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The Rhizome of Gastrodia Elata Blume – an Ethnopharmacological Review

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The Rhizome of Gastrodia Elata Blume – an Ethnopharmacological Review Journal of Ethnopharmacology 189 (2016) 361–385 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Ethnopharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep Review The rhizome of Gastrodia elata Blume – An ethnopharmacological review Hong-Dan Zhan a,1, Hai-Yu Zhou a,1, Yun-Peng Sui b,1, Xin-Liang Du c,1, Wei-hao Wang a, Li Dai a, Feng Sui a,n, Hai-Ru Huo a,n, Ting-Liang Jiang a a Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China b Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China c Graduate School of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China article info abstract Article history: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae) is commonly called Tian ma in Received 13 November 2015 Chinese and mainly distributed in the mountainous areas of eastern Asia, such as China, Korea, Japan and Received in revised form India. It is an extensively used traditional Chinese herbal medicine in the clinical practice of traditional 22 June 2016 Chinese medicine, to treat headache, migraine, dizziness, epilepsy, infantile convulsion, tetany and so on. Accepted 24 June 2016 The present paper reviews the advancements in investigation of botany and ethnopharmacology, phy- Available online 1 July 2016 tochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and quality control of Gastrodia elata Blume. Finally, the possible Keywords: tendency and perspective for future investigation of this plant are also put forward. Gastrodia elata Blume Materials and methods: The information on Gastrodia elata Blume was collected via piles of resources Tian ma including classic books about Chinese herbal medicine, and scientific databases including Pubmed, Ethnopharmacology Google Scholar, ACS, Web of science, ScienceDirect databases, CNKI and others. Plant taxonomy was Phytochemistry “ ” “ ’ ” Pharmacology validated by the databases The Plant List , and Mansfeld s Encyclopedia . Clinical applications Results: Over 81 compounds from this plant have been isolated and identified, phenolics and poly- saccharides are generally considered as the characteristic and active constituents of Gastrodia elata Chemical compounds studied in this article: Blume. Its active compounds possess wide-reaching biological activities, including sedative, hypnotic, Gastrodin (PubChem CID: 115067) antiepileptic, anticonvulsive, antianxietic, antidepressant, neuroprotective, antipsychotic, anti-vertigo, Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (PubChem CID: 125) circulatory system modulating, anti-inflammationary, analgesic, antioxidative, memory-improving and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (PubChem CID: antiaging, antivirus and antitumor effects. 126) Vanillyl alcohol (PubChem CID: 62348) Conclusion: Despite the publication of various papers on Gastrodia elata Blume, there is still, however, the Vanillin (PubChem CID: 1183) need for definitive research and clarification of other bioactive compounds using bioactivity-guided Parishin (PubChem CID: 44421666) isolation strategies, and the possible mechanism of action as well as potential synergistic or antagonistic Parishin B (PubChem CID: 44715528) effects of multi-component mixtures derived from Gastrodia elata Blume need to be evaluated. It is also Parishin C (PubChem CID: 46173915) necessary and important to do more quality control and toxicological study on human subjects in order β -sitosterol (PubChem CID: 222284) to maintain its efficacy stable in the body and validate its safety in clinical uses. In addition, more in- Gastrodamine (PubChem CID: 5702160) vestigations on other parts of this plant beyond the tubers are needed. Further studies on Gastrodia elata Blume will lead to the development of new drugs and therapeutics for various diseases, and how to utilize it better should be paid more attention to. & 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction . 362 2. Botany and ethnopharmacology . 362 2.1. Botany...................................................................................................... 362 n Corresponding authors. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (F. Sui), [email protected] (H.-R. Huo). 1 These authors contributed equally to this paper. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.057 0378-8741/& 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. 362 H.-D. Zhan et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 189 (2016) 361–385 2.2. Ethnopharmacology. 365 3. Phytochemistry . 365 3.1. Phenolics and its glycosides . 365 3.2. Polysaccharides . 367 3.3. Sterol and organic acids . 367 3.4. Other compounds . 367 4. Pharmacological activities . 368 4.1. Sedative and hypnotic activities . 368 4.2. Antiepileptic and anticonvulsive activities . 369 4.3. Anti-anxiety and antidepressant activities . 369 4.4. Neuroprotective activities . 369 4.4.1. Protection of neuronal cells and anti-apoptotic action activities. 369 4.4.2. Anti-oxidative activities. 369 4.4.3. Protection of neuro-synaptic plasticity . 369 4.5. Anti-cardio-cerebral-vascular diseases activities . 373 4.6. Antipsychotic activities . 373 4.7. Anti-vertigo activities . 374 4.8. Effect on circulatory system . 374 4.8.1. Anticoagulant and antithrombotic activities. 374 4.8.2. Anti-atherosclerotic activities . 374 4.8.3. Antihypertensive activities . 374 4.9. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities . 375 4.10. Improve memory and anti-aging activities. 375 4.11. Antivirus and antitumor activities . 376 4.12. Other pharmacological activities. 376 5. Quality control. 378 6. Toxicology.........................................................................................................379 7. Concluding remarks. 379 Acknowledgments. 383 References.............................................................................................................383 1. Introduction others (Hou et al., 2012). Modern pharmacological experiments have demonstrated that the extracts of G. elata or its active com- Gastrodia elata Blume (G. elata, Orchidaceae), commonly called pounds possess wide-reaching biological activities, including an- Tian ma (天麻) in Chinese, is a perennial parasitic herb also called titumor, anti-virus, memory-improving, antioxidation, and anti- Chi jian (赤箭)orMing tian ma (明天麻). It is considered as a top aging actions (Huang et al., 1985; Heo et al., 2007; Hu et al., 2014). grade herbal medicine that has been used for a long history de- It is commonly used in traditional medicine as a tonic and aph- scribed to enter the liver meridian in the Shennong's Classic of rodisiac in China and other Asian countries as well as used as a Materia Medica (Shen nong ben cao jing). Generally, after the be- functional food by adding to alcoholic beverages or porridge to ginning of winter to the following year before the Tomb-sweeping improve sexual potency and vision and to prevent abortion Day, excavate the rhizome of G. elata, wash it immediately, and (Zhang, 1981). braise it well and then dry it at low temperature for the clinical use A large number of investigations have been conducted on G. (Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, 2015). elata in the past few decades, but only a short review of G. elata as G. elata has nine synonyms (G. elata f. alba S. Chow, G. elata f. a herbal medicine has been published by Chen and Sheen (2011), elata, G. elata f. flavida S. Chow, G. elata f. glauca S. Chow, G. elata in which its biological activities and antidepressant mechanisms var. gracilis Pamp., G. elata var. pallens Kitag., G. elata f. pilifera are briefly mentioned, and another review written by Jang et al. Tuyama, G. elata f. viridis (Makino) Makino, and G. elata var. viridis (2015), in which only the neuropharmacological potential of G. (Makino) Makino) (The Plant List., 2013). To search by using these elata was covered. In this review, using various databases search nine names, only two Chinese articles (Jiang et.
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