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Elimination of Harmful Organisms from Food and Feed by Irradiation

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Elimination of Harmful Organisms from Food and Feed by Irradiation ELIMINATION OF HARMFUL ORGANISMS FROM FOOD AND FEED BY IRRADIATION i ." ч ..- - Д . ' ' - W ..-. Ш йЫ -'г. - ■ -Ï.Ï ELIMINATION OF HARMFUL ORGANISMS FROM FOOD AND FEED BY IRRADIATION The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GERMANY, FEDERAL NORWAY ALBANIA REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN ALGERIA GHANA PANAMA ARGENTINA GREECE PARAGUAY AUSTRALIA GUATEMALA PERU AUSTRIA HAITI PHILIPPINES BELGIUM HOLY SEE POLAND BOLIVIA HUNGARY PORTUGAL BRAZIL ICELAND ROMANIA BULGARIA INDIA SAUDI ARABIA BURMA INDONESIA SENEGAL BYELORUSSIAN SOVIET IRAN SIERRA LEONE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC IRAQ SINGAPORE CAMBODIA ISRAEL SOUTH AFRICA CAMEROON ITALY' SPAIN CANADA IVORY COAST SUDAN CEYLON JAMAICA SWEDEN CHILE JAPAN SWITZERLAND CHINA JORDAN SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COLOMBIA KENYA THAILAND CONGO, DEMOCRATIC KOREA, REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA REPUBLIC OF KUWAIT TURKEY COSTA RICA LEBANON UGANDA CUBA LIBERIA UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST CYPRUS LIBYA REPUBLIC CZECHOSLOVAK SOCIALIST LUXEMBOURG UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC MADAGASCAR REPUBLICS DENMARK MALI UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MEXICO UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT ECUADOR MONACO BRITAIN AND NORTHERN EL SALVADOR MOROCCO IRELAND ETHIOPIA NETHERLANDS UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FINLAND NEW ZEALAND URUGUAY FRANCE NICARAGUA VENEZUELA GABON NIGERIA VIET-NAM YUGOSLAVIA The Agency's Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is "to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world". Printed by che IAEA in Austria July 1968 PANEL PROCEEDINGS SERIES ELIMINATION OF HARMFUL ORGANISMS FROM FOOD AND FEED BY IRRADIATION REPORT OF A PANEL ON ELIMINATION OF HARMFUL ORGANISMS FROM FOOD AND FEED BY IRRADIATION ORGANIZED BY THE JOINT FAO/IAEA DIVISION OF ATOMIC ENERGY IN FOOD AND AGRICULTURE AND HELD IN ZEIST, THE NETHERLANDS, 12-16 JUNE 1967 INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 1968 ELIMINATION OF HARMFUL ORGANISMS FROM FOOD AND FEED BY IRRADIATION (Panel Proceedings Series) ABSTRACT. Proceedings of a panel organized by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Atomic Energy in Food and Agriculture and held at Zeist, The Netherlands, from 12 to 16 June 1967. The meeting was attended by 16 experts from 8 countries and one international organization. The contents include papers on the elimination of Salmonella, the inactivation of viruses, the devitali­ zation of parasites and the elimination of clostridia by irradiation in different food and feed products. Each paper is preceded by an abstract. The Proceedings conclude with summaries, conclusions and recommen­ dations of the Panel. Entirely in English. (118 pp., 16 X 24, paper-bound, 22 figures; 1968) Price: US $3.50; £1.9.2 ELIMINATION OF HARMFUL ORGANISMS FROM FOOD AND FEED BY IRRADIATION IAEA, VIENNA, 1968 STI/PUB/200 FOREWORD The international trade in food and feed products has seriously increased the risk of outbreaks of food poisoning in human beings and animals. The problem is of m ajor concern to the public health authorities in both the de­ veloped and developing countries of the world. Radiation has been studied extensively as a method of controlling harmful organisms in food and ánimal feeds, and its potential usefulness is generally recognized. However, there are still problems to be solved before radiation will be applied for this pur­ pose on an industrial scale. A Panel on the Elimination of Harmful Organisms from Food and Feed by Irradiation was held by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Atomic Energy in Food and Agriculture at the Central Institute for Nutrition and Food R e­ search, Zeist, The Netherlands, from 12 to 16 June 1967, at the generous invitation of the Dutch Nutrition Organization (TNO). The primary purpose of the meeting was to advise the Directors General of the Food and Agri­ culture Organization of the United Nations and of the International Atomic Energy Agency how their organizations can best fulfil their role in this field. Twelve experts, a representative of the World Health Organization and three observers from national research organizations attended. A detailed evaluation was made of the prospects of the industrial appli­ cation of irradiation for the devitalization of parasites, the radicidation treat­ ment of Salmonella, the control of clostridia and the inactivation of viruses in different food and feed products. The possible use of irradiation for pro­ ducing vaccines was also discussed. The report contains the contributions of the Panel members together with the conclusions and recommendations for further research and for fea­ sibility studies on irradiation pilot plants for a variety of food and feed products. CONTENTS Elimination of Salmonella in poultry with ionizing radiation (PL-242/11) .................................................................................................................. 1 J, J. L ic c ia rd e llo , J.T.R. Nickerson and S. A. Goldblith Ionizing radiation for the elimination of salmonellae from frozen meat (PL-242/5) ....................................................................................................... 29 F. J. Ley Radiation resistance of salmonellae and their occurrence in Thailand (P L -242/ 2 )................................................................................................ 3 7 L. Tanasugarn Prospects for the Salmonella radicidation of some foods and feeds with particular reference to the estimation of the dose required (PL-242/7) ................................................................................................ 43 D. A. A. Mossel, M. van Schothorst, E. H. Kampelmacher Some recent data on the rate of contamination of mixed-feed ingredients with particular reference to the significance of the method of examination used (PL-242/12)......................................... 59 A. van der Schaaf and J. F . F r ik In-vitro experiments on the radiosensitivity of foot-and-mouth disease virus and other animal viruses to the direct effect of X-irradiation (P L -242/ 3)..................................................................................... 65 C. D. Johnson Radiation inactivation of viruses in infected products (PL-242/8) .................................................................................................................... 71 D. Massa Effect of irradiation on Anisakis larvae in salted herring (PL-242/6) .................................................................................................................... 73 J. van M anieren and H. Houwing Gamma irradiation elimination of Cysticercus bovis in meat (PL-242/9) ................................................................................................. ................. 81 J. G. van Kooy, K. G. R obijns Devitalization of cysticerci by gamma radiation (PLr242/lO) .... 91 O. Pawel Resistance of spores of Clostridium welchii (PL-242/4).................. 95 T.A. R oberts Prospects for the elimination of Clostridium botulinum from fish and fishery products by irradiation (PL-242/1)....................... 101 G. Hobbs Summaries, conclusions and recommendations of the Panel .......... 109 List of Panel members............................................................................................... 117 г ELIMINATION OF Salmonella IN POULTRY WITH IONIZING RADIATION* J.J. LICCIARDELLO, J.T .R . NICKERSON AND S.A. GOLDBLITH MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, CAMBRIDGE, MASS., UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Abstract ELIMINATION OF Salm onella IN POULTRY WITH IONIZING RADIATION. The radiation resistance ' of S. typhimurium in comminuted chicken meat was not affected by the breed of poultry (three different breeds tested) or by the type of meat (white or dark). A factor which did influence radio-resistance was the temperature during irradiation. A difference in radio-resistance was noted among five Salmonella serotypes tested. S .oranienburg was the most resistant and S .newport was the least resistant whereas S. thompson, S .heidelberg and S. typhimurium were intermediate. Of the salmonellae which survived irradiation in the non-frozen state, only an insignificant number were inactivated during subsequent quick-freezing and the concentration remained relatively constant over a three-month storage period at 0°F, Thus, salmonellae that have been irradiated (in ctiicken meat) do not appear to be any more susceptible to freezing injury compared with non-irradiated salmonellae. The psychrophiles in comminuted whole chicken meat surviving irradiation (300 krad) were a mixture of yeasts and members of the Achromobacter-Alicaligenes group. In quantitating salmonellae surviving irradiation in chicken meat by the plate count method, the greatest recovery was obtained with tryptic soy yeast extract agar. Selective media such as brilliant-green sulphadiazene agar, bismuth sulphite agar and MacConkey agar gave good recovery, but with Salmonella- Shigella agar or desoxycholate citrate agar results were poor. Recovery on brilliant green-sulphadiazene agar was enhanced by the addition of yeast extract. Enumeration of salmonellae in irradiated chicken by the "most probable numbers” method was comparable with results obtained by plate count. Satisfactory results were obtained with selenite cystine broth. Pre-enrichment into various nutrient broths before inoculation into a selective broth medium did not appear
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