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THESE De DOCTORAT D'état En Sciences Naturelles الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire وزارة التعليم العالي و البحث العلمي Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique جامعة منتوري قسنطينة Université Mentouri Constantine كلية علوم الطبيعة و الحياة Faculté des Sciences Département des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie N° d'ordre : 032/TG/2005 Série : 04/ Nat. / 2005 THESE de DOCTORAT d'ÉTAT en Sciences Naturelles Présentée par HAMRA-KROUA SALAH Pour obtenir Le grade de DOCTEUR EN SCIENCES NATURELLES Spécialité : ENTOMOLOGIE Sujet LES COLLEMBOLES (ARTHROPODA, HEXAPODA) DU NORD- EST ALGERIEN : TAXONOMIE, BIOGEOGRAPHIE ET ECOLOGIE Soutenue le 02/07/2005 Devant le jury : Président : DOUMANDJI SALAHEDDINE Prof. ENSA (INA) El-Harrach, Alger Rapporteur : ALATOU DJAMEL Prof. Univ. Mentouri Constantine Examinateurs : DEHARVENG LOUIS Prof. MNHN, Paris France SOLTANI NORÉDINE Prof. Univ.Badji Mokhtar Annaba HARRAT ABBOUD M.C. Univ. Mentouri Constantine BERCHI SELIMA M.C. Univ. Mentouri Constantine (Mise en ligne le : 14 / 11 / 2016) Ce travail consacré aux Collemboles du Nord-Est algérien est dédié : - A ma très chère Mère, toujours vivante dans ma mémoire, et à mon très cher Père - A mes Frères : Hocine, Chérif, Aziz et Ali, Martyrs de la Révolution - A ma femme Farida et tous nos enfants : Abderrahmane, Meriem, Souad, Houda - A mon frère Abderrezak. A Mr le Professeur Doumandji Salaheddine, mon enseignant en Post-Graduation et mon directeur de thèse de Magister A Mr le Professeur Michel Anciaux de Faveaux, fondateur de la Post-Graduation Entomologie à l'Université de Constantine. A Mr le Professeur Feu Claude Caussanel du MNHN, Directeur du Laboratoire d'Entomologie, Paris France, premier co-directeur de thèse. A Mme Feue Ghaffour Chaffia Bensebane, première Directrice de thèse A tous ceux, habitants anonymes des différentes localités et stations prospectées, qui m’ont aidé à réaliser ce travail. AVANT - PROPOS Ce travail a été réalisé dans le Département des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Laboratoire de Biosystématique et Ecologie des Arthropodes, Université Mentouri Constantine, Faculté des Sciences. Avant d'entamer ce travail, mes connaissances sur les Collemboles étaient très sommaires. Même dans l'enseignement d'Entomologie on ne donnait pas assez d'importance à ce groupe d'anciens Insectes. La tâche était très difficile, presque impossible. Pendant dix ans, j'étais seul face à un tabou, aucun zoologiste algérien ne s'y intéressait, aucune référence n'était disponible ou à ma portée. J'ai frappé à toutes les portes, on me rétorquait, laissez tomber ces maudits Collemboles, voyez ailleurs. Vouloir obstinément connaître les Collemboles, ancêtres des Insectes est pour moi un challenge, un défi contre l'ignorance grâce à l'aide inestimable du Prof. Louis Deharveng et d'autres. Je tiens à exprimer ma reconnaissance et ma gratitude à Monsieur le Professeur D.ALLATOU, qui a accepté de reprendre la direction de ma thèse dans les moments les plus difficiles qu'a connue la réalisation de ce travail. Pour ses conseils, sa patience ainsi que sa confiance, il trouve de ma part davantage de respect et d'amicale sympathie. Monsieur le Professeur DOUMANDJI SALAHEDINE, dont j'ai été l'élève au DE.A Entomologie et qui a dirigé ma recherche pour l'obtention du Magister et auprès duquel j'ai appris à mieux connaître les Insectes. L'honneur est pour moi de le revoir juger le présent travail et d'en présider. Qu'il trouve ici mes plus respectueux sentiments et toute ma reconnaissance. Monsieur le Professeur LOUIS DEHARVENG Directeur du Laboratoire de Structure, Origine et Evolution de la Biodiversité, MNHN, Paris. Je ne trouve pas les mots qu'il faut pour le remercier sauf que lui dire toute ma gratitude. "C'est grâce à vous que l'on connaît mieux les Collemboles d'Algérie". Eminent spécialiste, grand Taxonomiste, n'a pas hésité à m'apprendre les secrets de la Taxonomie des Collemboles, en me recevant dans son Laboratoire de Toulouse et celui de Paris. Son inestimable aide est pour beaucoup dans la réalisation de ce travail par l'identification de la plupart des espèces mais surtout pour la description de nouvelles espèces. Qu'il trouve ici ainsi que ANNE BEDOS, mes plus profonds sentiments d'amitiés, de reconnaissance et de respect. Monsieur le Professeur SOLTANI NOREDINE de l'Université de Annaba, pour avoir accepté de faire partie de ce jury. Sa présence m'honore, ses analyses, ses observations et ses remarques pertinentes sont toujours utiles et enrichissantes. Qu'il trouve ici toute ma reconnaissance et mon respect. Monsieur le Docteur HARRAT ABBOUD, pour son encouragement et pour avoir accepté de faire partie de ce jury. Qu'il trouve ici mon amicale sympathie. Le Docteur BERCHI SELIMA, Directrice du Laboratoire de Biosystématique et Ecologie des Arthropodes, collègue depuis plusieurs années, qu'elle retrouve ici mon respect et ma totale confiance. Monsieur le Professeur RAPHAËL JORDANA, Laboratoire de Zoologie et Ecologie, Université de Pomplona (Espagne), pour m'avoir accueilli dans son laboratoire, là ou beaucoup d'espèces ont été déterminées et décrites. Professeur JEAN FRANÇOIS PONGE du Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Paris VI, et Professeur JORGE PAULO CANCELA DA FONSECA pour l'aide qu'il m'ont apporté dans l'analyse statistique des résultats de ce Travail. Qu'ils trouvent ici ma plus sincère expression de reconnaissance et de respect. Je tiens à exprimer mon amicale sympathie à toutes et à tous, enseignants et collègues du Département des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Constantine. S O M M A I R E Page INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………….………….1 P R E M I E R E P A R T I E : D O N N E E S B I B L I O G R A P H I Q U E S CHAPITRE PREMIER : Données Générales Récentes sur les Collemboles…………3 I.- Morphologie.......................................................................................................................3 1.-Morphologie générale………………………………………………………………........4 1.1-La tête et ses annexes……………………………………………………………….......4 1.2-Le thorax…………………………………………………………………………….......5 2.-Morphologie externe……………………………………………………………………..7 2.1-Le tégument et ses formations………………………………………………………….7 2.2- Les soies, les écailles, les trichobothries et les sensilles………………………………8 2.2.1- Les soies……………………………………………………………………………….8 2.2.3- Les écailles…………………………………………………………………………...10 2.2.4- Les trichobothries…………………………………………………………………...10 2.2.5- Les sensilles…………………………………………………………………..............10 2.3.- Chétotaxie…………….….………………………………………………………......13 2.3.1- La tête…………………………………………………………………………...........13 2.3.2-La région céphalique….………………………………………………………….......17 2.3.3 –Thorax……………………………….…………………………………………….....18 2.3.4- Abdomen……………………………………………………………………………...19 II -Reproduction et développement…………………………………………………….....20 1- Reproduction…………………………………………………………………………….20 2- Appareil génital et cycle sexuel………………………………………………………...21 2.1-Le femelle……………………………………………………………………………….21 2.2- le Mâle………………………………………………………………………………….21 3.- Developpement………………………………………………………………………….22 3.1- Le développement embryonnaire…………………………………………………….22 3.2- Le développement larvaire…………………………………………………………....22 3.3- Modifications morphologiques réversibles…………………………………………..24 3.3.1- Epitoquie……………………………………………………………………………..24 3.3.2- Ecomorphose…………………………………………………………………….…...24 3.3.3- Cyclomorphoses……………………………………………………………………...26 4.-Adaptationsmorphologiques et physiologiques………………………………………..26 4.1- Adaptations physiologiques…………………………………………………………...26 4.1.1- Adaptations au froid………………………………………………………………....26 4.1.2- Adaptation à la dessication ou "anhydrobiose"…………………………………...26 4.1.3- Adaptation à l'innodation………………………………...………………………....27 4.1.4-Adapatationà la salinité………………………………………………………...........27 4.1.5- Adaptation à la vie cavernicole….. ………………………………………………...27 III- Phylogenèse et position systématique des Collemboles……………………………...28 1.-Phylogénèse……………………………………………………………………………....28 2.- Position systématique des Collemboles………………………………………………...34 2.1- Diverses approches de la systématique des Collemboles………………...…………..34 2.1.1- Systématique cladistique………………………………………………………….......34 2.1.2- Méthodes caryologiques et biochimiques…………………………………………....34 2.1.3- La systématique évolutive………………………………………………………….....35 2.1.4- Mise en place des caractères au cours du développement post-embryonnaire…....35 2.2- Classification traditionnelle.............................................................................................36 2.3-Nouvelles approches à caractères taxonomiques……………………………………....37 2.3.1- Chétotaxie antennaire…………………………………………………………….......37 2.3.2- Chétotaxie tibiotarsale……………………………………………………………......38 2.3.3- Chétotaxie dorsale………………………………………………………………….....39 2.3.4- Modèles des soies-S sur les tergites………………………………………………......39 2.3.5- Pièces buccales, labre et labium……………………………………………………...40 3-Classification actuelle des Collemboles…………………………………………………..41 4-Clés des ordres et des familles de Collemboles……………………………………...........45 4.1-Clé des ordres…….…………………………………………………………………….....45 4.2- Clé des familles………………………………………………………………………......47 IV– Biogéographie……………………………………………………………………….........50 1.-Répartition et éléments de biogéographie…………………………………………….......50 V- Ecologie des Collemboles……………………………………………………………….....54 1-Habitats et biotopes………………………………………………………............................54 2- La répartition des Collemboles dans leurs biotopes………………………………….......55 3.- Influence des facteurs édaphiques……………………………………………………......55
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