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Zprovoznění a Popis Funkčnosti Freenet

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Zprovoznění a Popis Funkčnosti Freenet Zprovoznění a popis funkčnosti FreeNet Autor: Tomáš František Kašpar Předmět: 4iz110 (úterý 12:45) Vyučující: Radomír Palovský Datum vytvoření: 3. 12. 2016 Datum odevzdání: 6. 12. 2016 I. Obsah II. Úvod: ................................................................................................................................................. 3 III. Definice .............................................................................................................................................. 3 IV. Historie ............................................................................................................................................... 4 V. Jak to funguje? .................................................................................................................................... 5 Data ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 Směrování ................................................................................................................................................... 5 Přístup k datům – Klíče ................................................................................................................................ 6 CHK – Content Hash Keys ........................................................................................................................ 6 SSK - Signed Subspace Keys .................................................................................................................... 7 USK – Updateable Subspace Keys ............................................................................................................. 7 KSK – Keyword Signed Keys ................................................................................................................... 8 VI. Útoky ve freenetu ................................................................................................................................ 8 Harvesting ................................................................................................................................................... 8 Analýza provozu .......................................................................................................................................... 8 Útoky na korelace ........................................................................................................................................ 8 Připojení na všechny .................................................................................................................................... 8 VII. Instalace .............................................................................................................................................. 9 Požadavky: .................................................................................................................................................. 9 Instalace: ..................................................................................................................................................... 9 Nastavení pří prvním spuštění: .................................................................................................................... 11 Programy pro freenet .................................................................................................................................. 12 jSite:...................................................................................................................................................... 12 Freemail ................................................................................................................................................ 12 Frost ...................................................................................................................................................... 12 Sone ...................................................................................................................................................... 12 Freenet Messaging systém (FMS) ............................................................................................................ 12 VIII. Závěr ................................................................................................................................................ 13 2 II. Úvod: Cílem této semestrální práce je shrnout veškeré informace o technologii Freenet, první část bude teoretická a v druhé části bude praktický popis toho, jak se technologie v praxi používá. Teoretická část obsahuje samotnou definici Freenetu, jak to vlastně funguje a v neposlední řadě také jeho slabiny a případné útoky spolu s návodem jak jim předejít. Druhá část je již čistě praktická s návodem jak nainstalovat programy pro použití této technologie. Také praktické využití jednotlivých možností, včetně informací jak jich využít. Po přečtení této práce by každý měl vědět co to vlastně Freenet je, jaké má využití a umět ho použít. III. Definice Freenet je peer-to-peer, cenzuře odolná platforma pro komunikaci. Používá decentralizované rozdělení dat a pro publikování a komunikaci používá software dostupný zdarma.1 Vlastními slovy to znamená následující: Pokud nahrajete soubor na freenet tak vám ho rozdělí na více menších souborů, které následně uloží na počítačích ostatních uživatelů (uzlů). Zároveň, vzhledem k tomu, že tato platforma funguje na peer-to-peer principu, to znamená, že vy také poskytujete část svého úložného prostoru na disku k ukládání souborů ostatních uživatelů, nicméně jsou zašifrované, takže nevíte, co je u vás zrovna uloženo. Stejně tak pokud požadujete nějaký soubor, který si chcete stáhnout tak nevíte, kde jsou jednotlivé části uložené a uzly si přeposílají části souborů dokud nedojdou k uživateli, který o ně požádal. 1 Wikipedia: Freenet. [Cit. 5. 12.2016] https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freenet 3 IV. Historie První zmínka o Freenetu je z roku 1999 kdy Ian Clarke napsal nepublikovanou práci s názvem "A distributed decentralized information storage and retrieval system", která následně byla přepracována spolu s jeho dalšími kolegy na publikaci "Freenet: A Distributed Anonymous Information Storage and Retrieval System" vydanou v roce 2001.2 Podle webové stránky http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/ byla tato publikace jednou z nejvíce citovaných v roce 2002 v oblasti informatiky3. První verze byla vydána v již v roce 2000, ve které byla naprogramována čistě základní funkčnost a principy technologie. Zásadní změny se odehrály ve verzi z 8. května 2008 a to 0.7. První změnou byl přechod z protokolu TCP na UDP které mělo za cíl rychlejší přenos informací mezi uzly. Ale tou nejdůležitější byla podpora opennetu a darknetu zároveň. Opennet znamená možnost připojit se do freenetu i přesto, že neznáte nikoho, kdo tuto službu již používá. Připojíte se prostřednictvím takzvaných seed nodes, které provozují dobrovolníci a dovolí vám se přes ně připojit i přesto že vás neznají. Samozřejmě s tím souvisí jisté nebezpečí, protože jste napřímo propojeni s někým koho neznáte a tím pádem zranitelní vůči útokům. Darknet je pravým opakem, připojit se můžete pouze za předpokladu, že znáte někoho kdo již na freenetu funguje. Snižuje se tím riziko útoků na vás, protože s uzly s kterými jste propojeni, jsou pro vás důvěryhodné. Pokud by takto fungovali všichni tak je prakticky nemožné se do takovéto sítě dostat a to i například pro vašeho poskytovatele internetu nebo i úřady. Poslední verze byla vydána před pěti měsíci, takže na systému se stále pracuje a je aktuální. 2 Wikipedia: Freenet. [Cit. 5. 12.2016] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freenet 3 Citeseerx [Cit. 5. 12. 2016] http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.10.4919 4 V. Jak to funguje? Freenet je vlastně jedno velké úložiště dat složené z mnoha malých částí úložného prostoru na uživatelských zařízeních. Nikdo ale neví, co a kde je vlastně uloženo, pokud od souboru nemá klíč. Klíč uživatel obdrží, jakmile do sítě nahraje soubor a klíč může poté dále šířit a tím pádem i soubor. Princip freenetu je postavený na konceptu zvaném „Small world network“ nebo také „Síť malého světa“ což znamená, že vám k připojení do sítě stačí znát pár uživatelů této sítě a vlastně už znáte všechny přes známého známého. Tímto způsobem by mělo být možné připojit se ke komukoliv připojeného do této sítě. Data Každý z připojených uživatelů si musí vyhradit místo na svém disku, do kterého se budou soubory ukládat. Nevýhodou této sítě je, že nemáte v podstatě žádnou kontrolu nad tím, co máte právě uloženo na svém počítači, protože soubory jsou zašifrovány. Dokonce nemáte ani možnost soubor vymazat, jediná možnost jak soubor zmizí je, že přestane být populární, v této chvíli, kdy ho nikdo nestahuje, sám zmizí. Freenet při instalaci sám navrhuje, jak velké by mělo být vaše úložiště podle skutečné velikosti vašeho disku a kapacity RAM, protože samozřejmě větší úložiště potřebuje k provozu více vyrovnávací paměti, ale k požadavkům na hardware se dostaneme později. Směrování Směrování v síti freenet je na počátku vždy náhodné, protože díky anonymitě sítě nemáme žádné informace o ostatních uzlech a tím pádem ani o souborech. Nicméně pokud jeden uzel bude nahrávat více souborů tak se jeho soubory na základě podobnosti jejich klíčů (kvůli stejnému majiteli) začnou slučovat do clusterů a ukládat se poblíž sebe, tím pádem vytvoří jakési hlavní cesty k souborům, pokud je stahuje čím dál tím více lidí. Samozřejmě čím více je dokument stahován, tím více se kopíruje po síti, aby byl všem
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