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Bionomics of the Jasmine Whitefly Dialeurodes Kirkaldyi (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Egypt As Well As Seasonal Abundance of This Pest and Its Parasitoid on Jasmine

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Bionomics of the Jasmine Whitefly Dialeurodes Kirkaldyi (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Egypt As Well As Seasonal Abundance of This Pest and Its Parasitoid on Jasmine Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (3):896 - 905 Egyptian Journal of Plant Protection Research Institute www.ejppri.eg.net Bionomics of the jasmine whitefly Dialeurodes kirkaldyi (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Egypt as well as seasonal abundance of this pest and its parasitoid on jasmine EL-Amir, S. M. ; Abd El-Mageed, S. A. M. and Shaaban, Abd-Rabou Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. ARTICLE INFO Abstract: Article History Jasmine is one of the oldest traditional flowers and it Received: 16/7/2020 is an important flowering group of plants which are Accepted: 21 /9/2020 commercially grown for their fragment flowers and oil _______________ production. The jasmine whitefly Dialeurodes kirkaldyi Keywords (Kotinsky) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most Bionomics, jasmine important pest of jasmine all over the world and Egypt. Larvae whitefly, Dialeurodes and adults of this pest suck the sap from the under surface of the kirkaldyi , seasonal leaves and infested leaves turn yellow. The aim of this work is abundance, to study the bionomics of D. kirkaldyi as well as seasonal Eretmocerus corni , abundance of this pest and its parasitoid on jasmine plant . The jasmine and Egypt. results indicated that D. kirkaldyi infested by 12 host plants distributed in 9 Governorates and recorded associated with 4 parasitoids in Egypt as well as taxonomy studies of it was provided.It also was found infesting jasmine plants at Gharbiya Governorate, Egypt. To obtain basic ecological data for the whitefly , D. kirkaldyi and its parasitoid Eretmocerus corni Haldeman (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) every two weeks intervals throughout two seasons (August to December 2018 and 2019). Seasonal fluctuations of alive total population, nymphs and adults of D. kirkaldyi throughout the tested year. The seasonal abundance for both nymph and adult recorded one peak on middle of October in two seasons. The effects of four ecological factors (3 abiotic +1 biotic) on the population dynamics of alive larvae and adult population were estimated. The parasitoid E. corni showed highly significant correlation with larvae of D. kirkaldyi by (r= 0.91 and 0.92) in two seasons. Introduction Jasmine products are important and confectioneries. Even different natural raw materials in the perfume parts of the plants such as leaf, stem, industry. Jasmine flowers are used for bark, root and fruits are also used for making gariands for ceremonial medicinal purposes (Guledagudda et offering, for adoring hair by ladies and al.,1997) . Jasmine trade is estimated to for production of “attar” and concrete in pull in some $6.5 million annually for cosmetic industry. These flowers are Egypt, providing income to around also used in toiletries, food essences, 50,000 people, according to the chewing tobacco, dental preparations International Federation of Essential 896 EL-Amir et al., 2020 Oils and Aroma Trades (AFP, 2020). multitudes of arthropod pests Jasmine is infested by several insect constitutes the most important limiting and mite pests. The lepidopteran pests factor. To overcome these pests, the like bud borer, Hendecasis above mentioned IPM measures can be duplifascialis (Hampson) successfully imposed wherever (Crambidae; Lepidoptera); bud applicable for the management of pests borer/gallery worm, Elasmopalpus in jasmine. The minimum yield loss jasminophagus (Hampson) caused by these pests can even be (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera), and leaf avoided (Rabeena et al., 2020). webworm, Nausinoe geometralis D. kirkaldyi has a history of (Guenee) (Crambidae; Lepidoptera) spreading internationally. It was first are of major importance. Sucking described in 1907 on Jasminum pests like eriophyid mite, Eryophes grandifolium from Hawaii (Kotinsky, spp (Acarina: Eriophyidae); tingid 1907), although the area of origin of the bug, Corythauma ayyari (Drake) species is uncertain (Martin et al., (Hemiptera: Tingidae); whitefly, 2000). The nymphs and adults of Dialeurodes kirkaldyi (Kotinsky) whitefly suck the sap from lower (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and flower surface of the leaves in large numbers thrips, Isoneurothrips orientalis and cause yellowing. It invites sooty (Bagn.) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) mould fungus thereby photosynthesis cause minor damage to the crop. will be affected and reduction in yield Dipteran pest like blossom midge, occurs (Rabeena et al., 2020). Contarinia maculipennis Fabricius It attacked by different host (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) sometimes plant species in Egypt and the world by infests the crop (Pal and Abd-Rabou (1996 and 1997) , Evans Chakravarthy, 2020). The most (2007) and Sundararaj and Dubey important pests are whiteflies, (2006). D. kirkaldyi is a widely specially in the Mediterranean region, distributed species that is found on so it is attacked by 16 species of (Russell , 1964; Sundararaj and David , whiteflies ; These are Aleuroclava 1992; Evans, 2007 and Chiun-Cheng et jasmini (Takahashi), Aleurodicus al., 2010). Also is a mainly tropical and dispersus Russell , Aleurolobus sub-tropical oligophagous whitefly of bidentatus Singh, Aleurothrixus sp. , relatively little importance to UK Plant Aleurotrachelus trachoides (Back) , Health. Its main hosts are Jasminum Bemisia giffardi (Kotinsky) , Bemisia species. It is already present in the EU jasminum David & Subramanian , (Portugal and Cyprus) (Mifsud et al., Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) , Dialeurodes 2010). citri (Ashmead), Dialeurodes kirkaldyi As a potential pest of citrus, (Kotinsky) , Dialeurodes sp. , southern EU MS should be aware of Dialeurodes vulgaris Singh, this organism. It is likely to spread Minutaleyrodes minutus (Singh) , within the Mediterranean region. Citrus Singhiella citrifolii (Morgan), Singhius producing regions should monitor the hibisci (Kotinsky) and Trialeurodes scientific literature for further vaporariorum (Westwood) . The information on this organism. The most dangerous pest of them is D. kirkaldyi favoured hosts, on which high numbers (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). The several of D. kirkaldyi can be found, are biotic and abiotic factors are Jasminum spp. and Morinda citrifolia responsible for low productivity and (Evans and Bennett, 1996 and Martin et quality deterioration of jasmine al., 2000). Also, it was found on production, but the damage caused by several species of host plants in Florida, 897 Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (3):896 - 905 including citrus, but high populations of The aim of this work is to study this whitefly are only known to occur the taxonomy, host plants , distribution on jasmine species (Nguyen et al., and parasitoids of D. kirkaldyi as well 1993). as seasonal abundance of this pest and However, immature stages and its parasitoid on jasmine plant . adults do cause damage by feeding on Materials and methods plant sap (Nguyen and Hamon, 1989). 1. Survey of host plants, distribution Larvae and adults of this pest suck the and parasitoids of the jasmine sap from the under surface of the leaves whitefly Dialeurodes kirkaldyi: and infested leaves turn yellow and is A survey of the jasmine associated with vectoring yellow ring whitefly D. kirkaldyi host plants , mosaic disease of jasminum distribution and parasitoids were carried (Mariappan and Ramanujam, 1975 and out in different locations in Egypt Mound, 1983). throughout two successive years. Nguyen et al. (1993) and Samples of infested leaves and Polaszek et al. (1999) recorded one branches with D. kirkaldyi . The parasitoid species, Encarsia samples were packed in paper bags and protransvena Viggiani (Hymenoptera: transferred to the laboratory for Aphelinidae), has been reported from examination. The examined leaves were D. kirkaldyi. Evans and Bennett (1996) enclosed in plastic jars covered with recorded Eretmocerus rosei Evans and muslin held in position by a rubber Bennett for the first record of an band and kept under preferential Eretmocerus species that has been conditions for securing any emergence reared from this whitefly species, and of parasitoids. The parasitoids were only the second record of an collected, sorted into species and Eretmocerus species that attacks this preserved in vials contain 70 % ethyl whitefly genus. Denmark (1964) alcohol and glycerin, in addition to reported on the introduction of an slide mounting species for undetermined species of the genus identification. Eretmocerus into Florida as a natural 2. Seasonal abundance of the jasmine enemy of the citrus whitefly whitefly Dialeurodes kirkaldyi: Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead). It was carried out for 2 years, Eretmocerus corni Haldeman (August till December ,2018 and 2019) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is one of at Gharbiya Governorate, Egypt. A the most important parasitoids farm about one Fadden in area, associated with whitefly species and cultivated with jasmine and heavily first recorded in Egypt by Priesner and infested with D. kirkaldyi was chosen Hosny (1940). It is recorded associated for this study. The farm was not with 16 host whitefly and 14 countries exposed to any chemical treatment of the world and 3 whitefly species in 6 during three years prior to the present Governorates in Egypt (Abd-Rabou, study and during the investigation 1998c). The three whitefly hosts, B. period. Every15 day-intervals 30 leaves tabaci , Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) with different stages of the whitefly, D. and Trialeurodes ricini ( Misra ). In kirkaldyi were collected at random from 1998, Abd-Rabou and Abou-Setta the different directions of jasmine plant. recorded seven parasitoids
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