Chapter 5.0 Antennas Section 5.3 SWR & Impedance Matching G4A06
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A Review of Electric Impedance Matching Techniques for Piezoelectric Sensors, Actuators and Transducers
Review A Review of Electric Impedance Matching Techniques for Piezoelectric Sensors, Actuators and Transducers Vivek T. Rathod Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; [email protected]; Tel.: +1-517-249-5207 Received: 29 December 2018; Accepted: 29 January 2019; Published: 1 February 2019 Abstract: Any electric transmission lines involving the transfer of power or electric signal requires the matching of electric parameters with the driver, source, cable, or the receiver electronics. Proceeding with the design of electric impedance matching circuit for piezoelectric sensors, actuators, and transducers require careful consideration of the frequencies of operation, transmitter or receiver impedance, power supply or driver impedance and the impedance of the receiver electronics. This paper reviews the techniques available for matching the electric impedance of piezoelectric sensors, actuators, and transducers with their accessories like amplifiers, cables, power supply, receiver electronics and power storage. The techniques related to the design of power supply, preamplifier, cable, matching circuits for electric impedance matching with sensors, actuators, and transducers have been presented. The paper begins with the common tools, models, and material properties used for the design of electric impedance matching. Common analytical and numerical methods used to develop electric impedance matching networks have been reviewed. The role and importance of electrical impedance matching on the overall performance of the transducer system have been emphasized throughout. The paper reviews the common methods and new methods reported for electrical impedance matching for specific applications. The paper concludes with special applications and future perspectives considering the recent advancements in materials and electronics. -
Supplemental Information for an Amateur Radio Facility
COMMONWEALTH O F MASSACHUSETTS C I T Y O F NEWTON SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMA TION FOR AN AMATEUR RADIO FACILITY ACCOMPANYING APPLICA TION FOR A BUILDING PERMI T, U N D E R § 6 . 9 . 4 . B. (“EQUIPMENT OWNED AND OPERATED BY AN AMATEUR RADIO OPERAT OR LICENSED BY THE FCC”) P A R C E L I D # 820070001900 ZON E S R 2 SUBMITTED ON BEHALF OF: A LEX ANDER KOPP, MD 106 H A R TM A N ROAD N EWTON, MA 02459 C ELL TELEPHONE : 617.584.0833 E- MAIL : AKOPP @ DRKOPPMD. COM BY: FRED HOPENGARTEN, ESQ. SIX WILLARCH ROAD LINCOLN, MA 01773 781/259-0088; FAX 419/858-2421 E-MAIL: [email protected] M A R C H 13, 2020 APPLICATION FOR A BUILDING PERMIT SUBMITTED BY ALEXANDER KOPP, MD TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents .............................................................................................................................................. 2 Preamble ............................................................................................................................................................. 4 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 5 The Telecommunications Act of 1996 (47 USC § 332 et seq.) Does Not Apply ....................................... 5 The Station Antenna Structure Complies with Newton’s Zoning Ordinance .......................................... 6 Amateur Radio is Not a Commercial Use ............................................................................................... 6 Permitted by -
Impedance Matching
Impedance Matching Advanced Energy Industries, Inc. Introduction The plasma industry uses process power over a wide range of frequencies: from DC to several gigahertz. A variety of methods are used to couple the process power into the plasma load, that is, to transform the impedance of the plasma chamber to meet the requirements of the power supply. A plasma can be electrically represented as a diode, a resistor, Table of Contents and a capacitor in parallel, as shown in Figure 1. Transformers 3 Step Up or Step Down? 3 Forward Power, Reflected Power, Load Power 4 Impedance Matching Networks (Tuners) 4 Series Elements 5 Shunt Elements 5 Conversion Between Elements 5 Smith Charts 6 Using Smith Charts 11 Figure 1. Simplified electrical model of plasma ©2020 Advanced Energy Industries, Inc. IMPEDANCE MATCHING Although this is a very simple model, it represents the basic characteristics of a plasma. The diode effects arise from the fact that the electrons can move much faster than the ions (because the electrons are much lighter). The diode effects can cause a lot of harmonics (multiples of the input frequency) to be generated. These effects are dependent on the process and the chamber, and are of secondary concern when designing a matching network. Most AC generators are designed to operate into a 50 Ω load because that is the standard the industry has settled on for measuring and transferring high-frequency electrical power. The function of an impedance matching network, then, is to transform the resistive and capacitive characteristics of the plasma to 50 Ω, thus matching the load impedance to the AC generator’s impedance. -
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio Measurement and Prediction
International Journal of Physical Sciences Vol. 4 (11), pp. 651-656, November, 2009 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/ijps ISSN 1992 - 1950 © 2009 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Voltage standing wave ratio measurement and prediction P. O. Otasowie* and E. A. Ogujor Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Accepted 8 September, 2009 In this work, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) was measured in a Global System for Mobile communication base station (GSM) located in Evbotubu district of Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. The measurement was carried out with the aid of the Anritsu site master instrument model S332C. This Anritsu site master instrument is capable of determining the voltage standing wave ratio in a transmission line. It was produced by Anritsu company, microwave measurements division 490 Jarvis drive Morgan hill United States of America. This instrument works in the frequency range of 25MHz to 4GHz. The result obtained from this Anritsu site master instrument model S332C shows that the base station have low voltage standing wave ratio meaning that signals were not reflected from the load to the generator. A model equation was developed to predict the VSWR values in the base station. The result of the comparism of the developed and measured values showed a mean deviation of 0.932 which indicates that the model can be used to accurately predict the voltage standing wave ratio in the base station. Key words: Voltage standing wave ratio, GSM base station, impedance matching, losses, reflection coefficient. INTRODUCTION Justification for the work amplitude in a transmission line is called the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR). -
RF Matching Network Design Guide for STM32WL Series
AN5457 Application note RF matching network design guide for STM32WL Series Introduction The STM32WL Series microcontrollers are sub-GHz transceivers designed for high-efficiency long-range wireless applications including the LoRa®, (G)FSK, (G)MSK and BPSK modulations. This application note details the typical RF matching and filtering application circuit for STM32WL Series devices, especially the methodology applied in order to extract the maximum RF performance with a matching circuit, and how to become compliant with certification standards by applying filtering circuits. This document contains the output impedance value for certain power/frequency combinations, that can result in a different output impedance value to match. The impedances are given for defined frequency and power specifications. AN5457 - Rev 2 - December 2020 www.st.com For further information contact your local STMicroelectronics sales office. AN5457 General information 1 General information This document applies to the STM32WL Series Arm®-based microcontrollers. Note: Arm is a registered trademark of Arm Limited (or its subsidiaries) in the US and/or elsewhere. Table 1. Acronyms Acronym Definition BALUN Balanced to unbalanced circuit BOM Bill of materials BPSK Binary phase-shift keying (G)FSK Gaussian frequency-shift keying modulation (G)MSK Gaussian minimum-shift keying modulation GND Ground (circuit voltage reference) LNA Low-noise power amplifier LoRa Long-range proprietary modulation PA Power amplifier PCB Printed-circuit board PWM Pulse-width modulation RFO Radio-frequency output RFO_HP High-power radio-frequency output RFO_LP Low-power radio-frequency output RFI_N Negative radio-frequency input (referenced to GND) RFI_P Positive radio-frequency input (referenced to GND) Rx Receiver SMD Surface-mounted device SRF Self-resonant frequency SPDT Single-pole double-throw switch SP3T Single-pole triple-throw switch Tx Transmitter RSSI Received signal strength indication NF Noise figure ZOPT Optimal impedance AN5457 - Rev 2 page 2/76 AN5457 General information References [1] T. -
Coupled Transmission Lines As Impedance Transformer
Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Sep 25, 2021 Coupled Transmission Lines as Impedance Transformer Jensen, Thomas; Zhurbenko, Vitaliy; Krozer, Viktor; Meincke, Peter Published in: IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Link to article, DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2007.909617 Publication date: 2007 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Jensen, T., Zhurbenko, V., Krozer, V., & Meincke, P. (2007). Coupled Transmission Lines as Impedance Transformer. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 55(12), 2957-2965. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2007.909617 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. 1 Coupled Transmission Lines as Impedance Transformer Thomas Jensen, Vitaliy Zhurbenko, Viktor Krozer, Peter Meincke Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted•DTU, ElectroScience, Ørsteds Plads, Building 348, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Phone:+45-45253861, Fax: +45-45931634, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract— A theoretical investigation of the use of a coupled line transformer. -
Chapter 25: Impedance Matching
Chapter 25: Impedance Matching Chapter Learning Objectives: After completing this chapter the student will be able to: Determine the input impedance of a transmission line given its length, characteristic impedance, and load impedance. Design a quarter-wave transformer. Use a parallel load to match a load to a line impedance. Design a single-stub tuner. You can watch the video associated with this chapter at the following link: Historical Perspective: Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) was a scientist, inventor, engineer, and entrepreneur who is credited with inventing the telephone. Although there is some controversy about who invented it first, Bell was granted the patent, and he founded the Bell Telephone Company, which later became AT&T. Photo credit: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_Graham_Bell.jpg [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons. 1 25.1 Transmission Line Impedance In the previous chapter, we analyzed transmission lines terminated in a load impedance. We saw that if the load impedance does not match the characteristic impedance of the transmission line, then there will be reflections on the line. We also saw that the incident wave and the reflected wave combine together to create both a total voltage and total current, and that the ratio between those is the impedance at a particular point along the line. This can be summarized by the following equation: (Equation 25.1) Notice that ZC, the characteristic impedance of the line, provides the ratio between the voltage and current for the incident wave, but the total impedance at each point is the ratio of the total voltage divided by the total current. -
Output Impedance Matching with Fully Differential Operational Amplifiers
Texas Instruments Incorporated Amplifiers: Op Amps Output impedance matching with fully differential operational amplifiers By Jim Karki Member, Technical Staff, High-Performance Analog Introduction synthetic imped ance matching is more complex. So we Impedance matching is widely used in the transmission of will first look at the output impedance using only series signals in many end applications across the industrial, matching resistors, and then use that as a starting point to communications, video, medical, test, measurement, and consider the more complex synthetic impedance matching. military markets. Impedance matching is important to The fundamentals of FDA operation are presented in reduce reflections and preserve signal integrity. Proper Reference 1. Since the principles and terminology present- termination results in greater signal integrity with higher ed there will be used throughout this article, please see throughput of data and fewer errors. Different methods Reference 1 for definitions and derivations. have been employed; the most commonly used are source Standard output impedance termination, load termination, and double termination. An FDA works using negative feedback around the main Double termination is generally recognized as the best method to reduce reflections, while source and load termi- loop of the amplifier, which tends to drive the impedance nation have advantages in increased signal swing. With at the output terminals, VO– and VO+, to zero, depending source and load termination, either the source or the load on the loop gain. An FDA with equal-value resistors in (not both) is terminated with the characteristic imped- each output to provide differential output termination is ance of the transmission line. -
Choosing a Ham Radio
Choosing a Ham Radio Your guide to selecting the right equipment Lead Author—Ward Silver, NØAX; Co-authors—Greg Widin, KØGW and David Haycock, KI6AWR • About This Publication • Types of Operation • VHF/UHF Equipment WHO NEEDS THIS PUBLICATION AND WHY? • HF Equipment Hello and welcome to this handy guide to selecting a radio. Choos- ing just one from the variety of radio models is a challenge! The • Manufacturer’s Directory good news is that most commercially manufactured Amateur Radio equipment performs the basics very well, so you shouldn’t be overly concerned about a “wrong” choice of brands or models. This guide is intended to help you make sense of common features and decide which are most important to you. We provide explanations and defini- tions, along with what a particular feature might mean to you on the air. This publication is aimed at the new Technician licensee ready to acquire a first radio, a licensee recently upgraded to General Class and wanting to explore HF, or someone getting back into ham radio after a period of inactivity. A technical background is not needed to understand the material. ABOUT THIS PUBLICATION After this introduction and a “Quick Start” guide, there are two main sections; one cov- ering gear for the VHF and UHF bands and one for HF band equipment. You’ll encounter a number of terms and abbreviations--watch for italicized words—so two glossaries are provided; one for the VHF/UHF section and one for the HF section. You’ll be comfortable with these terms by the time you’ve finished reading! We assume that you’ll be buying commercial equipment and accessories as new gear. -
Custom Products
Back to MiMixxerer Home Page CUSTOM PRODUCTS Table of Contents Introduction Detailed Data Sheets Questions & Answers 100 Davids Drive • Hauppauge, NY 11788 • 631-436-7400 • Fax: 631-436-7430 • www.miteq.com TABLETABLE OF CONTENTS OF CONTENTS (CONT.) CONTENTS CONTENTS MULTIPLIERS (CONT.) CUSTOM PRODUCTS Detailed Data Sheets Detailed Data Sheets (Cont.) Passive Frequency Doublers Low-Noise Block Downconverter Octave Bandwidth Four-Channel Downconverter Module Millimeter Five-Channel Downconverter Module CONTENTSMultioctave Bandwidth with Input RF Switch/Limiter CUSTOMDrop-In PRODUCTS and LO Amplifier/Divider ActiveCONTENTS Frequency Doublers Block Diagram of MITEQ 5-Channel Gain GeneralNarrow and Octave Bandwidth and Phase-Matched Front-End QuickIntDrop-InTION Reference Applications of Five-Channel Front Ends Millimeter Four-Channel 1 to 18 GHz TypicalMultioctaveCorporate Subsystem Bandwidth Overview Worksheet Image Rejection Downconverter Millimeter Three-Channel Mixer Amplifier UsefulActiveTechnology Multiplier System Assemblies Formulas Overview Direct Microwave Digital I/Q DetailedX2Specification Data Sheets Definitions Modulator System Millimeter Integrated Upconverter and Three-ChannelX3Quality Assurance LNA Downconverter Module Power Amplifier Low-NoiseMTBFMillimeter Calculations Block Downconverter Block Downconverter X4 Low-Noise Block Converter Four-ChannelManufacturingMillimeter Downconverter Flow Diagrams Module X-Band Low-Noise Block Converter Five-ChannelX5Device 883 DownconverterScreening Module Switched Power Amplifier Assembly -
Analysis and Performance of Antenna Baluns
Analysis and Performance of Antenna Baluns Lotter Kock Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Electronic Engineering at the University of Stellenbosch Study Leader: Prof. K.D. Palmer April2005 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za - Declaration - "I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the work contained in this thesis is my own original work and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it at any university for a degree." Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract Data transmission plays a cardinal role in today's society. The key element of such a system is the antenna which is the interface between the air and the electronics. To operate optimally, many antennas require baluns as an interface between the electronics and the antenna. This thesis presents the problem definition, analysis and performance characterization of baluns. Examples of existing baluns are designed, computed and measured. A comparison is made between the analyzed baluns' results and recommendations are made. 2 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Opsomming Data transmissie is van kardinale belang in vandag se samelewing. Antennas is die voegvlak tussen die lug en die elektronika en vorm dus die basis van die sisteme. Vir baie antennas word 'n balun, wat die elektronika aan die antenna koppel, benodig om optimaal te funktioneer. Die tesis omskryf die probleemstelling, analiese en 'n prestasie maatstaf vir baluns. Prakties word daar gekyk na huidige baluns se ontwerp, simulasie, en metings. Die resultate word krities vergelyk en aanbevelings word gemaak. 3 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank God for affording me this life. -
Light Beam Antenna Feed-Line Options
Light Beam Antenna Feed-line Options WB2LYL - Wayne A. Freiert This paper discusses three options that you have to connect your transceiver to your Light Beam Plus Antenna or Light Beam Antenna. The pros and cons of each option are also discussed. Also included is an explanation why feeding the antenna properly is important. Step-by-step Installation Instructions are also provided. The installation of any antenna and the performance of the antenna will vary from location to location. This variation is caused by differences in the ground conductivity, ground permitivity, the exact height of the antenna and the objects and topography near the antenna location. As a consequence, the Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) at the antenna feed-point will vary from one QTH to another. Also keep in mind that all Light Beam antennas are balanced antennas, similar to a ½ wave dipole. Most modern receivers, transmitters and transceivers are unbalanced. Therefore one must transition from balanced to unbalanced within the antenna system or the antenna performance will be adversely affected as well as radio frequency energy being carried into your shack on the outside of an unbalanced coaxial cable. To minimize SWR and the RF power loss that results, one either must alter the design of the antenna or utilize one of the following options. The Three Options Are: ♦ Balanced Feed-line Impedance Transformer: Using a ½ wavelength long Balanced Feed- line Transformer from the antenna, to a location below the antenna, to either a 1:1 Balun or a Coaxial Choke then using 50 Ohm Coaxial Cable to your transceiver.