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Parks: the International Journal of Protected Areas and Conservation PARKS The International Journal of Protected Areas and Conservation Developing capacity for a protected planet Issue 18.1: September 2012 IUCN PROTECTED AREA DEFINITION, MANAGEMENT CATEGORIES AND GOVERNANCE TYPES IUCN DEFINES A PROTECTED AREA AS: A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. The definition is expanded by six management categories VI Protected areas with sustainable use of natural (one with a sub-division), summarized below. resources: Areas which conserve ecosystems, together Ia Strict nature reserve: Strictly protected for biodiversity with associated cultural values and traditional natural and also possibly geological/ geomorphological features, resource management systems. Generally large, mainly in where human visitation, use and impacts are controlled a natural condition, with a proportion under sustainable and limited to ensure protection of the conservation natural resource management and where low-level non- values. industrial natural resource use compatible with nature Ib Wilderness area: Usually large unmodified or slightly conservation is seen as one of the main aims. modified areas, retaining their natural character and influence, without permanent or significant human The category should be based around the primary habitation, protected and managed to preserve their management objective(s), which should apply to at least natural condition. three-quarters of the protected area – the 75 per cent rule. II National park: Large natural or near-natural areas protecting large-scale ecological processes with characteristic species and ecosystems, which also have The management categories are applied with a typology of environmentally and culturally compatible spiritual, governance types – a description of who holds authority and scientific, educational, recreational and visitor responsibility for the protected area. opportunities. III Natural monument or feature: Areas set aside to protect a specific natural monument, which can be a landform, IUCN defines four governance types. sea mount, marine cavern, geological feature such as a Governance by government: Federal or national ministry/ cave, or a living feature such as an ancient grove. agency in charge; sub-national ministry/agency in charge; IV Habitat/species management area: Areas to protect government-delegated management (e.g. to NGO) particular species or habitats, where management reflects Shared governance: Collaborative management (various this priority. Many will need regular, active interventions degrees of influence); joint management (pluralist to meet the needs of particular species or habitats, but management board; transboundary management (various this is not a requirement of the category. levels across international borders) V Protected landscape or seascape: Where the interaction Private governance: By individual owner; by non-profit of people and nature over time has produced a distinct organisations (NGOs, universities, cooperatives); by for- character with significant ecological, biological, cultural profit organsations (individuals or corporate) and scenic value: and where safeguarding the integrity of Governance by indigenous peoples and local communities: this interaction is vital to protecting and sustaining the Indigenous peoples’ conserved areas and territories; area and its associated nature conservation and other community conserved areas – declared and run by local values. communities For more information on the IUCN definition, categories and governance type see the 2008 Guidelines for applying protected area management categories which can be downloaded at: www.iucn.org/pa_categories IUCN WCPA’s BEST PRACTICE PROTECTED AREA GUIDELINES SERIES IUCN-WCPA’s Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines are the world’s authoritative resource for protected area managers. Involving collaboration among specialist practitioners dedicated to supporting better implementation in the field, they distil learning and advice drawn from across IUCN. Applied in the field, they are building institutional and individual capacity to manage protected area systems effectively, equitably and sustainably, and to cope with the myriad of challenges faced in practice. They also assist national governments, protected area agencies, nongovernmental organisations, communities and private sector partners to meet their commitments and goals, and especially the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Programme of Work on Protected Areas. A full set of guidelines is available at: www.iucn.org/pa_guidelines Complementary resources are available at: www.cbd.int/protected/tools/ Contribute to developing capacity for a Protected Planet at: www.protectedplanet.net/ PARKS 2012 Vol 18.1 PARKS: THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROTECTED AREAS AND CONSERVATION Edited by Sue Stolton and Nigel Dudley1, Equilibrium Research and IUCN WCPA 1 Rock House, Derwenlas, Machynlleth, Powys, SY20 8TN, Wales [email protected], [email protected] CONTENTS: ISSUE 18.1 SEPTEMBER 2012 Welcome to the new PARKS: The International Journal of Protected Areas and Conservation 3 Sue Stolton and Nigel Dudley EDITORIAL: What does Target 11 really mean? 5 Nik Lopoukhine and Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias Safeguarding the blue planet: Six strategies for accelerating ocean protection 9 Jesse Hastings, Sebastian Thomas, Valerie Burgener, Kristina Gjerde, Dan Laffoley, Rod Salm, Laurence McCook, Lida Pet-Soede, William M. Eichbaum, Mariska Bottema, Ginette Hemley, John Tanzer, Callum Roberts, Hugh Govan and Helen E. Fox Meeting Aichi Target 11: What does success look like for protected area systems? 23 Stephen Woodley, Bastian Bertzky, Nigel Crawhall, Nigel Dudley, Julia Miranda Londoño , Kathy MacKinnon, Kent Redford and Trevor Sandwith Recent progress with the conservation and protection of temperate indigenous grasslands in New 37 Zealand Alan F. Mark The effects of protected area and veterinary fencing on wildlife conservation in southern Africa 49 Ken Ferguson and John Hanks Connectivity conservation of the Great Green Macaw’s landscape in Costa Rica and Nicaragua 61 (1994-2012) Olivier Chassot and Guisselle Monge Arias Human health and well-being motivations and benefits associated with protected area 71 experiences: an opportunity for transforming policy and management in Canada Christopher J. Lemieux, Paul F.J. Eagles, D. Scott Slocombe, Sean T. Doherty, Susan J. Elliott and Steven E. Mock Protected areas and the challenge of conserving crop wild relatives 87 Danny Hunter, Nigel Maxted, Vernon Heywood, Shelagh Kell and Teresa Borelli Applying a cultural landscape approach in park management: an Australian scheme 99 Steve Brown Conservation in tropical Pacific Island countries: case studies of successful programmes 111 Gunnar Keppel, Clare Morrison, James Hardcastle, Isaac A. Rounds, Ian Karika Wilmott, Francis Hurahura and Patterson K. Shed Meat, markets, pleasure and revenge: multiple motivations for hunting in Bamu National Park, 125 Fars Province, Iran Sheyda Ashayeri and Helen Newing 2 The designation of geographical entities in this journal, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. IUCN does not take any responsibility for errors or omissions occurring in the translations in this document whose original version is in English. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland Copyright: © 2012 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: IUCN WCPA (2012). PARKS. The International Journal of Protected Areas and Conservation, Volume 18:1, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. ISSN: 0960-233X Cover photo: Rangers at Dadohaehaesang National Park , South Korea © Nigel Dudley Editing and layout by: Sue Stolton and Nigel Dudley, www.equilibriumresearch.com Produced by: Sue Stolton and Nigel Dudley, www.equilibriumresearch.com Available from: IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Publications Services Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland Tel +41 22 999 0000 Fax +41 22 999 0002 [email protected] www.iucn.org/publications www.iucn.org/parks PARKS 2012 Vol 18.1 WELCOME TO THE NEW PARKS: THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROTECTED AREAS AND CONSERVATION Sue Stolton and Nigel Dudley1, Equilibrium Research and IUCN WCPA 1 Rock House, Derwenlas, Machynlleth, Powys, SY20 8TN, Wales [email protected], [email protected] Welcome to the first issue of the re-launched PARKS: x changing and improving protected area support and The International Journal of Protected Areas and behaviour through use of information provided in the Conservation. From now on PARKS will be published at journal; and least twice a year as an online, open-access and peer x promoting IUCN’s work on protected areas. reviewed journal, with occasional ‘special issues’
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