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The Ecology of Pieris Floribunda Benth. and Hook., an Ericad, in a Pine-Heath Community in the Great Smoky Mountains

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The Ecology of Pieris Floribunda Benth. and Hook., an Ericad, in a Pine-Heath Community in the Great Smoky Mountains University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 3-1968 The Ecology of Pieris floribunda Benth. and Hook., an Ericad, in a Pine-Heath Community in the Great Smoky Mountains Caroline Triplett Wingfield University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Wingfield, Caroline Triplett, "The Ecology of Pieris floribunda Benth. and Hook., an Ericad, in a Pine-Heath Community in the Great Smoky Mountains. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1968. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1478 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Caroline Triplett Wingfield entitled "The cologyE of Pieris floribunda Benth. and Hook., an Ericad, in a Pine-Heath Community in the Great Smoky Mountains." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Botany. Edward E. C. Clebsch, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: H. R. DeSelm, James D. Caponetti Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) December 15 , 1967 To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Caro l ine Triplett Wingfield ent itled "The Eco logy of Pier is flor ibunda Benth. and Hook ., an Ericad, in a Pine-Heath Community in the GreatSmoky Mounta ins." I recommend tha t it be accepted for eighteen qua rter hours of credit in partial fu lfillment of the requirement s for the degree of Master of Science, with a ma j or in Botany . ���c}_ f.c. &dJ Ma jor Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Accepted for the Council: (� a cL£L· Vice President for Graduate Studies and Research THE ECOlDGY OF PIERIS FLORIBUNDA BENTH . AND HOOK. , AN ERICAD, IN A PINE-HEATH COMMUNITY IN THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS A Thesis Presented to the Graduate Council of The University of Tennessee In Partial Fu lfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by Caroline Triplett Wingfie ld March 1968 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express sincere appreciation to the other graduate students in the Botany Department for their advice and criti­ cism of the thesis and for their assistance in comp leting the field work. Special thank s are extended to my father, Dr. Harvey N. Wingfield , Jr . and Mr. M. D. Kerby , Jr. for the chemical analysis of the so il samp les. For identif ication of the lichens in the study area , the author wishes to thank Mr. Isao Yoshimura . The au thor is grateful to her ma jor professor , Dr. Edward E. C. Clebsch , and also to Dr . H. R. DeS elm and Dr. James D. Caponetti for their criticism of the thesis. The he lp extended to the author by the staff of the Great Smoky Mountains Na tional Park is greatly appreciated. Travel necessary for this study was partially supported through contract No. 14- 10-0 117-634 between the National Park Service and The University of Tennessee. This assistance is gratefully acknow ledged. ii 769368 TABlE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE I. INTRODUCTION . 1 Objectives. 1 The Study Area . 1 Vegetational Studies. 9 II. METHODS 15 III. RESULTS 19 Frequency of Trees . 19 Density and Basal Area of Trees 21 Frequency and Density of Shrubs 25 Herbaceous Cover . 25 Pieris floribunda 27 Environmental Study 29 IV. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS . 43 V. SUMMARY .. 48 LITERATURE CI TED. 50 APPENDI XES . 54 A. PROCEDURE FOR THE PREPARATION OF SOI L SAMPlES 55 B. SUMMARY OF TREE TAXA IN DIAMETER CLASSES BY PWT. 57 C. SUMMARY OF SHRUB TAXA IN DIAMETER CLASS ES BY PWT 65 iii US T OF TABlES TABlE PAGE I. Per Cent Frequency of Tree Spec ies in the Tree Stratum, Under One Inch Diameter and As Seedlings ... .. 20 II. Mean Density Per Plot and Per Cent Total Basal Area of Trees in the Study Area 22 Ill. Species Present and The ir Frequency in the Herbaceous Cover 26 IV. The Mean, Standard Deviation and Range of Several Characters of Pieris floribunda ...... 28 V. Values of Components of Regress ion Equations of Temperatures . 37 VI . Soil Prof iles and pH Values from the Bullhead Trail Pine- Heath and a Pine-Heath at 2800 Feet Elevat ion Studied by McGinnis 40 VII . Available Cat ions of Soils in the Study Area. 41 iv LIST OF FI GURES FI GURE PAGE 1. Reproductive Structures of �ieris floribunda, Benth . and Hook. (a) Flower, X5; (b) Capsule, X4; (c) Seed, lOX (from Wood , C. E., 1961) ..... 4 2. World Distribution of the Genus Pieris (from Li, Hi-Lin, 1952) . 5 3. Pieris floribunda Growing Along Blue Ridge Parkway Near Mt . Pisgah, North Caro lina (S pring, 1967) .. 7 4. Bu llhead Trail in Study Area (Fall, 1966) . 10 5. Aerial Photograph of Bu llhead Trail in the Vicinity of the Study Area 16 6. A Comparison of Diameter Distribut ion of All Stems in Two Pine-Heath Stand s: the Study Area and a Stand Invest i- gated by Whit taker (1956) ..... 23 7. (a) Pinus pungens in Pine-Heath Community Studied by Whittaker ( 1956) . (b) P. pungens in Study Area... 24 8. Average Maximum Temperatures for Five Stat ions in Study Area for the One Foot Leve 1, Lit ter, and Soil .. 30 9. Average Minimum Tempe ratures for Five Stat ions in Study Area for the One Foot Leve 1, Litter, and Soil 31 10. Comparison of Average Maximum Temperatures for Three Areas in Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Park Headquarters , Study Area, and Newfound Gap . 33 v vi FI GURE PAGE ll. Comparison of Average Minimum Temperatures for Three Areas in Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Park Head- quarters, Study Area, and Newf ound Gap . 34 12 . Relation of Newfound Gap and Study Area Max imum (a) and Minimum (b) Temperatures . 35 13. Relation of Park Headquarters and Study Area Max imum (a) and Minimum (b) Temperatures 36 14 . A Comparison of the Cumulative Rainfall for Three Locat ions in Great Smoky Mountains Nat ional Park: Newfound Gap, Study Area, and Park Headquarters .... 39 I . INTRODUCTION Ob ject ives A member of the hea th family, Ericaceae, Pieris floribunda Benth. and Hook . is endemic to the Southern Appa lachian Mountains, its distribution being concentrated in the �igher elevations of the Great Smoky Mountains Nationa l Park. For ma ny years these small shrub s have been noted growing bes ide the tra ils in the Park in some of the most xeric habitats, especially pine-heath communities, along with other ericaceous plants. By close examination of the climatology, soils and associated vegetation of these habitats, it wa s hoped that some clues might be found as to what factors allow �- floribunda to survive and reproduce in these xeric habitats. Through investigation of the above and certain aspects of the autecology of Pier is, the vegetational role of this hea th shrub in this particular community might be clarified. The Study Are a The Great Smoky Mountains of we stern North Caro l ina and eas tern Tennessee are an area of great environmental and vegetational divers ity. Mt . LeConte , with a peak elevation of 6593 feet, is one of the highest mounta ins in the region. Located on it s western slooe is the Bul lhead, the site of this studv. Whittaker (1956) describes fif teen vegetation types as being present in the Great Smoky Mountains Na t iona l Park. The ma jority of l 2 these would be encountered on ascending Mt . LeConte . The pine-hea ths , with wh ich this paper is concerned , are characterized by pine woods with a dense understory of hea th shrubs . They are most frequent on southern exposures between 3000 and 4000 feet in eleva tion . These pine-heaths occur predominantly on ridges and may extend from the cove hardwood zone to the very lower limits of the spruce-fir zone. Such a wide distribution is to be seen on the Bul lhead Trail. The topo­ graphic distribut ion of these pine-heaths is compa rable to that of the hea th balds , but at a lower elevation than these (Cain , l93l a) . The parent rocks of most of the soils of the Grea t Smoky Mountains are quartzites , slates and sandstones (Hadley and Goldsmith, 1963) . Generally , the soils are acid with the greatest acidity occurring in the highest eleva tions and most exposed sites (W hittaker , 1956). Ca in (l93lb) found that a pine-heath at 3400 feet eleva t ion in the Great Smoky Mountains had an average soil depth of six inches and an average pH of 4.9 for the surface soils with a range from 5.6 to 4. 1, and an average pH of 5.0 for the subsoil with a range of 5.8 to 4. 5. The clima te of a pine-heath at an elevation of 4000 feet falls within the perhumid class of the Thornthwa ite (1948) climatic classi­ ficat ion . Precipitat ion at this eleva tion is between 78 inches and 89 inches per yea r, based on a five year mean (S hanks , 1954) .
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