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Cambio Climático, Crisis Del Agua Y Adaptación En Las Montañas Andinas

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Cambio Climático, Crisis Del Agua Y Adaptación En Las Montañas Andinas Cambio climático, crisis del agua y adaptación en las montañas andinas Reflexión, denuncia y propuesta desde los Andes Reflexión, denuncia y propuesta desde los Andes Reflexión, denuncia y propuesta Cambio climático, crisis del agua y adaptación en las montañas andinas CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO, CRISIS DEL AGUA Y ADAPTACIÓN EN LAS MONTAÑAS ANDINAS Reflexión, denuncia y propuesta desde los Andes Cambio climático, crisis del agua y adaptación en las montañas andinas Reflexión, denuncia y propuesta desde los Andes Jaime Llosa Larrabure Erick Pajares Garay Oscar Toro Quinto Editores Código 13601 LLOSA LARRABURE, Jaime; PAJARES GARAY, Erick; TORO QUINTO, Oscar; editores. Cambio climático, crisis del agua y adaptación en las montañas andinas. Reflexión, denuncia y propuesta desde los Andes. Lima: desco : Red Ambiental Peruana, 2009. 392 p. Medio ambiente / Cambio climático / Agua / Recursos naturales La publicación de este trabajo ha sido posible gracias al apoyo de: © desco / RAP desco Centro de Estudios y Promoción del Desarrollo León de la Fuente 110. Lima 17 – Perú. (51-1) 6138300 Málaga Grenet 678. Arequipa – Perú (51-54) 257043 www.desco.org.pe RAP Red Ambiental Peruana Los Industriales 230. Urb. Santa Felicia, La Molina. Lima 12 – Perú. Telefax: (51-1) 3491376 www.redambientalperuana.org.pe Foto de carátula: Erick Pajares Corrección de estilo y cuidado de la edición: Annie Ordóñez Coordinación: Mónica Pradel Diagramación y diseño de carátula: Ediciones Nova Print SAC Editores: Jaime Llosa Larrabure, Erick Pajares Garay y Oscar Toro Quinto Tirada: 1000 ejemplares. Primera edición ISBN: 978-612-4043-11-6 Hecho el Depósito Legal en la Biblioteca Nacional de del Perú Nº 2009-15391 Impresión: Ediciones Novaprint SAC Av. Ignacio Merino 1546. Lima 14 - Perú (51 1) 4715366 Diciembre de 2009 Gran parte del material que conforma esta publicación se ha elaborado sobre la base de las reflexiones y productos logrados en el Seminario Internacional Andino «Gestión social del agua para la adaptación al cambio climático global», desarrollado en la ciudad de Arequipa, del 26 al 28 de agosto de 2009, en el marco de la celebración del 25 aniversario del Programa Regional Sur (descosur) de desco. CONTENIDO PRESENTACIÓN Charles de Weck Pendavis. Presidente de la Red Ambiental Peruana, RAP 9 INTRODUCCIÓN Jaime Llosa Larrabure, Erick Pajares Garay, Oscar Toro Quinto 13 ESTADO DE SITUACIÓN DE LAS P OLÍTICAS P ÚBLICAS EN ADA P TACIÓN AL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO Y GESTIÓN DEL AGUA EN LOS P AÍSES DE LA SUBREGIÓN ANDINA Jaime Llosa Larrabure y Erick Pajares Garay 23 HACIA EL DISEÑO E IM P LEMENTACIÓN DE P OLÍTICAS P ÚBLICAS REGIONALES P ARA LA ADA P TACIÓN AL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO GLOBAL Erick Pajares Garay y Jaime Llosa Larrabure 91 INFORME DE RELATORÍA 127 UNA P RO P UESTA P OLÍTICA DESDE EL P ENSAMIENTO P ROS P ECTIVO Hacia la construcción de un programa subregional andino Para el mantenimiento de los ecosistemas de montañas y la adaptación al cambio climático global 133 Erick Pajares Garay ANEXOS Reseñas y ponencias 165 ECUADOR Apuntes críticos cobre el pago de servicios ambientales Edgar Isch López 167 8 CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO, CRISIS DEL AGUA Y ADAPTACIÓN EN LAS MONTAÑAS ANDINAS BOLIVIA Revalorización del poder local para la gestión sostenible del agua en el Municipio Originario Uruc Chipaya (Departamento de Oruro, Bolivia) Agroecología Universidad de Cochabamba, AGRUCO 181 PE RÚ La cosecha de agua: una experiencia de adaptación al cambio climático en la macrorregión sur (Arequipa, Moquegua y Puno). John Machaca Centty, Fernando Camiloaga Jiménez, Aquilino Mejía Marcacuzco, Waldo P. Ortega Franco, Juan C. Lizárraga Medina, Pablo Ordóñez Sánchez, Jaime Llosa Larrabure, DESCOSUR 207 El agua en la agricultura prehispánica y la problemática actual asociada con el cambio climático. La Región Cusco Ramiro Ortega Dueñas. IDSA ANTARKI 253 Cosmovisión andino-amazónica. Conocimientos tradicionales y cambio climático en el Perú Julio Valladolid Rivera. Proyecto Andino de Tecnologías Campesinas, PRATEC 285 Las amunas: recarga de acuíferos en los Andes. La gestión social del agua en Tupicocha, Huarochirí, Lima Provincias Andrés Alencastre Calderón. GSAAC 307 Sistema de riego tecnificado presurizado con mico reservorios familiares, para la adaptación de los pequeños productores de las cuencas andinas al cambio climático Gonzalo Pajares 335 Sierra productiva Carlos Paredes Gonzales. IAA 373 SOBRE LOS AUTORES 385 PRESENTACIÓN Hace 21 años (el 23 de junio de 1988), ante el Congreso de los Estados Unidos, el científico de la NASA James Hansen alertaba al mundo sobre el hecho de que “el calentamiento global estaba en marcha”. Entre aquella fecha y el presente existen sorprendentes semejanzas, pero una gran diferencia. Nuevamente ha crecido la brecha entre lo que la comunidad científica conoce sobre el calentamiento global y lo que saben al respecto los políticos y la población. Hoy como ayer, la evaluación franca de datos científicos lleva a conclusiones que conmocionan a la clase política. Hoy como ayer, podemos afirmar que dichas conclusiones tienen un grado de certeza superior al 99%. La diferencia reside en que, en la actualidad, ya hemos agotado el tiempo dispo- nible para emprender las acciones necesarias que desactiven la bomba de relojería del calentamiento global. De otro modo, resultará inútil tratar de reducir el dióxido de carbono atmosférico a niveles que impidan que el sistema climático alcance un punto de inflexión, más allá del cual se producirá una espiral de desastrosos cambios climáticos que escapará al control de la humanidad. Lo que declaró el científico de la NASA hace más de dos décadas fue que “el planeta Tierra mostraba una tendencia al calentamiento a largo plazo, y que ello se debía casi con toda seguridad a los gases de efecto invernadero provocados por el hombre”. Señaló también que el calentamiento global potenciaba ambos extremos del ciclo hidrológico; es decir, incendios forestales y sequías más persistentes, por una parte, pero también lluvias más intensas e inundaciones. Hace 21 años ese testimonio fue recibido con escepticismo. Sin embargo, lo que resulta grave no es ya el escepticismo antiguo, sino la indife- rencia actual y la actitud negligente frente a lo que ya se conoce que viene sucediendo, y lo que puede suceder con la humanidad en este contexto. Esa indiferencia es también la expresión de un sistema - mundo en descomposición. I 9 10 CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO, CRISIS DEL AGUA Y ADAPTACIÓN EN LAS MONTAÑAS ANDINAS A lo largo de estos tres días, que son el resultado de un trabajo arduo, largo y planificado, hemos podido constatar cómo los países andinos enfrentan situaciones comunes y complejas: progresiva desglaciación y cada vez más intenso estrés hídrico, acentuados procesos de desertificación, erosión de la agrobiodiversidad y amenazas a los sistemas agrícolas tradicionales. Tales impactos resultan severos, tomando en cuenta que los países andinos se ubi- can en los Andes tropicales; es decir, pertenecen al hotspot o área de biodiversidad más rica de todo el planeta, de acuerdo con los científicos conservacionistas. Basta señalar que todos los países andinos juntos concentran el 95% de los glaciares tropicales de todo el planeta. Son estas constataciones las que han impulsado al Centro de Estudios y Promoción del Desarrollo, desco, como entidad que preside la Red Ambiental Peruana, RAP, y a su Programa Regional Sur, Descosur, a proponer el desarrollo de este Seminario Internacional Andino sobre Gestión Social del Agua para la Adaptación al Cambio Climático Global. Desde un principio, hemos buscado que el valor diferencial de este espacio de reflexión y pensamiento crítico se sustente en el diálogo de saberes y en la complejidad ambiental. Es decir, en la posibilidad de pensar un nuevo paradigma que incorpore la sabiduría tradicional que ha moldeado los paisajes culturales en los Andes, en relación complementaria con el conocimiento técnico aplicable a una realidad social, cultural y económica como la andina. Este espacio de intercambio nos ha permitido entender los alcances del Tribunal de Justicia Climática, tomar nota de que la suficiencia del recurso hídrico, en un caso, puede ir acompañada también de procesos de desertificación que tienden a agudi- zarse. Igualmente, nos ha llevado a comprender que las políticas públicas ambientales, en nuestros países, pueden devenir en cuestiones formales, declarativas o inútiles si seguimos privilegiando un modelo económico extractivista y primario exportador, atentando contra la sustentabilidad de nuestros recursos naturales. En conclusión, nos ha permitido igualmente ratificar que el Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio y el mercado de bonos de carbono, son herramientas inmorales que facultan al que ya contamina a poder continuar haciéndolo, siempre y cuando pague por ello. Pero uno de los mayores aportes de este Seminario Internacional Andino es que hemos podido visibilizar que en los Andes contamos con ventajas comparativas para adaptarnos al cambio climático global, y de esta manera enfrentar sus efectos perversos. Esas respuestas son verdaderas estrategias de resiliencia que se están constru- yendo desde el territorio y la cultura locales, que se fundamentan en el “sistema de significados y valores” de la cultura andina: la gestión social del agua, los sistemas de conocimiento tradicional para el manejo de la variabilidad climática de las montañas PRESENTACIÓN 11 andinas y la institucionalidad social —el software social— que hacen posible que tales medidas sean permanentes y tengan signo positivo. En consecuencia,
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