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A Feminist Foreign Policy for the European Union

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A Feminist Foreign Policy for the European Union A FEMINIST FOREIGN POLICY FOR THE EUROPEAAN UNION By the Centre for FEMINISTFeminist Foreign Policy FOREIGN POLICY FOR THE EUROPEAN UNION By the Centre for Feminist Foreign Policy BY THE CENTRE FOR FEMINIST FOREIGN POLICY Authors: Nina Bernarding and Kristina Lunz with support in the editorial and research process by Marissa Conway and Damjan Denkovski. June 2020 The research was funded by The Greens/EFA. I Introduction p.11 1. Purpose of the Study p.11 2. Timing of the Study p.13 3. Limitations of the Study p.13 3.1 Lacking Consultations p.13 3.2 Definition of Foreign and Security Policy p.14 3.3 The Gendered Discourse on Foreign Policy II The Status Quo of Feminist Foreign Policy p.17 1. Feminist Foreign Policy in the World p.17 1.1 The Prevalence of Feminist Foreign Policies p.18 1.1.1 Sweden p.20 1.1.2 Canada p.21 1.1.3 France p.22 1.1.4 Mexico p.23 1.1.5 Criticism towards existing Feminist Foreign Policies p.24 1.2 Feminist Foreign Policy: A Framework p.24 1.3 State of the Art Research: Understanding Gender Equality in Foreign Policy Table p.26 2. Feminist Foreign Policy within of Contents of the EU External Action p.27 2.1 A Flawed Understanding of Gender and Gender Equality p.27 2.1.1 A Limited Understanding of Gender p.29 2.1.2 Equality for the Sake of Efficiency p.30 2.2 The Consequences: Flawed and Inconsistent Policies p.31 2.2.1 Gender-blind policies p.33 2.2.2. Lacking Policy Coherence and Flawed Under standing of Security III Moving Forward: A Feminist Foreign Policy for the EU p.39 1. Purpose of an EU Feminist Foreign Policy p.40 1.1 Priorities of an EU Feminist Foreign Policy p.40 1.2 Principles of an EU Feminist Foreign Policy p.41 2. Definition of an EU Feminist Foreign Policy p.42 3. Reach of an EU Feminist Foreign Policy p.42 3.1 Adapt and institutionalise an inclusive and comprehensive definition of gender p.43 3.2. Reverse the militarisation of EU external action and prioritise human security p.49 3.3. Actively pursue intersectional gender equality as a guiding principle of the EU external action p.51 3.4 Enhance Cooperation with and support to feminist civil society p.52 3.5 Show political leadership towards implementing a Feminist Foreign Policy, enhance institutional capacities to do so, and ensure institution-wide gender parity p.54 4. Intended Outcomes and Benchmarks to Achieve over Time p.54 5. Plan to Operationalise IV Conclusion p.57 V Annex p.61 Annex 1: Measures of Success p.62 Annex 2: External and Outcome Measures including respective Accountability Measures VI Bibliography p.65 IV Experts Interviewed p.77 List of Abbreviations CEDAW: CEDAW: Convention on theConvention Elimination on ofthe All Elimination Forms of All Forms of Discrimination of AgainstDiscrimination Women Against Women CFFP: CFFP: Centre for FeministCentre Foreign for Feminist Policy Foreign Policy COP25:CEDAW: COP25:CEDAW: 2019Convention United onNations the2019Convention Elimination Climate United onNationsChange ofthe All Elimination Climate ConferenceForms Change of All ConferenceForms CSDP: CSDP: Commonof Discrimination SecurityCommonof AgainstandDiscrimination Defence SecurityWomen Policy Againstand Defence Women Policy EBA:CFFP: EBA:CFFP: ExpertCentre Groupfor Feminist onExpertCentre Aid Foreign Studies Groupfor Feminist Policy on Aid Foreign Studies Policy EEAS:COP25: EEAS:COP25: European2019 United External NationsEuropean2019 Action Climate United ExternalService NationsChange Action ClimateConference Service Change Conference ENAAT:CSDP: ENAAT:CSDP: EuropeanCommon SecurityNetworkEuropeanCommon and against Defence SecurityNetwork Arms Policy Trade and against Defence Arms Policy Trade EPFEBA:: EPFEBA: : EuropeanExpert Group Peace on FacilityEuropeanExpert Aid Studies Group Peace on Facility Aid Studies EPLO:EEAS: EPLO:EEAS: European PeacebuildingExternalEuropean Action Liaison PeacebuildingExternalService Office Action Liaison Service Office ESDP:ENAAT: ESDP:ENAAT: European SecurityNetworkEuropean andagainst Defence SecurityNetwork Arms Policy Trade andagainst Defence Arms Policy Trade ESS:EPF: ESS:EPF : European SecurityPeace FacilityEuropean Strategy SecurityPeace Facility Strategy EU:EPLO: EU:EPLO: European PeacebuildingUnionEuropean Liaison PeacebuildingUnion Office Liaison Office EUSR:ESDP: EUSR:ESDP: European SecurityUnionEuropean Special and Defence Representative SecurityUnion Policy Special and Defence Representative Policy FIAP:ESS: FIAP:ESS: FeministEuropean International SecurityFeministEuropean Strategy Assistance International Security Policy Strategy Assistance Policy FFP:EU: FFP:EU: FeministEuropean Foreign UnionFeministEuropean Policy Foreign Union Policy GBA+:EUSR: GBA+:EUSR: Gender-basedEuropean Union AnalysisGender-basedEuropean Special Plus Representative Union (GBA+) Analysis Special Plus Representative (GBA+) HR/VP:FIAP: HR/VP:FIAP: HighFeminist Representative InternationalHighFeminist of Representative Assistancethe International Union Policyfor of Assistancethe Union Policyfor FFP: FFP: ForeignFeminist Affairs Foreign andForeignFeminist Policy Security Affairs Foreign Policy and Policy Security Policy IcSP:GBA+: IcSP:GBA+: InstrumentGender-based contributing AnalysisInstrumentGender-based Plus to Stability (GBA+)contributing Analysis and Plus Peace to Stability(GBA+) and Peace ICRW:HR/VP: ICRW:HR/VP: InternationalHigh Representative CenterInternationalHigh offor Representative the Research Union Center onfor Womenoffor the Research Union onfor Women Istanbul Istanbul Foreign Affairs andForeign Security Affairs Policy and Security Policy Convention:IcSP: Convention:IcSP: ConventionInstrument contributingon preventingConventionInstrument to and Stability contributingon combating preventing and Peace to and Stability combating and Peace ICRW: ICRW: violenceInternational against Center violenceInternationalwomen for andResearch against domestic Center women on Womenfor violence andResearch domestic on Women violence LGBTQI+:Istanbul LGBTQI+:Istanbul Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual,Lesbian, Transsexual, Gay, Bisexual, Queer, Transsexual, Intersex Queer, Intersex NAP:Convention: NAP:Convention: NationalConvention Action on preventing NationalConventionPlan (for Actionthe and on Implementation combating preventing Plan (for the and Implementation combating forviolence the UN against Security forviolencewomen theCouncil UN and against Security domesticResolution women Council violence 1325 and domesticResolutionon Women, violence 1325 on Women, LGBTQI+: LGBTQI+: PeaceLesbian, and Gay, Security) Bisexual,PeaceLesbian, and Transsexual, Gay, Security) Bisexual, Queer, Transsexual, Intersex Queer, Intersex NPT:NAP: NPT:NAP: TreatyNational on Action the Non-Proliferation TreatyNationalPlan (for on Actionthe the Implementation Non-Proliferation ofPlan Nuclear (for the Weapons Implementation of Nuclear Weapons NDCI: NDCI: Neighbourhood,for the UN Security Neighbourhood,forDevelopment theCouncil UN Security Resolution Development Council 1325 Resolutionon Women, 1325 on Women, andPeace International and Security)andPeace Cooperation International and Security) Instrument Cooperation Instrument ODA:NPT: ODA:NPT: OfficialTreaty on Development the Non-ProliferationOfficialTreaty Assistance on Development the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Assistance Weapons of Nuclear Weapons OECD:NDCI: OECD:NDCI: OrganisationNeighbourhood, for OrganisationNeighbourhood,DevelopmentEconomic Cooperation for DevelopmentEconomic and Cooperation Development and Development PESCO: PESCO: Permanentand International StructuredPermanentand Cooperation International Cooperation Structured Instrument Cooperation Cooperation Instrument SIDA:ODA: SIDA:ODA: Sweden’sOfficial Development InternationalSweden’sOfficial Assistance Development Development International Cooperation Assistance Development Agency Cooperation Agency SIPRI:OECD: SIPRI:OECD: StockholmOrganisation International forStockholmOrganisation Economic Peace CooperationInternational for Research Economic Instituteand Peace Cooperation Development Research Instituteand Development TPNW:PESCO: TPNW:PESCO: TreatyPermanent on the Structured ProhibitionTreatyPermanent Cooperation on of the Structured Nuclear Prohibition Weapons Cooperation of Nuclear Weapons SRE:SIDA: SRE:SIDA: SecretaríaSweden’s International de RelacionesSecretaríaSweden’s Development Exteriores International de Relaciones (Mexico) Cooperation Development Exteriores Agency (Mexico) Cooperation Agency UN:SIPRI: UN:SIPRI: StockholmUnited Nations InternationalStockholmUnited Nations Peace International Research Institute Peace Research Institute UNCTED:TPNW: UNCTED:TPNW: UnitedTreaty onNations the Prohibition Counter-TerrorismUnitedTreaty onNations of the Nuclear Prohibition Counter-Terrorism Weapons of Nuclear Weapons SRE: SRE: CommitteeSecretaría de Executive RelacionesCommitteeSecretaría Directorate Exteriores de Executive Relaciones (Mexico) Directorate Exteriores (Mexico) WILPF:UN: WILPF:UN: Women’sUnited Nations InternationalWomen’sUnited LeagueNations International for Peace League and Freedom for Peace and Freedom WIIS:UNCTED: WIIS:UNCTED: WomenUnited Nations In International Counter-TerrorismWomenUnited Nations InSecurity International Counter-Terrorism Security WPS: WPS: ‘Women,Committee Peace Executive and‘Women,Committee Security’ Directorate 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