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Moons Phases and Tides
Moon’s Phases and Tides Moon Phases Half of the Moon is always lit up by the sun. As the Moon orbits the Earth, we see different parts of the lighted area. From Earth, the lit portion we see of the moon waxes (grows) and wanes (shrinks). The revolution of the Moon around the Earth makes the Moon look as if it is changing shape in the sky The Moon passes through four major shapes during a cycle that repeats itself every 29.5 days. The phases always follow one another in the same order: New moon Waxing Crescent First quarter Waxing Gibbous Full moon Waning Gibbous Third (last) Quarter Waning Crescent • IF LIT FROM THE RIGHT, IT IS WAXING OR GROWING • IF DARKENING FROM THE RIGHT, IT IS WANING (SHRINKING) Tides • The Moon's gravitational pull on the Earth cause the seas and oceans to rise and fall in an endless cycle of low and high tides. • Much of the Earth's shoreline life depends on the tides. – Crabs, starfish, mussels, barnacles, etc. – Tides caused by the Moon • The Earth's tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon. • The Earth bulges slightly both toward and away from the Moon. -As the Earth rotates daily, the bulges move across the Earth. • The moon pulls strongly on the water on the side of Earth closest to the moon, causing the water to bulge. • It also pulls less strongly on Earth and on the water on the far side of Earth, which results in tides. What causes tides? • Tides are the rise and fall of ocean water. -
Captain Vancouver, Longitude Errors, 1792
Context: Captain Vancouver, longitude errors, 1792 Citation: Doe N.A., Captain Vancouver’s longitudes, 1792, Journal of Navigation, 48(3), pp.374-5, September 1995. Copyright restrictions: Please refer to Journal of Navigation for reproduction permission. Errors and omissions: None. Later references: None. Date posted: September 28, 2008. Author: Nick Doe, 1787 El Verano Drive, Gabriola, BC, Canada V0R 1X6 Phone: 250-247-7858, FAX: 250-247-7859 E-mail: [email protected] Captain Vancouver's Longitudes – 1792 Nicholas A. Doe (White Rock, B.C., Canada) 1. Introduction. Captain George Vancouver's survey of the North Pacific coast of America has been characterized as being among the most distinguished work of its kind ever done. For three summers, he and his men worked from dawn to dusk, exploring the many inlets of the coastal mountains, any one of which, according to the theoretical geographers of the time, might have provided a long-sought-for passage to the Atlantic Ocean. Vancouver returned to England in poor health,1 but with the help of his brother John, he managed to complete his charts and most of the book describing his voyage before he died in 1798.2 He was not popular with the British Establishment, and after his death, all of his notes and personal papers were lost, as were the logs and journals of several of his officers. Vancouver's voyage came at an interesting time of transition in the technology for determining longitude at sea.3 Even though he had died sixteen years earlier, John Harrison's long struggle to convince the Board of Longitude that marine chronometers were the answer was not quite over. -
The Mathematics of the Chinese, Indian, Islamic and Gregorian Calendars
Heavenly Mathematics: The Mathematics of the Chinese, Indian, Islamic and Gregorian Calendars Helmer Aslaksen Department of Mathematics National University of Singapore [email protected] www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/ www.chinesecalendar.net 1 Public Holidays There are 11 public holidays in Singapore. Three of them are secular. 1. New Year’s Day 2. Labour Day 3. National Day The remaining eight cultural, racial or reli- gious holidays consist of two Chinese, two Muslim, two Indian and two Christian. 2 Cultural, Racial or Religious Holidays 1. Chinese New Year and day after 2. Good Friday 3. Vesak Day 4. Deepavali 5. Christmas Day 6. Hari Raya Puasa 7. Hari Raya Haji Listed in order, except for the Muslim hol- idays, which can occur anytime during the year. Christmas Day falls on a fixed date, but all the others move. 3 A Quick Course in Astronomy The Earth revolves counterclockwise around the Sun in an elliptical orbit. The Earth ro- tates counterclockwise around an axis that is tilted 23.5 degrees. March equinox June December solstice solstice September equinox E E N S N S W W June equi Dec June equi Dec sol sol sol sol Beijing Singapore In the northern hemisphere, the day will be longest at the June solstice and shortest at the December solstice. At the two equinoxes day and night will be equally long. The equi- noxes and solstices are called the seasonal markers. 4 The Year The tropical year (or solar year) is the time from one March equinox to the next. The mean value is 365.2422 days. -
12.3 the Moon: Phases, Eclipses, and the Tides
12.3 The Moon: Phases, Eclipses, and the Tides 1. The Motions of the Moon a. Rotation i. Period of Moon’s rotation = 27.3 days b. Revolution (orbit) i. Period of the Moon’s orbit around the Earth = 27.3 days ii. Lunar cycle = 29.5 days (time that the calendar month is based on) 1. Time needed for the moon to return to the same place in the sky 2. Since the Earth is orbiting as well as the Moon, the Moon needs the extra 2 days to “catch up to the Earth” in its orbit c. Orbital period of the moon = the rotational period of the moon = 27.3 days i. Synchronous rotation ii. Reason that we only see one side of the Moon 2. Phases of the Moon a. Order of the phases i. Based on the Moon appears to us on Earth ii. New moon, waxing crescent, 1st quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, 3rd/last quarter, waning crescent b. The sun’s light moves from right to left across the face of the moon c. Moonrise and moonset i. Time when one’s location on Earth can see the moon 3. Eclipses a. Any time one celestial body passes between another celestial body and the Sun b. Lunar eclipse i. Partial lunar eclipse; when the any part of the Moon falls within the penumbra (partial shadow) of the Earth ii. Total lunar eclipse; when the Moon falls entirely within the umbra (total shadow) of the Earth c. Solar eclipse i. Partial solar eclipse; when any point on the Earth falls within the penumbra (partial shadow) of the Moon ii. -
Chapter 19 the Almanacs
CHAPTER 19 THE ALMANACS PURPOSE OF ALMANACS 1900. Introduction The Air Almanac was originally intended for air navigators, but is used today mostly by a segment of the Celestial navigation requires accurate predictions of the maritime community. In general, the information is similar to geographic positions of the celestial bodies observed. These the Nautical Almanac, but is given to a precision of 1' of arc predictions are available from three almanacs published and 1 second of time, at intervals of 10 minutes (values for annually by the United States Naval Observatory and H. M. the Sun and Aries are given to a precision of 0.1'). This Nautical Almanac Office, Royal Greenwich Observatory. publication is suitable for ordinary navigation at sea, but The Astronomical Almanac precisely tabulates celestial lacks the precision of the Nautical Almanac, and provides data for the exacting requirements found in several scientific GHA and declination for only the 57 commonly used fields. Its precision is far greater than that required by navigation stars. celestial navigation. Even if the Astronomical Almanac is The Multi-Year Interactive Computer Almanac used for celestial navigation, it will not necessarily result in (MICA) is a computerized almanac produced by the U.S. more accurate fixes due to the limitations of other aspects of Naval Observatory. This and other web-based calculators are the celestial navigation process. available from: http://aa.usno.navy.mil. The Navy’s The Nautical Almanac contains the astronomical STELLA program, found aboard all seagoing naval vessels, information specifically needed by marine navigators. contains an interactive almanac as well. -
Naked-Eye Observations of the Moon (See Also Take-Home Exp
TAKE-HOME EXP. # 3 Naked-Eye Observations of the Moon (See also Take-Home Exp. #4 which can easily be done at the same time as this one.) You have already seen what the Moon looks like in its various phases, but you may not realize it can be "out" in the day as well as the night. Nor are most people familiar enough with the geometry of the Sun-Moon-Earth system to draw it as easily as you will be able to by the end of this experiment. a. When to make observations of the moon's phases: nytime you can find the Moon, make an observation. These observations do not have to occur only at the principal phases. Anytime and anywhere you can see the Moon is a good time to make a sketch and record the requested information. b. Dates of the Principal phases of the Moon, Times of Moonrise, and Moonset: Earth When doing this experiment, check your newspaper New Moon everyday for the times of moonrise and moonset; they are listed on the weather page. Many calendars show the days of occurrence of the principal phases--new, first- 1st Qrtr quarter, full, third quarter--of the Moon. Most newspapers have the principal phase dates listed every day. In the view of Earth pictured to the right, the Moon’s orbit is the circle, and incoming sunlight is from the right. Full The Moon moves counterclockwise around the Earth, taking 28 days to complete its cycle. Starting at the topmost diagram, a “New Moon” phase, seven days elapse between each succeeding diagram. -
Summer ASTRONOMICAL CALENDAR
2020 Buhl Planetarium & Observatory ASTRONOMICAL CALENDAR Summer JUNE 2020 1 Mon M13 globular cluster well-placed for observation (Use telescope in Hercules) 3 Wed Mercury at highest point in evening sky (Look west-northwest at sunset) 5 Fri Full Moon (Strawberry Moon) 9 Tues Moon within 3 degrees of both Jupiter and Saturn (Look south before dawn) 13 Sat Moon within 3 degrees of Mars (Look southeast before dawn) Moon at last quarter phase 20 Sat Summer solstice 21 Sun New Moon 27 Sat Bootid meteor shower peak (Best displays soon after dusk) 28 Sun Moon at first quarter phase JULY 2020 5 Sun Full Moon (Buck Moon) Penumbral lunar eclipse (Look south midnight into Monday) Moon within 2 degrees of Jupiter (Look south midnight into Monday) 6 Mon Moon within 3 degrees of Saturn (Look southwest before dawn) 8 Wed Venus at greatest brightness (Look east at dawn) 11 Sat Moon within 2 degrees of Mars (Look south before dawn) 12 Sun Moon at last quarter phase 14 Tues Jupiter at opposition (Look south midnight into Wednesday) 17 Fri Moon just over 3 degrees from Venus (Look east before dawn) 20 Mon New Moon; Saturn at opposition (Look south midnight into Tuesday) 27 Mon Moon at first quarter phase 28 Tues Piscis Austrinid meteor shower peak (Best displays before dawn) 29 Wed Southern Delta Aquariid and Alpha Capricornid meteor showers peak AUGUST 2020 1 Sat Moon within 2 degrees of Jupiter (Look southeast after dusk) 2 Sun Moon within 3 degrees of Saturn (Look southeast after dusk) 3 Mon Full Moon (Sturgeon Moon) 9 Sun Conjunction of the Moon and -
Key Stage 2: Daytime Moon Viewing
Key Stage 2: Daytime Moon Viewing Teacher’s Notes Curriculum Links: Unit 5E Earth, Sun and Moon, Unit 3F Light and Shadows This extension activity uses daytime viewing of the Moon (during school hours) to reinforce ideas learned in the classroom about light, shadow and the Moon itself. Equipment: Magnetic compass, notepads and pencils for students. Optional: Set(/s) of binoculars, monoculars or telescopes for closer observation of the Moon, cameras. Class discussion before the activity: How can we see the Moon? Answer: The light from the Sun reflects off the Moon and into our eyes or our telescopes. Reflections are how we see most things on a day-to-day basis. Sunlight also reflects off the planets and that is how we see them. Stars, like the Sun are light sources, while other objects are not. Draw the Moon and Earth on the board as shown below, but with no shaded halves. The curved arrows represent the way the Moon orbits the Earth (viewed from a top-down perspective) and the straight arrows represent the light coming from the Sun. Ask students to copy the diagram and shade in the bits of the Earth and Moon that are in darkness, where the Sun’s light does not reach. Some students may ask how the light of the Moon can get to the Earth in the previous diagram. The orbit of the Moon is tilted with respect to Earth’s orbit around the Sun – the diagram on the next page will help students visualise what is happening. Is the Moon ever completely dark? Answer: No. -
Phases of the Moon by Patti Hutchison
Phases of the Moon By Patti Hutchison 1 Was there a full moon last night? Some people believe that a full moon affects people's behavior. Whether that is true or not, the moon does go through phases. What causes the moon to appear differently throughout the month? 2 You know that the moon does not give off its own light. When we see the moon shining at night, we are actually seeing a reflection of the Sun's light. The part of the moon that we see shining (lunar phase) depends on the positions of the sun, moon, and the earth. 3 When the moon is between the earth and the sun, we can't see it. The sunlit side of the moon is facing away from us. The dark side is facing toward us. This phase is called the new moon. 4 As the moon moves along its orbit, the amount of reflected light we see increases. This is called waxing. At first, there is a waxing crescent. The moon looks like a fingernail in the sky. We only see a slice of it. 5 When it looks like half the moon is lighted, it is called the first quarter. Sounds confusing, doesn't it? The quarter moon doesn't refer to the shape of the moon. It is a point of time in the lunar month. There are four main phases to the lunar cycle. Four parts- four quarters. For each of these four phases, the moon has orbited one quarter of the way around the earth. -
Technical Memorandum
Technical Memorandum To: Thaddeus Johnson, Jessica Kronenwetter, Kevin Work, William Chadwick, Brian Middleton, Kevin Ludlum, and Seth Iacangelo (NOAA/OSPO, GOES-R/MOST) From: Fangfang Yu, Xiangqian Wu and Xi Shao (NOAA/STAR) Subject: ABI Lunar Trending Image Collection Requirements in the Operational Period Date: 05/01/2018 Rev: Rev 2.0 Cc: Jon Fulbright (NOAA GOES-R/PRO) This technical memo lists the set of lunar trending requirements for the GOES-16 ABI operational period, which can be summarized as followed: Scan pattern: (1) the unclipped Moon can be scanned with either MESO1 or MESO2; and (2) the Moon should be located near the center of the MESO swath at the north-south direction for all the ABI bands. Location: (1) the Moon should appear within the ABI field of regard (FOR); (2) the center of the Moon should be at least 0.013 radians away from the Earth limb for all the ABI bands; and (3) the edge of the Moon should be at least 0.002 radians away from the MESO frame boundary at the east-west direction. Frequency per month: 2-4 trending events per lunar phase. Phase Angle Range: (1) the highest priority two lunar trending events shall have the smallest absolute phase angle as possible between Earth and Moon, but not less than 5.0 degrees. These two trending events shall be on opposite sides of the Earth. (2). The other two lunar trending events with relatively lower priority shall have an absolute phase angle as close as possible to 60 degrees between Earth and Moon, but not more than 90.0 degrees. -
Phases of the Moon
TA Guide for Notes Phases of the Moon Description In this activity, students stand around a bright light bulb in an otherwise dark room, holding a styrofoam ball at arm’s length. As they turn around, they watch the changing pattern of light and dark on the styrofoam ball which reproduces the phases of the Moon. Then, using a second ball as the Earth, students explore the geometry of the Sun-Earth-Moon system to predict the rise and set times of different phases of the Moon. The students “accidentally” stumble onto the alignment of the Sun, Earth and Moon during lunar and solar eclipses. Learning Goals After this tutorial, together with lecture materials, students should be able to • use the geometry of the Sun, Earth and Moon to illustrate the phases of the Moon and to predict the Moon’s rise and set times • illustrate the geometry of the Sun, Earth and Moon during lunar and solar eclipses, and explain why there are not eclipses every month Set-up 20 minutes The students will work together in groups of 3. In order to fit enough groups of students, you may need to use 2 light sources (shown at right). Set up one in the center of the lab and, if necessary, one in the center of the reading room (push the tables to the inside around the light. This will stop the students from getting too close to the light and messing up the geometry.) When both lights are needed, both TAs will be “A” TAs that lead the activity to their own groups of students. -
Moon Phases Calendar 2021
jpl.nasa.gov/edu F F F F F M F E E M E E F E E M A B B B F B A E B M B A J R E M 2 B R 2 A A 2 1 R J B 1 8 M 0 1 7 9 A 5 N R A 2 5 6 - J 1 - M R A - 1 4 2 N - - A M 2 1 1 1 1 6 3 R J 9 8 A M 2 N 0 4 2 A A 2 R - - 1 J A 2 2 N 8 R F A 2 R A 2 0 2 1 E P - J N 4 2 8 2 2 - A A 2 B R 0 9 7 P J N 1 7 4 - 3 R A 3 A A - N 1 1 P 5 J P 2 R 9 - A A R 1 7 P 0 N 1 - 3 R J 1 1 A 1 A 6 1 N P 2 Education R - 1 1 A 1 - 8 2 P 2021 5 9 02 R A 1 2 0 P - R 2 5 D 2 E A 6 C P R D 2 2 7- 7 E M 3 - C M 1 A Y 2 A 6 Y 3 D E 2 C M A 1 Y 9 - 4 - D 2 1 E 5 0 C M A 18 Y 1 D E 1 C M A 11 Y MOON PHASES- 1 1 2 7 - 1 D E C 8 M 1 A 0 Y 1 D E C 9 4 M -9 A Y 2 0 - 2 D E C 3 5 M A Y 2 6 N O V 28 - DEC 2 1 N U J - 7 2 Y A M N O V 27 2 N U 20-26 J V 9 - O 3 N N U 19 J V 0 1 N O N U 18 J - 6 2 1 1 - 1 V 1 O N N U 11 J 7 V 1 O N N 0 3 1 U 2 - J 5 - 8 V 1 O N 3 N U 4 V J 4 O 2 V N O 0 - N 3 N - 9 U 5 2 J 2 T C 8 N O 2 7 U J 2 1 T - C 1 L 8 2 - O U 2 J T 0 C 2 9 L 1 6 U O - 9 1 T J 3 - L C 1 0 1 O U T 2 5 J 2 1 1 7 C L T 2 1 1 - - U O T C 8 7 J L C 1 O 0 T U O 6 3 - 3 J L - C 2 9 T 7 4 O 2 5 U 2 8 2 L J C 1 - 2 7 9 P - U P 1 3 L O 4 1 1 1 E 2 0 E J - 1 9 P U 2 L 8 2 - S 2 4 S - 2 J E 5 9 - P 3 1 G 1 - U 6 - 1 S 2 1 3 0 E G P J 1 U 7 1 2 2 3 6 P G S E U 3 A P G E U S P G A P G E G G S G U A E U S E U U A U U S A S A A A A Education jpl.nasa.gov/edu Education jpl.nasa.gov/edu MOON PHASES MOON PHASES O V E R H E A D J J J J D J J F D J I N S P A J W F A C E A J A A D I E A J A V F E E A A J D E E A N J N F N A N N E O N E E A N C W R B N J T A I E H D J N V B C A F E E N N C B A J D