAVC). Two 2004-2005 22,994 490,635 16 1,043 Internship Grant Psi Chi members, selected for one of the 14- 2005-2006 23,315 513,950 20 1,063 The purpose of this grant is to further the week unpaid NCAVC internship positions, 2006-2007 23,252 537,202 10 1,073 goals of Psi Chi by providing funds for one could have been awarded living expenses up 2007-2008 22,019 559,221 10 1,083 undergraduate Psi Chi member to gain to $7,000. Amelia Cevelle Barna (University experience in science administration and of Louisville, KY) was the June 1, 2008, All schools closed (1929–2008): learn more about the science of psychol- recipient of this grant. Fairleigh Dickson University, Rutherford (NJ), Forest ogy through a summer internship at the Institute of Professional Psychology-Alabama, Michigan Faculty Advisor Research Grants State University, Graduate School, Nasson College American Psychological Association’s (APA) (ME), Parson College (IA), Phillips University (OK), Science Directorate. This year’s recipient See page 14 of the Awards section. Rollins College–Brevard Campus (FL), Saint Meinrad was Jennifer Belding (Georgia Southern College (IN), Wesmar University (IA), and William Woods University, see page 8) Guilford Award University (MO). See page 9 of the Awards section. All schools merged (1929–2008): APS Albert Bandura Douglass College (NJ), Edgecliff College (OH), Long Graduate Research Grants Island University–Southhampton College (NY), Graduate Research Award Mundelein College (IL), New York University–University This year’s award recipient was Danielle Students winning the 2007-08 Graduate Heights, and University of Detroit Mercy–Nichols (MI). Keenan-Miller (University of California at Research Grants were: Chapters with charter rescinded due to inactivity: Los Angeles). She received the award for her Fall Atlantic Union College (MA), Brock University Abby Kyser, Cleveland State University (OH) (St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada), and University of paper titled “Pathways to Aggression Among South Florida, Sarasota-Manatee (FL). Offspring of Depressed Mothers” during the Jennifer E. Murray, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 2008 APS National Convention in Chicago, Aesha Ohelo, Pepperdine University (CA) IL. As the recipient of the Bandura award, Jessica M. Salerno, University of Illinois at Chicago Ms. Keenan-Miller received expenses for the Spring trip to Chicago, IL, a plaque for herself, and Kelly E. Buckholdt, University of Memphis (TN) one to place in her honor at her university. Robyn L. Fielder, Syracuse University (NY)

WINTER 2009 | EYE ON PSI CHI 37 Annual Report

Lisa E. Hasel, Iowa State University 2008 Graduate APS Convention Award Emily Craig, Eastern Illinois University Jessica Keyser, Temple University (PA) Kelly E. Buckholdt, The University of Memphis (TN) Tiffany Gille, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse Katherine A. Lingras, University of Minnesota Sami Hays, Missouri Western State University Maria Antonia Rodriguez, Ferkauf Graduate School of Newman Award Nova Hinman, Hope College (MI) Psychology (NY) The winner of the 2007-08 Psi Chi/APA Abby Howard, Purdue University (IN) Jennifer C. Veilleux, University of Illinois at Chicago Edwin B. Newman Graduate Research Justin Joseph, John Carroll University (OH) Matthew J. Zawadzki, Pennsylvania State University Award, was Rebecca Price (Rutgers Geoffrey Kerr, University of Missouri-Columbia Jonathan Zombeck, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign University, New Brunswick, NJ). She Whitney Knopf, Grinnell College (IA) received expenses for the trip to Boston, Krista Mehari, Hope College (MI) Intel ISEF Awards MA, in addition to a plaque for herself Nicole Pucci, Purdue University (IN) See page 13 of the Awards section. and a plaque to be displayed in the univer- Candice Riso, Western Illinois University sity’s department. Drs. Betsy L. Morgan Katherine Schaaf, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse Kay Wilson Leadership Award for (University of Wisconsin–La Crosse) and Sara Schwatken, Dominican University (IL) Outstanding Chapter President Ngoc Bui (University of La Verne, CA)) Jen Segula, Ohio University The Psi Chi/Kay Wilson Leadership Award served as the Psi Chi judges for this years Sawa Senzaki, University of Wisconsin-Superior was established to honor the late Kay Wilson, award. Drs. Cynthia A. Hudley (University John Siy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Executive Director of Psi Chi (1991–2003). of California) and Catherine Epkins (Texas Anthony Tarescavage, John Carroll University (OH) The award is presented annually to one chap- Tech University) served as the APA judges. Rocky Mountain Region ter president who demonstrates excellence in Jessica Bendjebar, Lynn University (FL) Regional Faculty Advisor Awards leadership of the local chapter. The 2007-08 Elizabeth J. Dansie, Utah State University recipient was Caitlin Elizabeth Macy of This was the 11th anniversary of Psi Chi Erin Hiveley, United States Air Force Academy (CO) Hawaii Pacific University. providing these awards to outstanding fac- Christy Sweaney, Colorado College ulty advisors in each of the six regions. Each Tiffany Wihelm, Weber State University (UT) Lewis Distinguished Lecturer recipient received $500. The 2007-08 winner Meghan Wright, University of Colorado at Boulder Dr. Drew C. Appleby (Indiana University- was: Dr. Conway Saylor of The Citadel (SC), Southeastern Region Southeastern Region Purdue University Indianapolis) was selected Kristin Alvers, University of Florida, as Psi Chi’s 16th Frederick Howell Lewis Regional Chapter Awards Emily Kessler, Agnes Scott College (GA) Distinguished Lecturer at the 2008 Psi Chi/ Victoria Kronewetter, Christian Brothers University (TN) APA National Convention in Boston, MA. Psi Chi has been providing these awards for 12 years. The 2007-08 winners were: Stephanie Maddox, University of South Carolina Psi Chi provides a $1,000 honorarium, in An Mai, Mercer University (GA) addition to paying the travel expenses, to the Central Michigan University, Midwestern Region Ashley McBee, Maryville College (TN) person selected for this honor. Charleston Southern University (SC), Southeastern Region Ashley Moncrieft, Spelman College (GA) University of Massachusetts, Eastern Region Model Chapter Awards Charlotte Powers, Clemson University (SC) Nicole Rosier-Santamaria, Georgia State University See page 18 of the Awards section. Regional Research Award Winners Robert Russell, East Tennessee State University Eastern Region Anne vanBekkum, Agnes Scott College (GA) National Convention Research Awards Emily Clark, Ithaca College (NY) Jennifer Wilder, Furman University (SC) Each year up to 16 (8 undergraduate and Brittany N. Croft, Grove City College (PA) Dirk Wooten, The Citadel (SC) 8 graduate) awards are available to Psi Chi Ellen E. Dawson, Saint Vincent College (PA) Southwestern Region members submitting the best research Maryann R. Dobrowolski, College of Saint Rose (NY) Marco A. Carreon, University of Houston (TX) papers for presentation during the Psi Chi Ashley Eisennagel, Arcadia University (PA) Henry J. Chiasson, Stephen F. Austin State University (TX) paper/poster sessions at the APA and APS Jeannette L. Ellis, University of Scranton (PA) Sandra N. Clark, Rockhurst University (MO) National Conventions. Leigh-Ann K. Javas, Monmouth University (NJ) Janelle N, Hedges, Stephen F. Austin State University (TX) Michelle N. Laque, Washington College (MD) Stephania M. Koppers, University of Central Arkansas 2008 Undergraduate Erin L. McDermott, College of Saint Rose (NY) Christen Sistrunk, University of St. Thomas (TX) APA Convention Award Winners Jessica M. Niesner, Belmont University (TN) Carla Thelen, Grinnell College (IA) Ashley Nolan, College of Saint Rose (NY) Western Region Christina Mari Woody, Hood College (MD) Lisa A. Plowman, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Laura Castro-Schilo, California State University, Fullerton Leslie A. Sandusky, College of Saint Rose (NY) Juliane Da Silva, Pacifc Union College (CA) 2008 Graduate APA Convention Award Laura Castro-Schilo, California State University, Fullerton Sara M. Stebner, Le Moyne College (NY) Lia Okun, University of San Diego (CA) Sarah L. Kopelovich, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, Katie A. Trinovitch, Marywood University (PA) Mindy R. Pressman, University of San Diego (CA) CUNY Tonya A. Valentine, Shippensburg University (PA) Richard Roberson, California State University, Long Beach Anna I. Siedlecka, University of California, Santa Barbara 2008 Undergraduate APS Convention Award Midwestern Region Sarah J. Axelson, University of Mary Washington (VA) Marisa Benich, John Carroll University (OH) Patricia Y. Singim, California State University, Long Beach Ashley R. Culler, College of Mount Saint Joseph (OH) John Campbell, Illinois College Cassie Diesel, College of Mount Saint Joseph (OH) Dorothy Carter, Wright State University (OH) Summer Research Grants Sabrina Beatrice Higgins, Morningside College (IA) Jessica Chou, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville See page 16 of the Awards section.

38 EYE ON PSI CHI | WINTER 2009 Annual Report

Thelma Hunt Grant Sarah Schwarz, Saint Michael’s College (ME) Chicago, IL Psi Chi’s Thelma Hunt Grants are presented Lauren Stewart, University of Victoria (BC) FRIDAY, MAY 23, 2008 annually to enable members to complete Max Wu, Wesleyan University (CT) • Psi Chi Distinguished Speaker: “Veni, Vidi, Muti: The empirical research that addresses a ques- Spring Metamorphosis of a Counseling Psychologist Into an International Psychologist,” Dr. Michael J. Stevens (Illinois Bailey Bell, Utah State University tion directly related to Psi Chi as posed State University) Marissa B. Esser, University of Wisconsin-Madison by either the Psi Chi National Council SATURDAY, MAY 24, 2008 or the researcher submitting a proposal. John Freimuth, Saint Mary’s College of California • Psi Chi Poster Session The winners of the 2007-08 Hunt Grants Brantley P. Jarvis, James Madison University (VA) • Psi Chi Symposium: “Career Opportunities for Psychology were Lauren Scharff, (Stephen F. Austin Lauren Lubarsky, Pennsylvania State University at Abington Majors, How Psi Chi Can Help.” University, TX), and Matthew J. Zaumny Jeremy Wing-Hei Luk, University of Washington (Tennessee Technological University). Jon Niemi, Mount Union College (OH) 2007-08 Regional Conventions Kristin Oosterkamp, California State University, Stanislaus Psi Chi’s six regional vice-presidents each Undergraduate Psychology Stephen H. Robertson, James Madison University (VA) sponsored Psi Chi programs at their respec- Research Conference Grants Andrea C. Rydel, Rutgers University New Brunswick (NJ) tive regional psychological association These grants were initiated to provide fund- Juliana Schroeder, University of Virginia conventions. The Vice Presidents are to be ing to support local/regional undergraduate Desiré Ann Shepler, University of Alaska Anchorage commended for providing programs that psychology research conferences. Funding is Chloe Skidmore, Grand Valley State University (MI) informed members about graduate schools for conferences that invited presenters from Sarah Turchin, Connecticut College and careers, featured distinguished lectures at least three schools in the area. Preference Wes Wayman, Bradley University (IL) by prominent psychologists, provided ven- is given to newly developed conferences in ues for ideas and discussion among chapter geographic areas not currently served by Website Awards leaders and offered members a forum to such conferences. Each funded conference This was the seventh year for these awards, present their research in both paper and was provided up to $1,000, with a total of which are presented to Psi Chi chapters that poster sessions. $15,000 allotted annually to this grant pro- create the best websites. Three awards gram. Schools winning Psi Chi’s conference of $200 each were presented to: Psi Chi NEPA Regional Convention grants for this year were: California State University, Fullerton for their website: Dr. Jason Young (Eastern Regional VP) Christian Brothers University (TN) http://psych.fullerton.edu/psichi/ October 19–20, 2007 Dominican College (NY) Central Michigan University for their website: Western Connecticut State University in Drexel University (PA) www.chsbs.cmich.edu/psichi/ Danbury, Connecticut Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (FL) DePaul University (IL) for their website: SATURDAY, OCTOBER 20, 2007 Kutztown University (PA) http://condor.depaul.edu/~psichi/ • Psi Chi Workshop: «Getting Into Graduate School» Mount Saint Mary College (NY) • Psi Chi Exchange Mount Union College (OH) 2007-08 National Conventions • Psi Chi Distinguished Speaker: Dr. Mark Snyder (University Oklahoma State University of Minnesota—Minneapolis), “Who Volunteers and Why? The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey 79th Psi Chi National Convention at APA The Psychology of Volunteerism» Saint Ambrose University (IA) 116th Annual APA National Convention • Psi Chi Reception & Awards Ceremony San Jose State University (CA) August 14–17, 2008 Texas Lutheran University Boston Convention and Exhibition Center Psi Chi SEPA Regional Convention University of Wisconsin–Platteville Boston, MA Dr. Maria Lavooy (Southeastern Regional VP) Whittier College (CA) THURSDAY, AUGUST 14, 2008 March 7–9, 2008 Widener University (PA) • Psi Chi/Frederick Howell Lewis Distinguished Lecture: Westin in Charlotte, NC Woodbury University (CA) “Students and Faculty as Partners in the Letter of FRIDAY, MARCH 7, 2008 Recommendation Process,” Dr. Drew Appleby (Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis) • Orientation: “Everything You Need to Know About Undergraduate Research Grants Attending SEPA” FRIDAY, AUGUST 15, 2008 • Psi Chi Grad Talk Students winning the 2007-08 Undergraduate • Psi Chi Poster Session • Psi Chi Faculty Advisor Appreciation Breakfast Research Grants were as follows: • Psi Chi Symposium: Research Award Presentations and Fall Awards Ceremony • Psi Chi/SEPA Invited Address: Dr. Karyl Swartz, (Great Ape Trust of Iowa) Joseph Donohoe, Shippensburg University (PA) SATURDAY, AUGUST 16, 2008 SUNDAY, MARCH 9, 2008 Mehul Gandhi, University of Victoria (BC) • Psi Chi Symposium: Panel on Mentoring Nontraditional • A User’s Guide to Research Mentoring Laura Girz, University of Michigan Students Richard A. Griggs, Bradley University (IL) • Psi Chi Symposium: Honoring Virginia Andreoli Mathie for Kristin A. Kiel, James Madison University (VA) Her Contributions in Psychology Psi Chi EPA Regional Convention Adam Kynaston, Utah State University Dr. Jason Young (Eastern Regional VP) Stephanie A. Maddox, University of South Carolina–Columbia Psi Chi 2008 Convention at APS March 14–16, 2008 Emily Morales Mall, California State University, Stanislaus 20th Annual APS Convention Boston Park Plaza Hotel in Boston, MA Peter Radu, Stanford University (CA) May 22–25, 2008 FRIDAY, MARCH 14, 2008 Kartik Ramamoorthi, Rutgers University (NJ) Sheraton Chicago Hotel & Towers • Psi Chi Invited Speaker: “Psi Chi Invited Speaker Session:

WINTER 2009 | EYE ON PSI CHI 39 Annual Report

Can a Little Fabrication, Falsifcation, or Plagiarism Really • Psi Chi Presentation: “Pedagogical Addiction and Teach Contributing Editor, Eye on Psi Chi Ruin Your Day? Tales (and Lessons) From the Trenches” Codependence: An Intervention” Mark Cobbe • Psi Chi Graduate School Student Exchange • Psi Chi Symposium: “Cultural Considerations in the Deve- Information Systems Manager (Began October 2007) • Psi Chi/Psi Beta Session: “Psychology Synergy lopment of Adolescent Romantic Relationships” Amie Austin Hearn Conference” • Psi Chi Roundtable: “How to Keep the Psi Chi Ball Up in Director of Membership Services SATURDAY, MARCH 15, 2008 the Air: Pointers for Student Offcers, Offcers to Be, and Susan Iles Faculty Advisors Involved With Psi Chi” • Psi Chi Faculty Advisor/Chapter President Breakfast Director of Publishing; Associate Editor, Eye on Psi Chi; Managing Editor, Psi Chi Journal of Undergraduate • Psi Chi/Psi Beta: Teaching Psychology as a Career in Research High School and College Psi Chi Western Regional Convention Melissa Strickland • Psi Chi: Applying to Graduate School in Psychology: Dr. Ngoc Bui (Western Regional VP) Director of Finance/Awards A mini-workshop April 10-13, 2008 Lynn Hawkins • Psi Chi Awards Ceremony Hyatt Regency Irvine in Irvine, CA Administrative Assistant THURSDAY, APRIL 10, 2008 The Psi Chi National Office administered Psi Chi SWPA Regional Convention • Psi Chi/CUPP Symposium: “Creating Stronger Learning the operations of our growing organization. Dr. Richard Kasschau (Southwestern Regional VP) Communities Within Psychology Departments” With each year and each new member, April 3–5, 2008 FRIDAY, APRIL 11, 2008 the National Office staff strived to serve Westin Crown Center in Kansas City, MO • Psi Chi Poster Session (Poster Session 7) our members effectively and efficiently. • Psi Chi Distinguished Lecture: “Generation Me and the THURSDAY, APRIL 3, 2008 Registration of new members, publication Psychology of Today’s Young People,” Speaker: Dr. Jean M. of Eye on Psi Chi and Psi Chi Journal of • Psi Chi Workshop: Psi Chi Past, Present and Future Twenge (San Diego State University, CA) Undergraduate Research, maintaining and • Psi Chi Conversation Hour With James Woods SATURDAY, APRIL 12, 2008 upgrading the Psi Chi website and database, • Psi Chi Paper Session 1 • Psi Chi Advisor Appreciation Breakfast as well as administering the many awards FRIDAY, APRIL 4, 2008 • Psi Chi Symposium: “Graduate Schools Do’s and Don’ts” and grants programs, were details that the • Psi Chi Faculty Advisors Breakfast • Psi Chi Chapter Exchange and Social Hour • Psi Chi Paper Session II National Office managed on a daily basis. The National Office was also responsible • Psi Chi Invited Address: “The Power of Acceptance, Psi Chi Midwestern Mindfulness, and Values” for managing and reporting the financial • Psi Chi Conversation Hour II With Steven Hayes Regional Convention statements, preparing for regional and (University of Nevada) Dr. Betsy L. Morgan (Midwestern Regional VP) national conferences, processing orders • Psi Chi Awards Ceremony May 1-3, 2008 from chapters, and preparing the chapter SATURDAY, APRIL 5, 2008 Palmer House Hilton in Chicago, IL mailings. It was amazing the tasks that were Psi Chi Paper Session III completed by a small staff, managing a very THURSDAY, MAY 1, 2008 large organization. • Psi Chi Poster Session I Psi Chi Rocky Mountain • Psi Chi Poster Session II Financial Report Regional Convention • Psi Chi Poster Session III Psi Chi’s financial status was secure, largely Dr. Melanie Domenech Rodríguez • Psi Chi Poster Session IV due to the funds that have been invested in (Rocky Mtn Regional VP) • Psi Chi Distinguished Lecture: “I Felt Less Because I Was previous years. Fees from chartering of new April 12–14, 2008 Different… Now I’m Proud For Being Brown, Embracing Cultural Diversity in Therapy” José Rubén Parra-Cardona chapters was down, but that was expected as Grove Hotel in Boise, ID (Michigan State University, MI) Psi Chi has chapters in over 1,083 colleges • Conversation Hour With Dr. Parra-Cardona FRIDAY, APRIL 11, 2008 and universities in the U.S. and Canada. FRIDAY, MAY 2, 2008 • Psi Chi Symposium: “Ethics and Vulnerable Populations” Psi Chi membership was also slightly down • Psi Chi Symposium: “Finding Employment with an Under- • Psi Chi Symposium: “Getting into Grad School” over previous years’ totals. Psi Chi’s awards graduate Degree in Psychology” • Psi Chi Faculty Advisor Appreciation Lunch and grants program was one benefit that • Psi Chi Poster Session: Regional Research Award Winners • Psi Chi Symposium: “Myth Busters: The Academic Edition” members can receive and one that should be • Psi Chi Chapter Exchange: “Ideas for Improving Your utilized more. Of the $307,650 designated • Psi Chi National: “Teaching about International Chapter” Psychology: Engaging Future Psychologists with the for awards and grants, $212,190 was awarded • Psi Chi Symposium: “Tips for Getting into Graduate Future of Psychology” School” to members in 2007-08. • Psi Chi Poster Session Psi Chi Awards Presentation and Reception • Psi Chi Oral Session: Award Winners Summary • Psi Chi Awards Ceremony & Reception National Office One of the most important aspects of the SATURDAY, APRIL 12, 2008 2007-08 year was the hiring of an incoming National Office staff for the 2007-08 year • Psi Chi Distinguished Lecture: “Cultural Adaptation in the Executive Director. Dr. Martha Zlokovich Era of Empirically Based Psychological Practice: How the Virginia Andreoli Mathie, PhD has experience as a Psi Chi Past National Two Can Tango,” Dr. Guillermo Bernal (University of Executive Director; Associate Editor, Eye on Psi Chi President and experience as a faculty advisor Puerto Rico) Lisa Mantooth, MBA • Psi Chi Conversation Hour With Distinguished Speaker Executive Offcer/Chief Operations Offcer; at a successful Psi Chi chapter. Guillermo Bernal, PhD Editor, Eye on Psi Chi The planning for the 2009 National • Psi Chi Symposium: “You Have Your Bachelor’s in Psych: Scott Gast Leadership Conference (NLC) was another Now What?” Outgoing Information Systems Manager; initiative that the National Council spent

40 EYE ON PSI CHI | WINTER 2009 Annual Report

significant time on during the 2007–08 year. Psi Chi, Inc. The NLC will give our members the oppor- Statement of Financial Activities tunity to benefit from a conference designed for the Year ending June 30, 2008 to build leadership skills and a stronger (with comparative totals for 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, & 2007) chapter. The attendees have the opportunity REVENUES, GAINS AND OTHER SUPPORT 2007-2008 2006-2007 2005-2006 2004-2005 2003-2004 2002-2003 to hear from prominent psychologists, lead- ers of Psi Chi, and successful chapters. It is Membership and Chapter Fees 771,847 818,636 816,877 803,805 777,223 787,465 a wonderful opportunity to network with Auxiliary Activities 264,483 291,170 272,780 259,440 259,661 241,054 other chapter presidents and faculty advi- Interest Income 279,026 257,821 18,438 12,905 78,709 85,324 sors. It is a venture that will continue and grow with each conference. Planning for the Net Earnings on Investments -561,888 462,810 394,761 263,831 390,032 43,697 2009 NLC, which will be held in Nashville, Net Assets Released from restrictions 2,000 TN, was in the final stages. Total Revenue, Gains and Other Support 753,468 1,832,437 1,502,856 1,339,981 1,505,625 1,157,540 EXPENSES 2007-2008 2006-2007 2005-2006 2004-2005 2003-2004 2002-2003 Psi Chi has seen changes in the National Office and the National Council during Programs and Meetings 599,924 598,514 525,153 558,876 395,047 360,467 this year. While Psi Chi will miss the con- Publications 177,450 210,927 221,133 211,202 242,571 250,438 tributions of Dr. Virginia Andreoli Mathie Chapters 369,408 284,187 303,924 246,948 206,687 264,755 (outgoing Executive Director); retiring Management and General 81,491 84,120 61,342 60,211 45,591 70,235 National Council members Drs. Richard Kasschau and John Davis, Psi Chi is a better Total Expenses 1,228,273 1,177,748 1,111,552 1,077,237 889,896 945,895 organization because of their dedication. It is Change in Net Assets -474,812 654,689 391,304 262,744 615,729 211,645 from their efforts, as well as the efforts of the Net Assets, Beginning of Year 5,531,778 4,879,142 4,487,707 4,224,963 3,609,234 3,397,589 Psi Chi National Office staff and the remain- der of the Psi Chi National Council, that the NET ASSETS, END OF YEAR 5,057,096 5,531,908 4,879,011 4,487,707 4,224,963 3,609,234 annual success of Psi Chi is met and driven by our purpose: Expense Allocation Comparison to encourage, stimulate and maintain Programs Management Publications Chapters excellence in scholarship of the and Meetings and General individual members in all fields, 2003 360,467 250,438 264,755 70,235 particularly in psychology, and to advance the science of psychology. 2004 395,047 242,571 206,687 45,591 2005 558,876 211,202 246,948 60,211 2006 525,153 221,133 303,924 61,342 2007 598,514 210,928 284,187 84,119 2008 633,206 226,452 274,820 169,220

Do you know a college or university without a Psi Chi chapter? If so, please encourage them to start one! For information on the charter application process and to request a charter application, please email the Psi Chi National Offce. [email protected]

WINTER 2009 | EYE ON PSI CHI 41 Convention Calendar

April 2–4, 2009 Email: [email protected] ne of the many PSI CHI NATIONAL CONVENTIONS Web: www.psychonomic.org/meet.htm benefits Psi Chi Southwestern January 2–4, 2009 Psychological Association offers its members December 4–5, 2008 O Psi Chi National Leadership Sheraton Gunter Hotel Breakthrough Strategies to is the excellent series Conference: Leadership in San Antonio, Texas Teach and Counsel Troubled Youth of programs the honor Community For information: society sponsors at regional Dr. Raymond Russin Los Angeles, CA Nashville, TN For information: For information: Telephone: (402) 426-7202 and national psychology Web: www.youthchg.com/live.html Dr. Martha Zlokovich Email: [email protected] conventions. These programs Telephone: (423) 756-2044 Web: www.swpsych.org December 7–10, 2008 provide members with an Email: [email protected] Web: www.psichi.org/NLC April 16–18, 2009 2008 Annual Meeting of the Society opportunity to present their Rocky Mountain for Risk Analysis Risk Analysis: research in a professional May 22–25, 2009 Psychological Association The Science and the Art setting; to participate 21st Annual Convention Hotel Albuquerque at Old Town Westin Boston Waterfront Hotel in panel discussions, of the Association for Albuquerque, New Mexico Boston, Massachusetts conversation hours, Psychological Science For information: For information: San Francisco Marriott Diane Martichuski, PhD Telephone: (703) 790-1745 symposia, and lectures with Telephone: (303) 492-4246 Email: [email protected] San Francisco, California eminent psychologists; Email: [email protected] Web: www.sra.org/events_2008_meeting.php For information: Web: www.rockymountainpsych.org and to network with Association for Psychological Science December 11–12, 2008 Telephone: (202) 293-9300 students, faculty, and other April 23–26, 2009 Breakthrough Strategies to Teach psychologists from a wide Email: [email protected] Web: www.psychologicalscience.org/convention/ Western Psychological Association and Counsel Troubled Youth variety of backgrounds and schedule.cfm Portland Marriott Phoenix, AZ interests. Portland, Oregon For information: August 6–9, 2009 For information: Web: www.youthchg.com/live.html National Conventions 117th Annual Convention of the Chris Cozby, PhD For additional information about a Psi American Psychological Association Telephone: (928) 277-4660 April 23–26, 2009 Chi program to be held at a national Email: [email protected] Toronto, Ontario, Canada International Psychology convention, contact the Psi Chi National Web: www.westernpsych.org For information: APA Div 52 Mid-Winter meeting Offce or refer to the “Conventions” American Psychological Association at WPA in Portland April 30–May 2, 2009 section online at Telephone: (202) 336-6020 Portland Marriott www.psichi.org/conventions Email: [email protected] Midwestern Portland, OR Web: www.apa.org/convention/ Psychological Association For information: Regional Conventions Palmer House Hilton Web: www.webmavens.org/div52/index.htm For additional information about Psi August 6–9, 2009 Chi programs (such as poster Chicago, Illinois 80th Annual For information: May 7–8, 2009 presentations) at regional psychological Psi Chi National Convention Mary Kite, PhD Breakthrough Strategies to association conventions, contact the Toronto, Ontario, Canada Telephone: (765) 285-1690 Teach and Counsel Troubled Youth Psi Chi regional vice-president for that For information: Email: [email protected] Seattle, Washington region (see page 2), or refer to the Web: www.midwesternpsych.org Psi Chi National Offce For information: “Regional Conventions” section online Telephone: (423) 756-2044 Web: www.youthchg.com/live.html at www.psichi.org/conventions Email: [email protected] STUDENT CONVENTIONS Web: www.psichi.org/conventions Student Conferences December 6, 2008 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES To recommend a student convention, PSI CHI REGIONAL CONVENTIONS East Texas Psi Chi meeting, or program for inclusion in the May 28–31, 2009 Student Conference Convention Calendar, you may enter ICPM -1st International February 19–21, 2009 The University of Texas at Tyler that information online at Course on Pain Medicine Southeastern Muntz Library Conference Room www.psichi.org/conventions/ Psychological Association Granada Congress and Exhibition Center addnew.asp Tyler, Texas Granada, Spain The Sheraton New Orleans For information: For information: The information you enter will also be http://uttylerpsichi.wetranceform.net/conf.html New Orleans, Louisiana Web: www.icpm.net provided on the “Conventions” section For information: at www.psichi.org/conventions Rosemary Hays-Thomas, PhD April 18, 2009 July 14–17, 2009 Telephone: (850) 474-2070 Mid-America Undergraduate ISPP 32nd Annual Scientific Meeting Email: [email protected] Psychology Research Conference Web: www.sepaonline.com Trinity College Franklin College Dublin, Ireland March 5–8, 2009 Franklin, Indiana For information: http://ispp.org Eastern Psychological Association For information: http://psych.eiu.edu/mauprc/ Westin Convention Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania For information: OTHER MEETINGS Arnold L. Glass, PhD Telephone: (732) 445-4637 November 20–23, 2008 Email: [email protected] 49th Annual Meeting Web: www.easternpsychological.org Psychonomics Society Chicago Hilton Hotel Chicago, Illinois For information: Roger L. Mellgren Telephone: (512) 462-2442

42 EYE ON PSI CHI | WINTER 2009 Chapter Activities

Mount Saint Mary College (NY) year as well as to get to know the new ith over 1,000 Eastern The 2007-08 school year was a members of the chapter. Fundraising was chapters across successful one for the chapter of Psi a priority for members and several events Wthe country, Psi Cabrini College (PA) Chi with activities on campus and in were planned for the future. The chapter Chi members can make a On a very hot Saturday in June, the the neighboring college communities. will be helping set up for two job fairs on chapter hosted it’s first (very cool) Psi The chapter hosted the Second Annual campus and will spend a day at a local significant impact on their Chi/Psychology Department Reunion. Mid-Hudson Undergraduate Research Wal-Mart asking for donations. communities. Let us know Enjoying the fun were students, alumni, Conference. The conference is a chance Members attended a fall dance for what your chapter has been and faculty. All loved ones of alumni for area undergraduate students to the consumers of Grapevine Center, the doing and share your fund- were also invited to attend and many present their research to other college drop-in center of a local mental health raiser ideas with others. See brought their children (or should I say students and the collegiate community. association. In addition, they volunteered submission information future Cabrini College Chapter Psi Chi The conference started with keynote at a local nursing home called Home to inductees)? The chapter encourages speaker, Dr. Brad Sachs (director Me. The chapter held a graduate school listed below. other chapters to hold reunions; due to and founder of the Father Center in talk for all psychology majors interested Columbia, MD). His newest book is in continuing their degree. Faculty the success of this event, a departmental Submission deadlines* When No One Understands: Letters to members were present to answer any alumni association was formed with Fall: July 1 a Teenager on Life, Loss, and the Hard questions that students had about the plans to get together every 5 years. Winter: October 1 Road to Adulthood. His speech was one graduate school process. In November, Spring: December 15 that all members of the audience could the chapter hosted a guest speaker who Caldwell College (NJ) Summer: March 15 The Psi Chi chapter started the 2008-09 relate to: parenting adolescents and talked to members about spirituality and working through the recognition of grief psychology. The chapter will continue * Reports received (postmarked) after the deadline will academic year under the new mentorship appear in the next issue of Eye on Psi Chi. of Dr. Luciane Pereira-Pasarin. The as adolescents transition into adulthood. the successful ongoing tutoring program chapter congratulated and welcomed Attendees were then given the choice for all psychology majors along with the new executive board members: between eight oral presentations ranging the Psi Chi Scholarship Fund set up last Submission specifications semester to help members needing extra Dennis Quinn (president), Ma’Isah from “The Effects of Divorce and • Only activities that have already occurred money for psychology-related activities. Bohannan (vice-president), Rebeca Negative Parental Beliefs on College and are submitted in paragraph form will be Students’ Romantic Relationships” to Members are excited and ready to begin published. Munoz (treasurer) and Danielle Hewitt “Fan Identification at Bard: Raptors‚ another promising semester next year. • Do not send future plans, calendars, or (secretary). The psychology department Pride and the Struggle for Recognition.” summarized lists. faculty and Psi Chi chapter voted on new • Limit reports to 250 words. If you wish After lunch and a raffle of donated Southern Connecticut State University eligibility criteria for its chapter. The new to report more extensively on a special APA books, attendees then chose from One of the first activities for the Psi Chi criteria were implemented in the fall activity, series of programs, etc., contact the six different poster presentations with chapter at the beginning of the new 2008 recruitment procedure. National Offce at [email protected]. topics ranging from “Implementation school year involved promoting itself to • Write your report in the third person rather On September 18, 2008, the chapter Intentions and Enhancing Prosocial the campus. A problem for the chapter than the frst person (e.g., “the chapter cosponsored a workshop with the Behavior” to “The Effect of Birth Order in the past has been participation of sponsored” vs. “we sponsored”). Psychology Club in which students were on Personality.” Attendees and the Psi members in events throughout the year. • Include full names, degrees, and titles of provided information about courses in Chi officers felt the conference was a In order to try and solve the problem, speakers/leaders, their institutions, and psychology offered in the department, their topics. huge success. the chapter got the word out on events course planning, graduate programs, • Report chapter events such as: discussions, e chapter also held a successful and meeting times through campus- career planning, research and internship Th lectures, meetings, socials, fundraising induction ceremony in April of 2008 in wide promotion with the use of flyers, events, conventions, feld trips, and honors opportunities, and extra-curricular which 20 new members were inducted. posters, social networking groups (such received by students, faculty members, activities in psychology. Approximately © Members are looking to have another as Facebook ) and the school groups and/or the chapter. 25 students attended the workshop. productive academic year in 2008-09. section off the main website. The chapter • Report attempted solutions to chapter On September 25, the chapter and the was also been involved with updating problems—those that were effective and those not so effective. Psychology Club attended a workshop Pennsylvania State University Erie its information on the National Psi Chi at Fordham University. Speaker • Color photos are welcomed; the number Chapter members met on a weekly website. So far, promotion of the chapter Dr. Ronald Shapiro presented a talk of photos per chapter is limited to two per basis and planned monthly activities. was successful in getting new members issue. Include accurate, typed captions. entitled “Fun Games to Explain Human For service projects, they sent thank interested in Psi Chi and chapter events. Photos may be mailed (include a self- Factors.” you cards to soldiers overseas and The chapter also focused on serving the addressed, stamped envelope for returned to the ones that made it back home. community by offering books to a book photos) or emailed to [email protected]. Lehman College, CUNY For digital photos, email only high-quality During Valentine’s Day, members made drive on campus for the city of New resolution images (600K) using a 5-or- The chapter is celebrating its 40th year cards and crafts for the elderly. They Haven’s youth. and was off to a fast start with activities higher megapixel camera. Do not send participated in fundraisers by selling digital printouts from a photo quality printer. held before the fall semester. During Penn State Behrend Psych Club shot • All photographs and chapter reports the summer, Willa Ivory (community glasses and T-shirts, along with a candy Midwest submitted to Eye on Psi Chi may be featured service officer) joined a Lehman team sale. To welcome new, current, and past on our website (www.psichi.org). that cleaned seven acres of landfill members, the chapter had a picnic on Emporia State University (KS) in preparation for the installation of campus which included raffle tickets and The fall semester for the Psi Chi chapter Abbreviations: gardens and other attractions. Lucy was very active and rewarding. Members APA American Psychological Association many prizes with about 200 people in APS Association for Psychological Science Messerschmidt (president), Mary attendance. To end the year, the chapter were honored to have Dr. Long as its EPA Eastern Psychological Association Sanchez (co-vice-president), Letricia sponsored a psychology banquet. New new chapter coadvisor. Before the MPA Midwestern Psychological Association Brown (treasurer), and Vera Albelda met members were inducted at the ceremony semester began, the students had a great NEPA New England Psychological Association with the chairperson of the evaluation RMPA Rocky Mountain Psychological Association with approximately 180 new, current, experience at the APA convention in SEPA Southeastern Psychological Association team that will be visiting Lehman and past students in attendance. Boston in August. Once classes started, SWPA Southwestern Psychological Association in the spring as part of the college’s funds were raised for 2009 APA in WPA Western Psychological Association reaccreditation process. Meanwhile Slippery Rock University (PA) Toronto through various events such as a Sorangie Vasquez (co-vice-president) The chapter of Psi Chi was busy planning bake sale, several football concessions, a became the chapter’s designated “arm- various activities for the fall semester. BINGO event, a “Rock Band” fundraiser, twister,” recruiting members for the fall Members had a welcome back party to and a Halloween goodie bags fundraiser. semester activities. celebrate the beginning of a new school Members contributed food, dessert, and

WINTER 2009 | EYE ON PSI CHI 43 Students, alumni, and faculty attend the frst Psi Chi/Psychology Department Reunion at Cabrini College (PA). Back row: Dr. A. T. Tomasco (department chair), Sheila Brady, Brian Rottkamp, Dave Madrak (emcee of the reunion), Karen Sharpe Carli, Dr. M. L. Corbin Sicoli (Psi Chi advisor emerita), Dr. Stacey Carpenter, Linda Cylc, Lori Pilarz Edmondson, Teresa Holland, Tamarah Smith Dyer, Judy Leahy, Dr. James Calkins, Megan Coggins, and Camille Micolucci Windsor. Front Row: Dr. Missy Terlecki, Tricia Reilly Bell, Dr. Madeline DiPasquale, Susan Di Gregorio Shelton, Carolyn Wilson Reilly, Vicki Maumus, Dr. Cathy Daley McKinley, Donna Angelucci Verna, Nora Marchetto-Ryan, Jenny Pagano Riche, Faith Nall, Angel Wosczyna, Rachel Perrault, Kim Feeney, Missy Sellitto, and Tammy Hunsberger Campli.

The new executive board of the University of Illinois Psi Chi Chapter pose together at the May 2008 Induction Banquet.

Members of the Dowling College (NY) Psychology Club/Psi Chi Chapter at the 2008 Fall Mini-Golf Tournament. Advisor Dr. Robert Youth is wearing his Psi Chi hat, and he retained his champion status.

Members of the Caldwell College (NJ) Psi Chi Chapter and Psychology Dr. Vincent Prohaska (Psi Chi National President, Lehman College, SUNY) congratulates Club attended a workshop by Dr. Ronald Shapiro (center) at Fordham (from left) Sabrina Askari, Samantha Staebell, and Sarah Axelson of the University of Mary University. The workshop was titled “Games to Explain Human Factors.” Washington (VA) on their poster that won the Undergraduate Research Award at APS.

44 EYE ON PSI CHI | WINTER 2009 Dr. Ken Weaver (faculty advisor) and Psi Chi members from Emporia State University (KS) attend the 2008 APA conference in Boston, MA.

drinks to several events hosted by the time to just kick back and have fun, Psi around the country have to offer in a national research conference, and 2008 university’s psychology department. In Chi members of Arizona State University different disciplines. The chapter hosted was no different. This year, the chapter terms of community service, members (ASU) took larger steps toward their goal the Christmas Angel Family Present sponsored nine students to present their performed a biannual highway cleanup of helping worthy organizations needing Drive and the Valentines Retirement original research at the conference. on a two-mile stretch of highway. New financial and volunteer help. Visit. Members participated in Relay for While in Boston for the EPA convention, enthusiastic student initiates were This year, ASU’s members increased Life and the Psi Chi Annual Regional the students attended other students’ inducted into Psi Chi at the Initiation their involvement exponentially, and Undergraduate Research Convention, presentations, listened to sessions on Banquet and Ceremony. The last Psi Chi the chapter’s membership has tripled which was hosted at the University going to graduate school, and spent event for the semester was a successful this year alone. Members were noticed of Arizona. Currently, the chapter is time exploring the city. The faculty at Fall Luncheon and Research Day. for their generosity, compassion, and seeking donations for the school supply Belmont also went along for the ride and progressive psychological research as all drive as well as support from those in even took everyone out for a dinner in University of Central Missouri of the current officers were working in the community who are involved in the north end of the city. The highlight The Psi Chi chapter was very active research labs for some of ASU’s leading psychology and willing to offer their of the trip was Jessica Niesner receiving during the semester focusing on doctors and faculty. Psi Chi students also services to undergraduate psychology a Regional Research Award from Psi recruiting new members. The helped professors by acting as proctors students. Chi for her research project with faculty chapter had a recruitment table in for examinations during the semester as “It is easy to become jaded or take for adviser Michael Sullivan, PhD. This the psychology department hallway well as during finals week. granted the generous and tremendous trip was another perfect example of and included a chance to win a free Dr. Keith Crnic (psychology effort all volunteer students give on Belmont’s Psi Chi Chapter encouraging T-shirt. The chapter also assigned Psi department chair), is Psi Chi’s advisor college campuses, but I am particularly student research and faculty involvement Chi representatives to almost every and faculty sponsor. Commenting on proud of the extensive and worthwhile in the lives of its students. psychology course offered to make the chapter as a whole, Holly O’Rourke reach of Psi Chi efforts,” said Psi Chi short announcements related to Psi Chi. (president) stated, “Our long range secretary/web designer, and ASU junior, Davidson College (NC) The chapter continued an Outstanding goals for Psi Chi include more active Elektra Fike-Data. “We want to continue During the semester, the Psi Chi Psi Chi Member Award, worth $100 a involvement in our community, not just increasing our membership and reach chapter sponsored a student-led semester, for the member who was the with the university but also outside ASU, out to those who want to capitalize on information panel for prospective most active (this is determined by a point and more activities to offer the students what Psi Chi has to offer.” majors. One student represented each system). The chapter held a Curriculum who choose to be a part of our society. This year, the chapter expanded of five major divisions of psychology Vita/ Graduate School Workshop where Psi Chi is more than just an honor the secretary position to include one (developmental, cognitive, clinical, professors came in and helped students society, we offer ways for students to graduate student from each discipline industrial-organizational, and with their vita or answered questions meet other people with similar interests in psychology. Each year, the National neuroscience) that Davidson offers related to graduate school. In addition, and have fun while being involved in the Office gives awards and grants to top to discuss the psychology major, the chapter worked on a new T-shirt field of psychology.” undergraduate researchers in the field research opportunities, and summer involving an ink blot design. Finally, the During the academic year, the officers of psychology. Membership benefits internship experiences. In addition, in chapter implemented a new tutoring held a school supply drive for several students directly and provides links early September, students presented system assigning one or two individuals public elementary schools in Tempe, to global networks to which students posters describing and concluding to a particular course and having those AZ. The Research Assistant Connection otherwise would not likely have access. their summer research projects in the who need help contact the tutor to set up Event was kicked off for psychology Davidson Summer Research Symposium. individual tutoring sessions. majors at ASU who had interest in The Psi Chi chapter is looking forward psychology research labs on and off Southeast to a semester of academic growth, campus. The chapter held a Road to Grad community service, and social events. Rocky Mountain School evening where students learned Belmont University (TN) from firsthand sources, including faculty Each year the Psychology Department, Louisiana State University Arizona State University and current graduate students, about Psychology Club and Psi Chi Chapter In the 2007–08 academic year, the Beyond tackling multiple credit hours, future options, academic plans, social at Belmont University sponsor a small chapter sponsored many speakers to its mastering work schedules, and finding networks, and what highly rated schools number of exceptional students to attend meetings in a variety of fields including

WINTER 2009 | EYE ON PSI CHI 45 Psi Chi members of the University of Texas at El Paso Chapter run a SDC booth, the “Bungee Run,” to raise funds to attend the SWPA convention.

clinical, forensic, medical psychologist, and Emily Knollman (treasurer). The preparation for the GRE to working on McDonald House where house cleaning medical social worker, developmental chapter also established a new event, an academic vita. was done for the families. psychologist, cognitive psychologist, Psych Night, which featured psychology- During the semester, the chapter etc. A Psi Chi tailgate was held during related movies and games. The event also added a new social event that is football season, which was attended by was modified into Mind Games, which expected to become a staple of the fall Western both members and faculty to promote hosted a variety of games including “Pin schedule every year. The social event scholarship and camaraderie. T-shirts the Cigar on Freud,” “Make Your Own was cohosted with the psychology California State University, Fullerton were sold in order to increase revenue Rorschach Inkblots”, and “Freudian department’s Psychology Club and The chapter held its biannual Kick-Off and boost membership. Also, officers Mad Libs”. Students could also take helped solidify recent efforts to increase Party at the beginning of fall semester. as well as members attended the 2008 a variety of personality tests and even the collaboration between these two To spread the word, the 2008-09 SWPA convention. try on a straight jacket. The chapter groups. After everyone was finished officers posted a portal message to the also interacted with other campus eating, the organizations’ officers psychology department, dozens of University of Mary Washington (VA) organizations to cosponsor events introduced their respective organization, flyers, and announced the event to their The chapter of Psi Chi sent several including the campus Hispanic outreach and then played a game to introduce psychology classes. The new officers members to the APS convention in and GLBTQ groups. the faculty members, several of whom made a hopeful goal to see 50 faces at Chicago at the end of May to present The chapter also made delicious were new to the department this year. their very first planned event. Much to research posters completed in the use of faculty and member support by The game is called “Two Truths and a their surprise, their attendance exceeded 2007-08 academic year. One of its asking them to donate chocolate baked Lie.” The faculty members were asked their expectations with 54 people members, Sarah Axelson, won the goods for the chapter’s endorphin- to give a little background information including members, participants, and a Undergraduate Research Award for her inducing chocolate bake sale. The sale about themselves that would include at great representation of the psychology poster presentation about social norms was a big hit and brought in some initial least two truths and one lie. Once faculty department’s faculty. Attendees had a regarding the division of household labor funding for the club with no overhead members finished their short biography, great time listening to a fun musical and childcare. The chapter had a busy costs. The chapter also attracted several the students would try to figure out playlist and enjoying pizza and soda fall planning activities for the year. To new members by participating in the which statement was the lie. It made provided by Kaplan. Everyone was given date, members held a GRE Prep Session university-wide Student Involvement for a fun social that spread the visibility a ticket for a chance to win a prize from specifically tailored to the Subject Test Fair with its sister organization, Club of both organizations while helping the fantastic assortment of items donated in Psychology as well as a Graduate Psych. Club Psych is for all students who students to get to know their faculty. by university’s bookstore; these included School Forum for psychology majors. do not yet meet minimum requirements binders, mugs, stuffed animals, and This forum consisted of a panel of several for Psi Chi, but who still want to University of Texas at El Paso faculty members answering questions participate. This attracts a wide range of During the semester, the chapter even a sweatshirt. The event made for an about the process of applying to graduate students and greatly assists the chapter in scheduled meetings twice a month in the entertaining evening and an opportunity school. The event was well attended and getting to know future members. So far, evenings, which proved to be a problem for new participants to become involved topics from financial aid to counseling the semester has been off to a great start. for many of the members who work, but with their fellow psychology students programs were discussed. The chapter at the same time has proved effective and staff. also held a meeting for all members for those who do not work. The chapter The chapter continued a resourceful to change the induction requirements Southwest held a fundraising event on September 5, and fun-filled semester by hosting and to plan for fundraising and service 2008. Members ran a SDC booth called a GRE/Graduate School workshop projects. Stephen F. Austin State University the “Bungee Run.” On September 13, presented by Daniella Schaffner from The fall semester has been a typical one members volunteered at a dinner that Kaplan. Students learned about the GRE University of North Carolina at Asheville as the chapter continued a tradition benefited Jennifer Ann’s Group against test, as well as the application process Last semester the chapter of Psi Chi of events that included a bake sale, Teen Dating Violence where members for entrance to graduate schools. The elected all new officers: K. Simone garage sale, and volunteer work. The helped with a silent auction and served chapter’s new officers are committed to Owings (president), Ashley Molin (vice- chapter also continued to offer a series beverages to the guests. On September providing a means to success for all of Psi president), Kristen Keathley (secretary), of graduate prep classes that covered 20, members volunteered at the Ronald Chi’s present and future members.

46 EYE ON PSI CHI | WINTER 2009 PSI CHI Meeting Pack Everything you need to host your next successful Psi Chi event. This set includes 25 twelve ounce royal blue stadium cups, 50 white beverage napkins, and 25 six inch disposable white plates. All items display the Psi Chi seal. $35 per set PSI CHI MERCHANDISE ONLINE @ www.psichi.org/products/

Ball Cap T-shirt—Long Sleeve Light khaki color, these These long-sleeve T-shirts are baseball caps have 100% preshrunk cotton with “Psi Chi” and the logo covered seams at the neck embroidered on the and armholes. White with front in navy. navy silk-screen logo and $ lettering on front and back. 15 $ PSI CHI Decals 21 Your choice of round Psi Chi seal or rectangular Psi Chi logo with key. Both are printed in blue on clear background with cling surface on either side for easy adhesion anywhere you like. $ 1 each Registration Book Permanent-bound book to record new members as they are inducted. 31 pages (front/back) $20

$ PSI CHI Post It Cube 6 each 285 white Post It Notes with Psi Chi logo printed in blue on all four sides. Perfect for dorm room or faculty advisors’ desks. Measures 2 3⁄4” X 2 3⁄4.” Height 1 3/8.”

Grey Sweatshirt Ash grey pullover sweatshirt with custom screen print of “Psi Chi” in white and key emblem in white and navy blue on front of sweatshirt. Hanes Beefy, no shrink brand, 75% cotton/25% polyester. $ Compact Umbrella 25 With PSI CHI Logo Compact umbrella folds to just 9 inches but opens to an amazing 42 inches for excellent protection against the elements. Umbrella is navy blue with Psi Chi logo in white. $15 Learn About Leadership Leadership in Community

at the 2009 Psi Chi National Leadership Conference www.psichi.org/NLC2009

January 2-4, 2009 | Marriott Nashville Airport Hotel | Nashville, TN

Featuring Plenary Sessions PURPOSE With Keynote Speakers: The National Leadership Conference (NLC) will provide Leadership That Invites Success workshops, keynote speakers, and interactive sessions that will help Psi Chi chapter presidents develop leader- Betty Siegel, PhD ship skills they can use to be effective leaders of their President Emeritus & Distinguished Chair chapters and in their professions. The NLC also will help of Leadership, Ethics, and Character, Psi Chi faculty advisors enhance their leadership skills Kennesaw State University (GA) and ability to mentor emerging leaders within their Psi Chi chapters.

PROGRAM Through the Labyrinth: The Advantages and Disadvantages • The program includes plenary sessions with presentations from two internationally recognized of Women as Leaders leaders in psychology, concurrent workshop sessions Alice Eagly, PhD on topics of interest to chapter presidents and faculty James Padilla Chair of Arts and Sciences, advisors, small discussion groups that provide Professor of Psychology, and Faculty Fellow, opportunities for participants to share ideas and apply Institute for Policy Research, information from the conference sessions, a leadership Northwestern University (IL) building exercise, and informal participant idea exchanges. • The conference package includes dinner on Friday Online Registration (only) evening, breakfast, lunch, and dinner on Saturday, and Register: www.psichi.org/nlc2009/registration.asp breakfast on Sunday. Eligibility • Participants will have the opportunity to participate All Psi Chi chapters are eligible to attend but are limited to no more than four in a Best Practices Poster Session which will be peer participants (must serve as chapter president or president elect or faculty reviewed. advisor) regardless if the participants receive funding from Psi Chi or pay their • Participants will receive a conference proceedings own way. (see www.psichi.org for information about full and partial funding) binder that will include summaries from each presentation, suggested readings related to each session, Registration Fee biographical sketches of presenters, and $220 per participant (due at the time of registration) Psi Chi resource materials.