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Journal of Popular Education in Africa October, November & December 2020, Volume 4, Number 10, 11 & 12 ISSN 2523-2800 (Online) Citation: Malande, M

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Journal of Popular Education in Africa October, November & December 2020, Volume 4, Number 10, 11 & 12 ISSN 2523-2800 (Online) Citation: Malande, M Journal of Popular Education in Africa October, November & December 2020, Volume 4, Number 10, 11 & 12 ISSN 2523-2800 (online) Citation: Malande, M. J. O, Vikiru, L. I & Kebeya, H.U. (2020). Linguistic Manipulation in Design and Deployment of Abbreviations: Focusing on the Kenya Political Party Names Abbreviations (KPPNA). Journal of Popular Education in Africa. 4(10), 114 – 132. Linguistic Manipulation in Design and Deployment of Abbreviations: Focusing on the Kenya Political Party Names Abbreviations (KPPNA) By Dr. Moses James Olenyo Malande (PhD) Senior Lecturer in English and Linguistics Department of English Adi Keih College of Arts and Social Sciences University of Asmara The State of Eritrea-Horn of Africa [email protected] and [email protected] Dr. Lilian I Vikiru (PhD) Senior Lecturer in Communication, Languages and Linguistics Pan Africa Christian University Nairobi-Kenya Dr. Hildah U Kebeya (PhD) Senior Lecturer in English and Linguistics Department of Languages, Linguistics and literature, Kenyatta University Nairobi-Kenya Abstract This paper examines the language and linguistic resources applied in the creation/design of Kenya political party Names’ abbreviations (KPPNA). Kenya political party Names (KPPN) often obtain in abbreviations. This paper establishes the motivations or situational factors applied in the design of KPPNA. As a political tool, KPPNA is designed in a way that makes it appealing and memorable to the voters. Key Words KPPNA, Linguistic manipulation, distortions, linguistic choices and study 114 Copyright © 2020 African Society for Research on the Education of Adults (ASREA), Nairobi, Kenya http://www.jopea.org/index.php/current-issue Journal of Popular Education in Africa October, November & December 2020, Volume 4, Number 10, 11 & 12 ISSN 2523-2800 (online) Citation: Malande, M. J. O, Vikiru, L. I & Kebeya, H.U. (2020). Linguistic Manipulation in Design and Deployment of Abbreviations: Focusing on the Kenya Political Party Names Abbreviations (KPPNA). Journal of Popular Education in Africa. 4(10), 114 – 132. Linguistic Manipulation in Design and Deployment of Abbreviations: Focusing on the Kenya Political Party Names Abbreviations (KPPNA) By Dr. Moses J. O. Malande (PhD), Dr. Lilian I Vikiru (PhD) and Dr. Hildah U Kebeya (PhD) Introduction Generally abbreviations exist in ordinary Kenyans vocabulary. Significantly, abbreviations associated with Kenya political party names (KPPN) are one of the most recognizable items in our media and social discourse more so during the high octane Kenyan political campaigns. A voter’s ability to correctly identify a KPP abbreviation is of great importance since it is the one electoral tool that appears on the ballot paper. Granted, the design, choice and deployment of Kenya political party Name abbreviations (KPPNA) as a speech act therefore demands a lot of tact, strategy and even genius in order to engage the audience in a way that is meaningful for political expediency. The net effect is creation of KPPNA that easily capture the imagination of the electorate. This often demands a deliberate choice of a language (either Kiswahili or English) and linguistic tools (phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, socio-cultural and pragmatic) that would communicate the most desirable message. The language and linguistic tools often chosen would enable political operators create a KPPNA that is salable/marketable to unsuspecting electorate. As Habwe (2010) observes, ‘language used across Kenya is largely similar and political rallies are not a focus of completely new information but rather a focus of ideas which even the audience is aware of’ thus making the question of (language in use) bias notably irrelevant. The greatest asset for a politician is in oral performance; so are KPPNA created as easy to memorise catchphrases/ speech acts, rallying calls/clarion that capture the imagination of voters hence impacting their choices. Stevick (1976) opines that with ‘speech we design, create bridges and fight wars, express our deep feelings and our spiritual aspirations and even set forth our most subtle linguistic themes’ thus constructing or deconstructing reality by means of its semantic vocabulary which has direct political and social consequences in ‘decision making’ (Martínez, 2013). On methodology, this paper employs a morpho-semantic analytical framework espoused by Malande (2018:136-148) anchoring it on the general thoughts of O’Grady (2005: 234-235). The researchers have developed additional procedures to supplement analysis where we find Malande and O’Grady insufficient. As is demonstrated in our data analysis, we make a finding that KPPNA have a distinct and definable structure and style apparent in the lexis, syntax, textual and intertextual structures of discourse. These characteristics are valuable in classifying and describing political discourse inherent in KPPNA. 115 Copyright © 2020 African Society for Research on the Education of Adults (ASREA), Nairobi, Kenya http://www.jopea.org/index.php/current-issue Journal of Popular Education in Africa October, November & December 2020, Volume 4, Number 10, 11 & 12 ISSN 2523-2800 (online) Citation: Malande, M. J. O, Vikiru, L. I & Kebeya, H.U. (2020). Linguistic Manipulation in Design and Deployment of Abbreviations: Focusing on the Kenya Political Party Names Abbreviations (KPPNA). Journal of Popular Education in Africa. 4(10), 114 – 132. Statement of the problem This study looks at political party name abbreviations, an area generally overlooked by researchers on political discourse. It unearths the place of language in the morpho-semantic design and deployment of KPPNA. This study establishes that KPPNA carry meaning and studying their structure and meanings encoded in linguistic expressions-that are independent of their use on particular occasions by particular individuals within the speech community-is of great importance. Even though some KPPNA are ambiguous in everyday English, political operators use them to influence voters’ thinking for political expediency. This study make a finding that KPPNA have a distinct and definable structure and style apparent in the lexis, syntax, textual and intertextual structures of discourse. These characteristics are valuable in classifying and describing political discourse inherent in KPPNA. Literature review on political party names abbreviations This study reviewed literature on abbreviations from USA, India, Bangladeshi and Kenya. Cryptic crosswords-which often use abbreviations to clue individual letters or short fragments of the overall solution have too been reviewed (see Appendix 5). Political parties and organisations from USA, India, Bangladeshi and Kenya use abbreviations (see Appendix 1-4). The raw data reviewed from these sources can best is presented below. Data on these acronyms exhibit orthographic and phonological properties as shown in the raw data below: a) From USA i. FSR: Foreign Service Reserve (Officer)-orthographic ii. FSS: Foreign Service Staff (Officer)-orthographic iii. FSSO: Foreign Service Staff Officer-orthographic iv. FYROM: Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia-orthographic v. G-7: Group of Seven Industrial Countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, United States)-phonological vi. G-77: Group of 77-phonological vii. GDP: Gross Domestic Product-orthographic viii. GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade-phonological ix. GLOBE: Global Learning and Observation to Benefit the Environment-phonological x. GLOP: Globalisation Program (a program to insure that United States Foreign Service personnel)-phonological B From INDIA i. JKPDP Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party-orthographic ii. KC(M) Kerala Congress (M) -orthographic iii. JMM Jharkhand Mukti Morcha-orthographic C from Bangladeshi i. AL Awami League-orthographic ii. BCL Bangladesh Chhatra League-orthographic iii. BNP Bangladesh Nationalist Party-orthographic iv. JMB Jama’atul Mujahideen Bangladesh-orthographic 116 Copyright © 2020 African Society for Research on the Education of Adults (ASREA), Nairobi, Kenya http://www.jopea.org/index.php/current-issue Journal of Popular Education in Africa October, November & December 2020, Volume 4, Number 10, 11 & 12 ISSN 2523-2800 (online) Citation: Malande, M. J. O, Vikiru, L. I & Kebeya, H.U. (2020). Linguistic Manipulation in Design and Deployment of Abbreviations: Focusing on the Kenya Political Party Names Abbreviations (KPPNA). Journal of Popular Education in Africa. 4(10), 114 – 132. v. JP Jaitya Party (Ershad)-orthographic D From Crossword Cryptic crosswords often use abbreviations to clue individual letters or short fragments of the overall solution. These include: i. ICAO spelling alphabet: where Mike signifies M and Romeo R ii. Any conventional abbreviations found in a standard dictionary, such as: a. "current": AC (for "alternating current") b. less commonly, DC (for "direct current") c. or even I (the symbol used in physics and electronics) iii. "Books" for OT or NT, as in Old Testament or New Testament. iv. The days of the week; e.g.,TH for Thursday v. Roman numerals: for example the word "six" in the clue might be used to indicate the letters VI vi. The name of a chemical element may be used to signify its symbol; e.g., W for tungsten vii. Conventional abbreviations for US cities and states: for example, "New York" can indicate NY and "California" CA or CAL viii. "Sailor" for AB, abbreviation of able-bodied ix. "Take" for R, abbreviation of the Latin word recipe, meaning "take" x. Country
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