DOCSLIB.ORG

Empirical Management of Infection on Critical Care Units at AUH and RLUH

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Empirical Management of Infection on Critical Care Units at AUH and RLUH LIVERPOOL CLINICAL LABORATORIES Empirical Management of Infection on Critical Care Units at AUH and RLUH Patricia Crossey (Critical Care Pharmacist, RLUH), Alison Hall (ITU Consultant, RLUH), Jenifer Mason (Microbiology Consultant LCL), Robert Parker (ITU Consultant, AUH) and Clare Sales (Critical Care Pharmacist, AUH) 2017 These Guidelines refer to common ITU presentations and relate to empirical management only. For indications not covered refer to the Trust Antibiotic Formulary (Royal and Aintree). Enquiries to: [email protected] or [email protected] Contents General Principles ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 Abdominal Infection .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Non Healthcare associated Intra-abdominal Infection................................................................................................................................. 3 Healthcare associated intra-abdominal infection ........................................................................................................................................ 4 Variceal bleeds and acute liver failure ......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Central Nervous System .................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Meningitis/Encephalitis ............................................................................................................................................................................... 5 ENT or Dental Infection ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Epiglottitis .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Dental Abscess or other oral infection ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Respiratory Tract Infection ................................................................................................................................................................................ 7 Community acquired pneumonia ................................................................................................................................................................ 7 Hospital Acquired Pneumonia or Ventilator Associated Pneumonia ........................................................................................................... 7 Aspiration Pneumonia ................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 Infective Exacerbation of Chronic Lung Disease (COPD, bronchiectasis) ..................................................................................................... 8 Suspected influenza with concurrent pneumonia........................................................................................................................................ 8 Sepsis of Unknown Origin.................................................................................................................................................................................. 9 Sepsis of Unknown Origin – Non Neutropenic ............................................................................................................................................. 9 Neutropenic Sepsis ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Skin and Soft Tissue Infection .......................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Necrotising soft tissue infection of any anatomical site ............................................................................................................................. 10 Cellulitis ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Trauma Prophylaxis ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Prophylaxis in head and neck trauma ........................................................................................................................................................ 11 Prophylaxis for Compound Fractures ......................................................................................................................................................... 11 Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Urosepsis ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Urosepsis/pyelonephritis ........................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Appendix ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Infection Control Precautions .................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Weekly Screening ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Notifiable Diseases..................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Tetanus Prone Wounds .............................................................................................................................................................................. 18 Processing Urgent Specimens Out of Hours (Mon-Fri 1630-0900 and Sat-Sun) ......................................................................................... 19 Gentamicin and Teicoplanin Dosing ........................................................................................................................................................... 21 Gentamicin ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Teicoplanin ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Contact Details ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 1 For Teicoplanin and Gentamicin Dosing refer to Appendix. Maximum dose of Gentamicin is 450mg/24 hours. Page 1 General Principles 1. Antibiotic treatment should NEVER be delayed in an emergency. However, wherever possible, microbiological specimens should always be obtained before antibiotic therapy is commenced 2. Prior to antibiotic therapy patients should ALWAYS have TWO sets of blood cultures taken i.e. x2 aerobic and x2 anaerobic bottles. If there are lines present culture from the line AND a peripheral site. Send other specimens as appropriate (respiratory, drain fluid, wound swabs etc.) 3. Always check previous Microbiology results, with particular attention to resistant organisms (see below for common resistance patterns). Note the empirical antibiotic choice may not cover resistant organisms – please discuss with Microbiology if unsure 4. Antibiotics are not a substitute for source control (i.e. surgical drainage of an abscess) 5. Antibiotics should be administered within 1 hour in patients with signs of severe sepsis or septic shock 6. Allergy status must be checked BEFORE prescribing and administering any antibiotic and documented on the patient’s drug chart, including where possible the nature of the allergy 7. An antibiotic history should be taken and recorded in the critical care notes 8. All antibiotic prescriptions should have an indication, start date and review or stop date. 9. These guidelines are for empirical management only. Antibiotics should be focussed at the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ceftaroline in Complicated Skin and Skin-Structure Infections
    Infection and Drug Resistance Dovepress open access to scientific and medical research Open Access Full Text Article REVIEW Ceftaroline in complicated skin and skin-structure infections Paul O Hernandez1 Abstract: Ceftaroline is an advanced-generation cephalosporin antibiotic recently approved by Sergio Lema2 the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure Stephen K Tyring3 infections (cSSSIs). This intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotic exerts potent bactericidal activity Natalia Mendoza2,4 by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. A high affinity for the penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a) of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) makes the drug especially 1University of Texas School of Medicine at San Antonio, beneficial to patients with MRSA cSSSIs. Ceftaroline has proved in multiple well-conducted San Antonio, TX, 2Woodhull clinical trials to have an excellent safety and efficacy profile. In adjusted doses it is also recom- Medical and Mental Health Center, mended for patients with renal or hepatic impairment. Furthermore, the clinical effectiveness Brooklyn, NY, 3Department of Dermatology, University of Texas and high cure rate demonstrated by ceftaroline in cSSSIs, including those caused by MRSA Health Science Center at Houston, and other multidrug-resistant strains, warrants its consideration as a first-line treatment option 4 Houston, TX, USA; Department of for cSSSIs. This article reviews ceftaroline and its pharmacology, efficacy, and safety data to Dermatology, El
    [Show full text]
  • A Retrospective Study of Patients Receiving Polymyxin B Intravenous Treatment in PUMCH: Real Clinical Practice
    A retrospective study of patients receiving polymyxin B intravenous treatment in PUMCH: real clinical practice Wei Zuo Peking Union Medical College Hospital Daihui Gao Peking Union Medical College Hospital Xiuli Xu Peking Union Medical College Hospital Yuhui Yang Peking Union Medical College Hospital Bin Wu Peking Union Medical College Hospital Yan Zhang Peking Union Medical College Hospital Yang Yang Peking Union Medical College Hospital Bo Zhang ( [email protected] ) Peking Union Medical College Hospital https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6574-1545 Research Keywords: Polymyxin B, multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant, Nephrotoxicity Posted Date: February 14th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.23536/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/13 Abstract Background Polymyxin B once had to exit the market due to its toxicity. As antibacterial is widely used, the problem of drug-resistance, especially the gram-negative bacteria, has become a major threat to global health. Polymyxin B has reappeared as a last resort for the treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Gram-negative bacteria. With its return, the use of polymyxin B greatly increased over time in China. The aim of our study was to overview the actual clinical application of polymyxin B in patients with MDR and XDR Gram-negative bacteria in Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Moreover its usage characteristics were summarized in detail. Methods: All the patients hospitalized in Perking Union Medical College of Hospital (PUMCH) from August 2018 (available in PUMCH) to December 2019 who received polymyxin B were enrolled in the study.
    [Show full text]
  • Intracellular Penetration and Effects of Antibiotics On
    antibiotics Review Intracellular Penetration and Effects of Antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus Inside Human Neutrophils: A Comprehensive Review Suzanne Bongers 1 , Pien Hellebrekers 1,2 , Luke P.H. Leenen 1, Leo Koenderman 2,3 and Falco Hietbrink 1,* 1 Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (P.H.); [email protected] (L.P.H.L.) 2 Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; [email protected] 3 Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 6 April 2019; Accepted: 2 May 2019; Published: 4 May 2019 Abstract: Neutrophils are important assets in defense against invading bacteria like staphylococci. However, (dysfunctioning) neutrophils can also serve as reservoir for pathogens that are able to survive inside the cellular environment. Staphylococcus aureus is a notorious facultative intracellular pathogen. Most vulnerable for neutrophil dysfunction and intracellular infection are immune-deficient patients or, as has recently been described, severely injured patients. These dysfunctional neutrophils can become hide-out spots or “Trojan horses” for S. aureus. This location offers protection to bacteria from most antibiotics and allows transportation of bacteria throughout the body inside moving neutrophils. When neutrophils die, these bacteria are released at different locations. In this review, we therefore focus on the capacity of several groups of antibiotics to enter human neutrophils, kill intracellular S. aureus and affect neutrophil function. We provide an overview of intracellular capacity of available antibiotics to aid in clinical decision making.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative in Vitro Activities of Teicoplanin, Daptomycin
    ANTIMICROBLAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, July 1992, p. 1570-1572 Vol. 36, No. 7 0066-4804/92/071570-03$02.00/0 Copyright C) 1992, American Society for Microbiology Comparative In Vitro Activities of Teicoplanin, Daptomycin, Ramoplanin, Vancomycin, and PD127,391 against Blood Isolates of Gram-Positive Cocci DOKUN SHONEKAN,* DONNA MILDVAN, AND SANDRA HANDWERGER Division ofInfectious Diseases, Department ofMedicine, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York 10003 Received 5 March 1992/Accepted 27 April 1992 The in vitro activities of teicoplanin, daptomycin, ramoplanin, and PD127,391, a new quinolone, were compared with that of vancomycin. Teicoplanin showed the lowest MICs against Enterococcus faecalis. Ramoplanin was slightly more active than the other peptide antibiotics against oxacillin-resistant Staphylococ- cus aureus. The MICs of the four peptide antibiotics were similar for the oxacillin-susceptible S. aureus. Daptomycin had good activity against staphylococci but was the least active agent againstE.faecalis. The MICs of vancomycin against all isolates were in general higher than those of the new antibiotics, with the exceptions of the MICs of daptomycin against E. faecalis and teicoplanin against oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. PD127,391 was the most active agent against all staphylococcal isolates. Some new antibiotics have been reported to show good by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Stan- activity against gram-positive bacteria. Four of these, teico- dards (15), in Mueller-Hinton broth (Difco Laboratories, planin, daptomycin, ramoplanin, and PD127,391, are com- Detroit, Mich.) supplemented with 25 mg of MgCl2 and 50 pared with vancomycin in the present study. The glyco- mg of CaCl2 per liter.
    [Show full text]
  • Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, Linezolid and Daptomycin Mics For
    Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, Linezolid and Daptomycin MICs for Methicillin- Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci: P1569 comparison of broth microdilution and E-test® methods M.DESROCHES 1,2 , J. POTIER 1,2 , F. JEHL 3, G. LINA 4, R. LECLERCQ 5, F. VANDENESH 6, Y. RIO 7, J-W. DECOUSSER 1, F. DOUCET- POPULAIRE 1,2 and the MICROBS Group. 1: service de Bactériologie-Hygiene, AP-HP, CHU Antoine Béclère, Clamart France ; 2: EA 4043, USC INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Châtenay-Malabry France ; 3: CHRU, Strasbourg ; 4,6: Centre National de Référence, Lyon ; 5: CHU, Caen ; 7: CHR, Metz Introduction and objective Methods Selecting empirical treatment for staphylococci invasive infections is based on Our study, called MICROBS, is a French prospective, multicenter study (37 centers). evaluation of the prevalence of resistance. MICs determination needs technical control Antimicrobial activity of vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid and daptomycin were due to the importance of strains categorization, and therapeutic choice. Broth determined by BMD (Sensititre/Trek) according to CLSI recommendations and by E-test ® Microdilution method (BMD) is the reference method but E-test ® method is daily use in according to the manufacturer's instructions (Biomérieux) on Muller-Hinton agar (Biorad). A laboratory . Some intravenous antibiotics are subjects to be monitored because of the calcium supplement (50 mg/L final concentration) was used for testing daptomycin staphylococcal emergence of resistance, as vancomycin and teicoplanin susceptibility by BMD. (glycopeptides), linezolid and daptomycin. The aim of our study was to compared E- BMD was considered as the reference method for MICs determination. test ® method and BMD for evaluating the activity of 4 intravenous antimicrobial agents: Essential agreements (EA) (the percentage of isolates MIC by Etest within 1 doubling vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid and daptomycin.
    [Show full text]
  • The Investigation of in Vitro Activity of Ceftaroline, Vancomycin and Teicoplanin for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates
    Session: P006 MRSA and MSSA: epidemiology and resistance Category: 3a. Resistance surveillance & epidemiology: MRSA, VRE & other Gram- positives 22 April 2017, 15:30 - 16:30 P0144 The investigation of in vitro activity of ceftaroline, vancomycin and teicoplanin for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates Onur Karatuna1, Meltem Kaya Ayas*2, Isin Akyar3 1Acibadem University, School of Medicine; Medical Microbiology 2Acıbadem University Institute of Health Sciences; Department of Medical Biotechnology 3Acibadem University School of Medicine, Dept. of Microbiology; Acibadem Labmed Medical Laboratories Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains were considered as resistant to all beta-lactam agents, however the introduction of cephalosporins with anti-MRSA activity, i.e. ceftaroline and ceftobiprole, necessitated an update in this consideration. Until recently, vancomycin was used as the first choice treatment option for the serious infections due to MRSA, however the demonstration of treatment failure and increased mortality in infections due to MRSA strains with vancomycin minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1 mg/L resulted in search for alternative agents. Ceftaroline fosamil is indicated for the treatment of community acquired bacterial pneumonia and acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. In our study we aimed to determine the MIC values for vancomycin (VA), teicoplanin (TEC) and ceftaroline fosamil (CFT) in a collection of clinical MRSA isolates. Material/methods: MRSA strains (n=105) isolated from clinical specimens between 2012 and 2015 were included in the study. The isolates were identified with MALDI-TOF MS instrument (Bruker Daltonics, Germany). The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using VITEK 2 instrument (bioMérieux, France). Isolates stored at ‒80°C in cryo vials were retrieved and broth microdilution (BMD) was performed for CFT (Astra Zeneca), VA and TEC (Sigma) following the EUCAST methodology.
    [Show full text]
  • National Treatment Guidelines for Antimicrobial Use in Infectious Diseases
    National Treatment Guidelines for Antimicrobial Use in Infectious Diseases Version 1.0 (2016) NATIONAL CENTRE FOR DISEASE CONTROL Directorate General of Health Services Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Government of India CONTENTS Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7 Chapter 2. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9 Syndromic Approach For Empirical Therapy Of Common Infections.......................................................................................................... 9 A. Gastrointestinal & Intra-Abdominal Infections ......................................................................................................................................... 10 B. Central Nervous System Infections ........................................................................................................................................................... 13 C. Cardiovascular Infections .........................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Alternative Antibiotic Options for Potential Shortage of IV Co-Trimoxazole - No Shortage of Oral Co-Trimoxazole
    Alternative Antibiotic Options for Potential Shortage of IV Co-trimoxazole - no shortage of oral co-trimoxazole Indication for IV Cotrimoxaxole Alternative if no IV Co-trimoxazole available Guidance Follow IVOST guidance and step down to oral co-trimoxazole if possible. Complicated UTI/Pyelonephritis/Urosepsis Hospital Antibiotic Adult UTI in patients with pencillin allergy If IV required – use gentamicin alone (if MRSA risk add Vancomycin). Monitor patient (co-prescribed with IV gentamicin) closely (especially RF) and if deterioration or no improvement seek advice. Vancomycin/Gentamicin/Metronidazole (Replace gentamicin with aztreonam if patient not suitable for gentamicin and has Severe HAP penicillin allergy but without history of anaphylaxis or angioedema, otherwise replace Hospital Acquired Pneumonia in penicillin allergy and no renal impairment with ciprofloxacin: refer to Fluoroquinolones Warnings document) Step down to oral co-trimoxazole + metronidazole Use oral co-trimoxazole if oral route available. Antibiotic treatment and Antibiotic prophylaxis for variceal bleeding in prophylaxis of spontaneous patients with liver cirrhosis Use IV piperacillin/tazobactam if no oral route but step down to oral co-trimoxazole as bacterial peritonitis soon as oral route is available. Opportunistic Infections Treatment of Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP) Follow guidance for alternative options Aspiration pneumonia or early post-op As per severe option for penicillin allergy: ICU Infection Management pneumonia (non-severe) in penicillin allergy IV
    [Show full text]
  • Association Between Daptomycin Susceptibility and Teicoplanin Resistance in Staphylococcus Epidermidis
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Association between daptomycin susceptibility and teicoplanin resistance in Staphylococcus epidermidis Shinichi Watanabe1*, Yukinobu Kawakami2, Hiroshi Kimura2,3, Shinobu Murakami3, Hitoshi Miyamoto3, Shingo Takatori1, Koichiro Suemori 3, Mamoru Tanaka2, Akihiro Tanaka2, Keiko Tanaka4,5, Hisamichi Tauchi3, Jun Maki6, Hiroaki Araki7 & Takumi Yamaguchi1 Staphylococcus epidermidis infections are a common occurrence in hospitals, particularly in catheter- related bloodstream and surgical site infections and infective endocarditis. Higher daptomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values may be associated with daptomycin treatment failure among patients with S. epidermidis infections. We therefore conducted a retrospective cohort study to determine the predictive value of daptomycin susceptibility. A retrospective study was undertaken in 1,337 patients with S. epidermidis infections. Data were collected from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2016 at Ehime University Hospital, and included the following clinicopathological factors for evaluation: age, sex, resistance to vancomycin or teicoplanin, and history of antimicrobial therapy. Multiple analysis was performed using logistic regression to identify factors that independently and signifcantly afected the daptomycin resistance. Daptomycin-resistant S. epidermidis was identifed in 38 (2.8%) patients. According to the multiple analysis, only higher MIC values (≥16 mg/L) for teicoplanin (P < 0.0001) were independently associated with an increased risk of developing daptomycin resistance. In conclusion, higher teicoplanin MIC values may predict resistance to daptomycin treatment in S. epidermidis infections. Daptomycin, a cyclic polypeptide and a semisynthetic lipopeptide antibiotic, is derived from Streptomyces rose- osporus1. Te native molecule is anionic, although binding to the bacterial membrane and exploitation of the bactericidal activity that is typical of daptomycin require calcium.
    [Show full text]
  • Teicoplanin Versus Vancomycin for Proven Or Suspected Infection Meta-Análise Cochrane: Teicoplanina Versus Vancomicina Para Infecções Suspeitas Ou Confirmadas
    ORIGINAL ARTICLE Cochrane meta-analysis: teicoplanin versus vancomycin for proven or suspected infection Meta-análise Cochrane: teicoplanina versus vancomicina para infecções suspeitas ou confirmadas Diogo Diniz Gomes Bugano1, Alexandre Biasi Cavalcanti2, Anderson Roman Goncalves3, Claudia Salvini de Almeida4, Eliézer Silva5 ABSTRACT RESUMO Objective: To compare efficacy and safety of vancomycin versus Objetivo: Comparar eficácia e toxicidade da teicoplanina e da teicoplanin in patients with proven or suspected infection. vancomicina em pacientes com infecção suspeita ou confirmada. Methods: Data Sources: Cochrane Renal Group’s Specialized Métodos: Fontes de dados: Cochrane Renal Group’s Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, nephrology textbooks Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, livros de referência and review articles. Inclusion criteria: Randomized controlled trials e artigos de revisão. Critérios de inclusão: Ensaios clínicos in any language comparing teicoplanin to vancomycin for patients controlados randomizados em qualquer idioma, comparando with proven or suspected infection. Data extraction: Two authors teicoplanina e vancomicina em pacientes com infecção suspeita independently evaluated methodological quality and extracted data. ou confirmada. Extração de dados: Dois autores avaliaram a Study investigators were contacted for unpublished information. A qualidade metodológica dos estudos e extraíram os dados de forma random effect model was used to estimate the pooled risk ratio (RR) independente. Tentou-se obter dados não publicados diretamente with 95% confidence interval (CI).Results: A total of 24 studies (2,610 com os autores de cada trabalho. Usou-se um modelo de efeito patients) were included. The drugs had similar rates of clinical cure aleatório para estimar a razão de risco (RR) combinada, com um (RR: 1.03; 95%CI: 0.98-1.08), microbiological cure (RR: 0.98; 95%CI: intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%.Resultados: Foram incluídos 24 0.93-1.03) and mortality (RR: 1.02; 95%CI: 0.79-1.30).
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for Use of Teicoplanin
    GUIDELINES FOR USE OF TEICOPLANIN Written by: Dr Bala Subramanian, Consultant Microbiologist Date: July 2020 Approved by: Drugs & Therapeutics Committee Date: February 2021 Implementation Date: February 2021 For Review: February 2023 This document is part of antibiotic formulary guidance Formulary guidance holds the same status as Trust policy Introduction Teicoplanin is a useful glycopeptide antibiotic which is used to treat serious staphylococcal and streptococcal infections but has no gram negative activity. It has the advantage of requiring less frequent monitoring compared to vancomycin and is also less nephrotoxic. It is a large molecule so does not always penetrate certain tissues (e.g. lung and peritoneal fluid) so should only be used when other more effective agents, such as flucloxacillin, cannot be used. Excessive use may be associated with the emergence of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (GRE). Teicoplanin use is restricted to the indications in the Trust antibiotic guidelines. Therefore use outside Trust guidelines must be discussed with a Microbiologist (see Policy for Restricted Antimicrobials). It may be indicated in the following situations: 1) Treatment of MRSA infection (not colonisation) 2) Treatment of multi-resistant gram positive infection e.g. Enterococcus faecium, prosthetic device infection with coagulase-negative staphylococcus 3) Treatment of serious gram-positive infections in patients allergic to other antimicrobials Dosing (based on actual weight) Indication Dose Frequency Desired trough range Infections that are NOT 6mg/kg Pre 15 – 30 but <60mg/L considered serious or severe (e.g. skin & soft 12-hourly for first tissue infections) 3 doses (loading Serious infections (e.g. 10-12mg/kg dose) then 24- Bone & Joint: endocarditis, (maximum 1g) hourly thereafter Pre 20-40 but <60mg/L bacteraemia), severe if CrCl >80ml/min sepsis or septic shock and Endocarditis: deep seated infection Pre 30–40 but <60mg/L (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of the in Vivo Efficacy of Intramuscularly Administered
    Research letters common Gram-negative pathogens.1 To date, Phase III trials References using intravenous (iv) administration of ceftaroline fosamil 1 Fluit AC, Florijn A, Verhoef J et al. Presence of tetracycline resistance (herein after referred to as ceftaroline) have been completed determinants and susceptibility to tigecycline and minocycline. for complicated skin and skin structure infections and for Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 1636–8. community-associated pneumonia. 2 Hirata T, Saito A, Nishino K et al. Effects of efflux transporter genes on Pathogens such as MRSA are becoming more virulent and are 2 susceptibility of Escherichia coli to tigecycline (GAR-936). Antimicrob no longer confined to acute-care settings. Ceftaroline may be Agents Chemother 2004; 48: 2179–84. administered by both iv and intramuscular (im) routes, facilitat- 3 3 Petersen PJ, Jacobus NV, Weiss WJ et al. In vitro and in vivo ing outpatient antibiotic therapy for MRSA. Recently, Ge et al. antibacterial activities of a novel glycylcycline, the 9-t-butylglycylamido assessed the pharmacokinetic profile for iv and im ceftaroline derivative of minocycline (GAR-936). Antimicrob Agents Chemother treatment in different animal species, and demonstrated favour- 1999; 43: 738–44. able pharmacokinetic profiles following im administration. 4 Andrews JM. BSAC standardized disc susceptibility testing method Teicoplanin, a glycopeptide antibiotic, may be administered (version 8). J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 64: 454–89. either intravenously or intramuscularly and was used as a posi- 5 Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for tive control. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Fifteenth Informational Supplement The aim of the present study was to assess the in vivo activity Downloaded from M100-S15.
    [Show full text]