Journal of Popular Education in Africa October, November & December 2020, Volume 4, Number 10, 11 & 12 ISSN 2523-2800 (Online) Citation: Malande, M

Journal of Popular Education in Africa October, November & December 2020, Volume 4, Number 10, 11 & 12 ISSN 2523-2800 (online) Citation: Malande, M. J. O, Vikiru, L. I & Kebeya, H.U. (2020). Linguistic Manipulation in Design and Deployment of Abbreviations: Focusing on the Kenya Political Party Names Abbreviations (KPPNA). Journal of Popular Education in Africa. 4(10), 114 – 132.

Linguistic Manipulation in Design and Deployment of Abbreviations: Focusing on the Kenya Political Party Names Abbreviations (KPPNA)

Dr. Moses James Olenyo Malande (PhD) Senior Lecturer in English and Linguistics Department of English Adi Keih College of Arts and Social Sciences University of Asmara The State of Eritrea-Horn of Africa [email protected] and [email protected]

Dr. Lilian I Vikiru (PhD) Senior Lecturer in Communication, Languages and Linguistics Pan Africa Christian University Nairobi-Kenya

Dr. Hildah U Kebeya (PhD) Senior Lecturer in English and Linguistics Department of Languages, Linguistics and literature, Kenyatta University Nairobi-Kenya Abstract This paper examines the language and linguistic resources applied in the creation/design of Kenya political party Names’ abbreviations (KPPNA). Kenya political party Names (KPPN) often obtain in abbreviations. This paper establishes the motivations or situational factors applied in the design of KPPNA. As a political tool, KPPNA is designed in a way that makes it appealing and memorable to the voters.

Key Words KPPNA, Linguistic manipulation, distortions, linguistic choices and study

Linguistic Manipulation in Design and Deployment of Abbreviations: Focusing on the Kenya Political Party Names Abbreviations (KPPNA)

Dr. Moses J. O. Malande (PhD), Dr. Lilian I Vikiru (PhD) and Dr. Hildah U Kebeya (PhD)

Introduction Generally abbreviations exist in ordinary Kenyans vocabulary. Significantly, abbreviations associated with Kenya political party names (KPPN) are one of the most recognizable items in our media and social discourse more so during the high octane Kenyan political campaigns. A voter’s ability to correctly identify a KPP abbreviation is of great importance since it is the one electoral tool that appears on the ballot paper. Granted, the design, choice and deployment of Kenya political party Name abbreviations (KPPNA) as a speech act therefore demands a lot of tact, strategy and even genius in order to engage the audience in a way that is meaningful for political expediency. The net effect is creation of KPPNA that easily capture the imagination of the electorate. This often demands a deliberate choice of a language (either Kiswahili or English) and linguistic tools (phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, socio-cultural and pragmatic) that would communicate the most desirable message. The language and linguistic tools often chosen would enable political operators create a KPPNA that is salable/marketable to unsuspecting electorate. As Habwe (2010) observes, ‘language used across Kenya is largely similar and political rallies are not a focus of completely new information but rather a focus of ideas which even the audience is aware of’ thus making the question of (language in use) bias notably irrelevant. The greatest asset for a politician is in oral performance; so are KPPNA created as easy to memorise catchphrases/ speech acts, rallying calls/clarion that capture the imagination of voters hence impacting their choices. Stevick (1976) opines that with ‘speech we design, create bridges and fight wars, express our deep feelings and our spiritual aspirations and even set forth our most subtle linguistic themes’ thus constructing or deconstructing reality by means of its semantic vocabulary which has direct political and social consequences in ‘decision making’ (Martínez, 2013). On methodology, this paper employs a morpho-semantic analytical framework espoused by Malande (2018:136-148) anchoring it on the general thoughts of O’Grady (2005: 234-235). The researchers have developed additional procedures to supplement analysis where we find Malande and O’Grady insufficient. As is demonstrated in our data analysis, we make a finding that KPPNA have a distinct and definable structure and style apparent in the lexis, syntax, textual and intertextual structures of discourse. These characteristics are valuable in classifying and describing political discourse inherent in KPPNA.

Statement of the problem This study looks at political party name abbreviations, an area generally overlooked by researchers on political discourse. It unearths the place of language in the morpho-semantic design and deployment of KPPNA. This study establishes that KPPNA carry meaning and studying their structure and meanings encoded in linguistic expressions-that are independent of their use on particular occasions by particular individuals within the speech community-is of great importance. Even though some KPPNA are ambiguous in everyday English, political operators use them to influence voters’ thinking for political expediency. This study make a finding that KPPNA have a distinct and definable structure and style apparent in the lexis, syntax, textual and intertextual structures of discourse. These characteristics are valuable in classifying and describing political discourse inherent in KPPNA.

Literature review on political party names abbreviations This study reviewed literature on abbreviations from USA, India, Bangladeshi and Kenya. Cryptic crosswords-which often use abbreviations to clue individual letters or short fragments of the overall solution have too been reviewed (see Appendix 5). Political parties and organisations from USA, India, Bangladeshi and Kenya use abbreviations (see Appendix 1-4). The raw data reviewed from these sources can best is presented below. Data on these acronyms exhibit orthographic and phonological properties as shown in the raw data below: a) From USA i. FSR: Foreign Service Reserve (Officer)-orthographic ii. FSS: Foreign Service Staff (Officer)-orthographic iii. FSSO: Foreign Service Staff Officer-orthographic iv. FYROM: Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia-orthographic v. G-7: Group of Seven Industrial Countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, United States)-phonological vi. G-77: Group of 77-phonological vii. GDP: Gross Domestic Product-orthographic viii. GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade-phonological ix. GLOBE: Global Learning and Observation to Benefit the Environment-phonological x. GLOP: Globalisation Program (a program to insure that United States Foreign Service personnel)-phonological B From INDIA i. JKPDP Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party-orthographic ii. KC(M) Kerala Congress (M) -orthographic iii. JMM Jharkhand Mukti Morcha-orthographic C from Bangladeshi i. AL Awami League-orthographic ii. BCL Bangladesh Chhatra League-orthographic iii. BNP Bangladesh Nationalist Party-orthographic iv. JMB Jama’atul Mujahideen Bangladesh-orthographic 116 Copyright © 2020 African Society for Research on the Education of Adults (ASREA), Nairobi, Kenya http://www.jopea.org/index.php/current-issue

v. JP Jaitya Party (Ershad)-orthographic D From Crossword Cryptic crosswords often use abbreviations to clue individual letters or short fragments of the overall solution. These include: i. ICAO spelling alphabet: where Mike signifies M and Romeo R ii. Any conventional abbreviations found in a standard dictionary, such as: a. "current": AC (for "alternating current") b. less commonly, DC (for "direct current") c. or even I (the symbol used in physics and electronics) iii. "Books" for OT or NT, as in Old Testament or New Testament. iv. The days of the week; e.g.,TH for Thursday v. Roman numerals: for example the word "six" in the clue might be used to indicate the letters VI vi. The name of a chemical element may be used to signify its symbol; e.g., W for tungsten vii. Conventional abbreviations for US cities and states: for example, "New York" can indicate NY and "California" CA or CAL viii. "Sailor" for AB, abbreviation of able-bodied ix. "Take" for R, abbreviation of the Latin word recipe, meaning "take" x. Country codes: "Switzerland" can indicate the letters CH When we come to design and deployment of KPPNA, the study reviews works on morphosemantics and political discourse. For O’Grady (2005), semantics should concern itself with a broad range of phenomena, including the nature of meaning (connotation-associations, denotation-referents, extensions, intensions, and componential analysis), the role of the syntactic structure in the interpretation of sentences, and the effects of pragmatics in the understanding of utterances. In addition, it should identify the types of relations (such as semantic relations among words-synonymy, antonyms, polysemy and homophony-which creates lexical ambiguity and semantic relations involving sentences-paraphrase, ellipsis, deletions, entailment, and contradiction), mechanisms and principles involved in understanding of language. These include the notions of extension and intension in the case of word meaning, thematic roles in the case of Noun Phrases, the c-command in the case of pronouns. Other factors known to be involved in utterance interpretation include constructional meaning, the speakers and hearers’ background beliefs (as manifested, for example, in presuppositions), the context provided by setting of discourse, and the maxims associated with cognitive principle. O’Grady’s views have been applied on the morpho-analysis of KPPNA. Ngonyani (2006) examines the lexical innovations in post-colonial political discourse in Tanzania demonstrating how it facilitates the understanding of concepts, performs strategic functions such as group solidarity, persuasion, justification or legitimizing of some choices, and deligitimizing of competing choices. In his study Ngonyani not only demonstrates how metaphors (abbreviations in our case) may yield an understanding of the knowledge base embedded in terminology but also raises awareness of imagery in political discourse and an understanding on how this vital rhetorical tool can be harnessed. 117 Copyright © 2020 African Society for Research on the Education of Adults (ASREA), Nairobi, Kenya http://www.jopea.org/index.php/current-issue

Oduori (2002) states that Language and more specifically lexical choices (take KPPNA in our case) is a powerful weapon that can be manipulated by a certain group (such as Kenyan politicians) to show its satisfaction with or advance certain political party goals with the intent of amassing popular support. The word choices (KPPNA) made can be effectively used to change a people way of thinking and acting (voting) and hence their attitude towards/against a certain KPPN. Political leaders have a lot of influence on the society and many of their followers and supporters believe in what they say. This belief is a result of certain actions arising from certain KPPNA is associated with them and which form the basis of their political belief that hardly changes. Wairagu (2001) looks at language and politics in Kenya. Language is closely related to politics in many ways: in the formation of states and political boundaries as a source of divisions in plurilingual or multilingual societies, or as a series of domains for policy choices. He observes that Language may either help or be an obstacle to state formation and progressive development.

THE ROLE OF Language in Kenya political party Name Abbreviations (KPPNA) Abbreviations are a general term which refers to linguistic features such as: a) Acronyms-Such as POA, KENDA, etc. b) Curtailments generally refer to curbs, limitations, restrictions, shortenings, reductions, decreases, cuttings, etc. Curbs are verges, edges, waysides, pavements, hard shoulder, controls, limits and restrictions. c) Contractions-refers to reductions, shrinkages, retrenchments, tightening, narrowing, shriveling, withering, slimming down, etc. d) Ellipses-such as DP for Democratic Party of Kenya In linguistic study, abbreviations can be grouped according to their phonological and orthographic characteristics. They can be pronounced either by naming each individual letter (so- called initialisms or Alphabetisms) or be spelled with either capital or lower-case letters. The most prominent class of abbreviations is the Acronyms. Prasad (2008) identifies three types of acronyms in English: i. Whose sequence of initial letters is pronounced as letters. Examples include: WHO, EU, AU, EAC, etc. Under KPPNA we have CCU, UDM, PDP, etc. ii. Those whose sequences of initial letters are pronounced as words. Examples include UNESCO, UNICEF, ECOWAS, etc. Under KPPNA we have KANU, KADDU, etc. KPPNA abbreviations occur in the above boundaries in addition to disabusing clearly spelt grammatical rules. Our study yielded subtle ways in which politicians manipulate language in creation of KPPNA. They include: a) Manipulation of language for phonetic purposes (Homophony) in order to achieve semblance (likeness) with existing KPPNA. Examples: In 2002, NAK was formed as a coalition by DP, SDP and FORD-Kenya as a response to the merger between KANU and NDP. Later, a Rainbow rebellion group (coalescing under LDP broke away from KANU) merging with NAK to form NARC. This was a ploy to form a grand 118 Copyright © 2020 African Society for Research on the Education of Adults (ASREA), Nairobi, Kenya http://www.jopea.org/index.php/current-issue

coalition to defeat KANU at the 2002 General Elections which had the same pronunciation in order to market it easily in both NAK and LDP (Rainbow alliance) strongholds. Notably, the similarities in pronunciation (homophony) of National Rainbow coalition (NARC) and National Alliance party of Kenya (NAK). b) Manipulating word categories by giving some function words equal status/ weight to content words while crafting abbreviations. Some KPPs have paced the definite article-the, to the level of content words. Example: i. The National Alliance is abbreviated as TNA. ii. The Independent Party is abbreviated as TIP. *In some modern syntactic theories, The NPs-The Independent Party and The National Alliance- are determiner phrases (DP) headed by a determiner the (which may be null), and they are thus no longer have the noun as headword. c) KPPN which have a mix of names and abbreviations i. NEW FORD KENYA-FORD refers to Forum for the Restoration of Democracy ii. NARC-KENYA-NARC refers to National Rainbow Coalition. iii. FORD-ASILI-FORD refers to Forum for the Restoration of Democracy. iv. NEW FORD KENYA-FORD refers to Forum for the Restoration of Democracy. v. NEW KANU-Kenya African Democratic Union. vi. VIPA progressive alliance-VIPA reference unknown d) KPPN Acronyms are formed from the initial letters of a set of other words. i. KANU - Kenya African National Union ii. KENDA- Kenya National Democratic Alliance iii. KADDU- Kenya African Democratic Development Union iv. ARK-Alliance for Real Change v. PICK- Party of Independent Candidates of Kenya vi. POA- Party of Action e) Language resources such as ellipsis and shortenings are a common feature in the construction of KPPNA. Here again KPPNA crafters demonstrate lack of a clear convention on which word or phrase one should delete or drop/ shorten. Examples: A. We have cases where the definite article ‘the’ is dropped or itemized (see examples of TNA and TIP in b above). But in many cases it is dropped. Examples: i. NVP- The National Vision Party ii. LPK- The Labour Party of Kenya

B. The word ‘PARTY’ Example, MSS- MZALENDO SABA SABA Party

C. The word ‘KENYA’ DP- Democratic Party of Kenya

i. RC-Republican Congress Party of Kenya. ii. SDP- Social Democratic Party of Kenya *Now contrast the above examples by comparing them with following abbreviations against their names whose names haven’t been shortened/ deleted/ trimmed: i. NPK- National Party of Kenya ii. PPPK- Peoples Patriotic Party of Kenya iii. TNA-The National Alliance f) KPPN acronyms can remain essentially 'Alphabetisms' or ‘Initialisms’ where the pronunciation consists of the set of letters. Examples: i. NVP The National Vision Party ii. LPK The Labour Party of Kenya iii. GNU Grand National Union iv. MP Mwangaza Party v. UDFP United Democratic Forum Party vi. ODM Orange Democratic Movement g) KPPN are often designed to have their acronym represent an appropriate term. Example: Coalition for Reform and Democracy (CORD) is a coalition bringing together ODM, WDM-K, and FORD-Kenya. In 2013, these parties pledged to work out as one united team or rather work in one accord. At the unveiling of the coalition, CORDs three principals Raila Odinga (ODM), Kalonzo Musyioka (WDM) and Moses Wetangula (FORD-Kenya) introduced themselves holding their arms together as a string or chain. This was to communicate a united front. CORD as a word means a string, a thread, lead, twine, rope, cable and flex. With the principals’ political base emanating from Nyanza/ Nairobi, Eastern and Western regions, CORD, would politically unite/ string/ flex/ cable the Kenyan communities together. This new acronym-CORD came into general use so quickly that many speakers do not think of its component meanings-Coalition of Reform and Democracy. The statement ‘we are CORD-ed’ has gained footing in Kenyan political discourse. h) Some KPPN resemble their abbreviations; the name and its abbreviations are one and the same. i. SAFINA ii. NARC-KENYA iii. FORD-ASILI i) Some abbreviations are simply numerals for party name. Such numbers signify important dates in Kenyans initially peaceful then turned violent demonstrations while clamoring for the re-introduction of multi-party democracy. Those demos were held on 7/7/1991 alternatively named saba saba (Swahili for ‘seven seven’) day. Example: 77 SABA SABA ASILI i.e. SABA SABA is Swahili for Seven Seven. j) Some abbreviations may come to resemble blends by combining larger sets of initial syllables. However, such forms still differ crucially from proper blends in that they

neither obey the three pertinent prosodic constraints, nor do they necessarily show the semantic property of blends described above. FOREPA-Forum for Republican Party. k) The spelling and pronunciation of abbreviations offer interesting perspectives on the formal properties of these words. Acronyms, being pronounced like regular words, must conform to the phonological patterns of English or Kiswahili. For Example: I. KANU follows the Kiswahili syllable structure of CVCV. KANU is basically a Swahili acronym even though the initials denote an English language syllabic structure. The crafters of such acronym thus had the Kenyan voter in mind. However, it is fair to say that NATO (Northern Atlantic Treaty Organisation) is an English acronym that could largely pass as a Kiswahili name. NATO as an organization made up of both English and non-English speaking nations. II. FORD, CORD, PICK, and ARK acronyms largely agree with English syllabic structures. l) Sometimes abbreviations are formed in such a way as to yield not only pronounceable words (i.e. acronyms), but also words that are homophonous to existing words. This is often done for marketing or publicity reasons, especially in those cases where the homonymous word carries a meaning that is intended to be associated with the referent of the acronym. Consider the following examples: a) ARK-Alliance for Real Change b) PICK- Party of Independent Candidates of Kenya c) POA- Party of Action d) FORD-Forum for Restoration of Democracy NOTE *It is important to note that SAFINA is Kiswahili term for ARK. On face value, here again language is manipulated by simply changing language. SAFINA crafted in Kiswahili whereas ARK English. However, it’s necessary to point out that the genesis of the two names is different – ARK is an acronym which evokes an inspiring political message, while SAFINA is the name whose meaning carries the connotation of rescuing. i. POA i.e. Party of Action makes use of a popular sheng-a Kenyan urban youth slang-word poa which means OK, no problem, fine, good, etc. Such attributes were expected to be transferred to the new party. ii. FORD i.e. Forum for Restoration of Democracy, which latter splintered in to several daughter parties was formed in 2001 to ostensibly challenge KANUs hegemony as the only vehicle to political power and emancipation. They may have incidentally or deliberately formed a body with a name similar to the legendary American car, FORD, which is known for speed, reliability, efficiency, durability, class, etc. These attributes were to be transferred to the new entity.

iii. PICK i.e. knowing a Kenyan politician it wouldn’t be surprising if the Party of Independent Candidates of Kenya (PICK) was simply designed to ask voters to pick her candidates-The wordplay, a feature in KPP structure noticeable.

m) KPP data shown above implies political discourse, in that participants consider it important to name a phenomenon in a particular way in order to win a political argument. The assumption underlying such a strategy is that the name used for a given phenomenon will influence the language user’s concept of and attitude towards that phenomenon. The examples of ARK, FORD and CORD also raise the question of whether abbreviations are new lexemes or simply new surface forms, i.e. allomorphs, of the same lexeme. In the case of ARK, FORD and CORD we could argue that the abbreviation is not completely identical in meaning to the base word because the abbreviation carries a different connotation, hence a new lexeme has been created by abbreviating the base word. *Certainly, many abbreviations do not show a meaning difference with regard to their base words and would therefore best be analyzed as variant realizations, i.e. allomorphs, of their base lexemes. n) Truncation features in KPPN and abbreviations which may be completely overshadowed by a popular word or symbol. For example: The name wiper in Wiper Democratic Movement-Kenya is widely known than abbreviation WDM whereas symbol bus overshadows Alliance Party of Kenya’s APK abbreviation. The two are commonly called wiper and the bus party. o) Similar arguments could be invoked in those cases where the use of the abbreviation indicates a social meaning, similar to that of clippings. Thus, within certain groups of speakers, the use of an abbreviation can be taken as a marker of social identity: speaker and listener(s), but not outsiders, know what the speaker is talking about. For example: i. AP- AGANO PARTY; AP stand for administration police, an elite unit that serves Kenyans from grassroots to the international borders. ii. MP- Muungano Party: MP stands for Member of Parliament one of the highest sought after elective position in Kenyan politics. Such abbreviations are meant to ride on a known political position. E.g. ‘Vote in all MP candidates.’ As vague as it may sound could attract attention. iii. CCM-CHAMA CHA MWANANCHI; CCM is a widely known abbreviation for the Tanzanian ruling mass party CHAMA CHA MAPINDUZI (CCM). Note: Deletion, omission and addition of words or phrases together with elevation of functional words to content words status display a case of determiner phrases (DP) that are headed by a determiner the (which may be null), thus no longer have the noun as headword.

Word play in some instances becomes the order of the day. This in pure linguistic terms is a deviation from the norm on KPPNA structure thus inviting an interest on the manipulating language for political purposes. It is important to note here that there is neither laid down rule nor convention in the creation of KPPNA. KPP abbreviations distortions Virtually all major KPPN (ODM, PNU, JP, URP, and TNA) suffer from abbreviations distortions. Such distortions are either from within the party-used as praise or from competitors- usually a negative tease in this case. KPPNA distortion mostly occurs as a feature of political teasing across all political divides. Below we provide examples of KPPNA that suffer from distortions specifically designed by their competitors. a) PNU, JP, URP, and TNA also suffer from abbreviations distortions which are mostly character-related attacks on key political leaders. Examples: i. JP-Jackpot Party ii. URP-Uhuru Ruto Party iii. PNU-Pitia Nyeri Uone (passby Nyeri and face it) iv. TNA-Tuko Na Agwambo v. Jubilee (pamoja, uhuruto, Amani) b) ODM suffers from many abbreviations distortions which all revolve around the party leader. Three of them are personal or character-related attacks on ODM party leader Raila Odinga while one. i. ODM-Odinga Democratic Movement ii. ODM-Ondoa Demokrasia Mbovu (remove bad democracy) iii. ODM-Odinga Danganya Mudavadi (Odinga deceive or lie to Mudavadi) iv. ODM-Odinga Dandia Mat (Odinga board a matatu-PSV vehicle-ostensibly to get votes) v. ODM-Odinga Danganya Mjinga (Odinga lie to or deceive a fool) Conclusion a) KPPNA have a distinct and definable structure and style apparent in the lexis, syntax, textual and intertextual structures of discourse. These characteristics are valuable in classifying and describing political discourse inherent in KPPNA. b) KPPNA can be studied linguistically c) KPPNA are political tools that can’t be linguistically manipulated d) All KPPs are teasingly distorted e) KPPNA, just like KPPN, lack a clear convention in crafting/ formation, thus opening the door for a linguistic manipulation. Recommendations a) There is need for a convention in the creation of KPPN b) Further studies be carried out on the role of KPPNA in determining electoral outcomes

References BEARD, A. (2000). The Language of Politics, London: Routledge. Electoral Commission of Kenya (1997).1997 General Election Report. Nairobi: ECK. Anniversary Towers. Nairobi. Electoral Commission of Kenya (2002). Voters Register. Nairobi: ECK. HABWE J H (2000). Dialogue Drama in Kenyan Political Speeches and its Pragmatic Implications Nordic Journal of African Studies 19(3): 165–180 Dobrovolsky, M (2005) Animal Communication: in Contemporary Linguistics-An Introduction 5edn by O’Grady, W, John, A, Mark, A & Janie R-M. Bedford/ St. Martin’s. New York. KING'EI G. K. (2002). The swahilization of kenya's socio–political culture. AAP 72 (2002)-swahiliforumix"• 135-142. LYONS, J. (1984). Language and Linguistics: An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP. Malande, MJO (2018) A Linguistic Study of Kenyan Political Party Names, Symbols, Colours and Slogans. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Kenyatta University: Nairobi, Kenya. Martínez, S. P. (2013). Deconstructing Society through Language: A Grammatical Perspective in International Journal of Languages and Literatures 1(1); July 2013 pp. 1-5 www.aripd.org/ijll Martínez, S. P. (2013). Deconstructing Society through Language: A Grammatical Perspective in International Journal of Languages and Literatures 1(1); July 2013 pp. 1-5 www.aripd.org/ijll Ngonyani, D S (2006) Lexical Innovation in Tanzania’s Political Discourse in KISWAHILI: Journal of Institute of Kiswahili Research. Juz.69 pp 1-22. Dare salaam. TUKI NDI (2009). Final Report on the Bangladesh 2008/2009 Elections, National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. June 2009 O’Grady, W. (2005) Semantics: The Analysis of Meaning in Contemporary Linguistics-An Introduction 5edn by O’Grady, W, John, A, Mark, A & Janie R-M. Bedford/ St. Martin’s. New York. Onysko, A and Sascha, M (Eds) (2010). Cognitive Perspectives on Word Formation: Trends in Linguistics. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/New York. Plag, I (2003): Word Formation in English, CUP, Cambridge. Prasad, T. (2008): A Course in Linguistics. Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi. VAN DIJK, T. (1993): “Principles of critical discourse analysis”, Discourse & Society Internet Sources www.iebc.ke.org. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossword_abbreviations 3:45pm, 12.10.2020 en.wikipedia.org/w/index. POLITICAL PARTY ABBREVIATIONS 3:45pm, 12.10.2020 file://C:/Users/acronyms2008party_lables.pdf 3:45pm, 12.10.2020 file://C:/Users/acronyms.pdf 3:45pm, 12.10.2020 file://C:/Users/acronymsUSA.pdf 3:45pm, 12.10.2020 tutorialspoint.com/abbreviations/abbreviations_political_parties.htm3:45pm, 12.10.2020

APPENDIX 1: Abbreviations –Indian Political Parties The following are the commonly used short name for all Indian political parties. Sr. No. Acronym Full Form

1 AAP Aam Aadmi Party

2 AGP Asom Gana Parishad

3 AIADMK All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

4 AIFB All India Forward Bloc

5 AIMIM All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen

6 AINRC All India N.R. Congress

7 AITC All India Trinamool Congress

8 AIUDF All India United Democratic Front

9 AJSU All Jharkhand Students Union

10 BJD Biju Janata Dal

11 BJP Bharatiya Janata Party

12 BPF Bodoland People's Front

13 BSP Bahujan Samaj Party

14 CPI Communist Party of India

15 CPI-M Communist Party of India (Marxist)

16 DMK Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

17 GFP Goa Forward Party

18 HJC Haryana Janhit Congress

Sr. No. Acronym Full Form

20 INC Indian National Congress

21 INLD Indian National Lok Dal

22 IUML Indian Union Muslim League

23 JD(S) Janata Dal (Secular)

24 JD(U) Janata Dal (United)

25 JKNC Jammu & Kashmir National Conference

26 JKNPP Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party

27 JKPDP Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party

28 JMM Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

29 JVM(P) Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)

30 KC(M) Kerala Congress (M)

31 LJP Lok Janshakti Party

32 MGP Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party

33 MNF Mizo National Front

34 MNS Maharashtra Navnirman Sena

35 MPC Mizoram People's Conference

36 MSCP Manipur State Congress Party

37 NCP Nationalist Congress Party

38 NPF Naga People's Front

39 NPP National People's Party

Sr. No. Acronym Full Form

40 PMK Pattali Makkal Katchi

41 PPA People's Party of Arunachal

42 RJD Rashtriya Janata Dal

43 RLD Rashtriya Lok Dal

44 RLSP Rashtriya Lok Samta Party

45 RSP Revolutionary Socialist Party

46 SAD Shiromani Akali Dal

47 SDF Sikkim Democratic Front

48 SJP Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)

49 SKM Sikkim Krantikari Morcha

50 SP Samajwadi Party

51 SS Shiv Sena

52 TDP Telugu Desam Party

53 TRS Telangana Rashtra Samithi

54 UDP United Democratic Party

55 YSRCP YSR Congress Party

56 ZNP Zoram Nationalist Party

Appendix 2: List of abbreviations from Bangladesh 2009 Electioneering process AL Awami League BCL Bangladesh Chhatra League BNP Bangladesh Nationalist Party BEC Election Commission CTG Caretaker Government EPO Emergency Powers Ordinance EPR Emergency Powers Rules EWG Election Working Group HC High Court JMB Jama’atul Mujahideen Bangladesh JP Jaitya Party (Ershad NDI National Democratic Institute RAB Rapid Action Battalion RPO Representation of the People’s Order USAID United States Agency for International Development (Source National Democratic Institute for International Affairs June 2009)

Appendix 3 America Acronyms FSR: Foreign Service Reserve (Officer) FSS: Foreign Service Staff (Officer) FSSO: Foreign Service Staff Officer FTE: Full Time Equivalent (of a fully-funded United States government position) FTZ: Foreign Trade Zone FUD: Friends of Urban Development FYROM: Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia G-7: Group of Seven Industrial Countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, United States) G-8: G-7 plus Russia G-77: Group of 77 GAB: General Agreements to Borrow GAO: Government Accounting Office GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GDP: Gross Domestic Product GGI: Office of the Geographer and Global Issues* GLCM: Ground-Launched Cruise Missile GLOBE: Global Learning and Observation to Benefit the Environment GLOP: Globalisation Program (a program to insure that United States Foreign Service personnel would serve in several regions of the world) (source: The Library of Congress | American Memory Frontline Diplomacy: The Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training)

Appendix 4 Crossword abbreviations Cryptic crosswords often use abbreviations to clue individual letters or short fragments of the overall solution. These include: a) Any conventional abbreviations found in a standard dictionary, such as: a. "current": AC (for "alternating current"); less commonly, DC (for "direct current"); or even I (the symbol used in physics and electronics) b) Roman numerals: for example the word "six" in the clue might be used to indicate the letters VI c) The name of a chemical element may be used to signify its symbol; e.g., W for tungsten d) The days of the week; e.g.,TH for Thursday e) Country codes: "Switzerland" can indicate the letters CH f) ICAO spelling alphabet: where Mike signifies M and Romeo R g) Conventional abbreviations for US cities and states: for example, "New York" can indicate NY and "California" CA or CAL. h) The abbreviation is not always a short form of the word used in the clue. For example: i) "Knight" for N (the symbol used in chess notation) j) Taking this one stage further, the clue word can hint at the word or words to be abbreviated rather than giving the word itself. For example: k) "About" for C or CA (for "circa"), or RE. l) "Say" for EG, used to mean "for example". m) More obscure clue words of this variety include: n) "Model" for T, referring to the Model T. o) "Beginner" or synonyms such as "novice" or "student" for L, as in L-plate. p) "Bend" for S or U(as in "S-bend" and "U-bend") q) "Books" for OT or NT, as in Old Testament or New Testament. r) "Sailor" for AB, abbreviation of able-bodied. s) "Take" for R, abbreviation of the Latin word recipe, meaning "take". (Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)

APPENDIX 5 IEBC LIST OF REGISTERED KPP INDEPENDENT ELECTORAL AND BOUNDARIES COMMISSION (IEBC) REGISTERED POLITICAL PARTIES 2015 ABBREVIATIONS PARTY NAME NARC-KENYA NARC-KENYA NVP THE NATIONAL VISION PARTY LPK THE LABOUR PARTY OF KENYA GNU GRAND NATIONAL UNION MP MWANGAZA PARTY UDFP UNITED DEMOCRATIC FORUM PARTY PICK PARTY OF INDEPENDENT CANDIDATES OF KENYA RBK RESTORE AND BUILD KENYA KNC KENYA NATIONAL CONGRESS MGPK MAZINGIRA GREENS PARTY OF KENYA NDM NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT WDM-K WIPER DEMOCRATICOVEMENT- KENYA DP DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF KENYA PNU PARTY OF NATIONAL UNITY POA PARTY OF ACTION APK ALLIANCE PARTY OF KENYA AP AGANO PARTY TIP THE INDEPENDENT PARTY KSC KENYA SOCIAL CONGRESS NFK NEW FORD KENYA ODM ORANGE DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT PPK PEOPLES PARTY OF KENYA FORD-KENYA FORUM FOR RESTORATION OF DEMOCRACY-KENYA FORD-P FORD-PEOPLE PPK PROGRESSIVE PARTY OF KENYA URP UNITED REPUBLICAN PARTY CP CONSERVATIVE PARTY MDP MAENDELEO DEMOCRATIC PARTY NARC NATIONAL RAINBOW COALITION KADU-ASIL KENYA AFRICAN DEMOCRATIC UNION-ASILI CCM CHAMA CHA MWANANCHI SDP SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF KENYA KANU KENYA AFRICAN NATIONAL UNION SAFINA SAFINA TNA THE NATIONAL ALLIANCE CCU CHAMA CHA UZALENDO NAPK NATIONAL AGENDA PARTY OF KENYA 132 Copyright © 2020 African Society for Research on the Education of Adults (ASREA), Nairobi, Kenya http://www.jopea.org/index.php/current-issue

MSM MKENYA SOLIDARITY MOVEMENT PDP PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC PARTY ND NEW DEMOCRATS UDM UNITED DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT SPK SHIRIKISHO PARTY OF KENYA UPK UNITY PARTY OF KENYA PDU PARTY OF DEMOCRATIC UNITY SSP SISI KWA SISI PARTY 77 SABA SABA ASILI FP FARMERS PARTY NLP NATIONAL LABOUR PARTY FPK FEDERAL PARTY OF KENYA MP MUUNGANO PARTY NPK NATIONAL PARTY OF KENYA MSS MZALENDO SABA SABA PARTY KENDA KENYA NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC ALLIANCE PPPK PEOPLES PATRIOTIC PARTY OF KENYA ARK ALLIANCE FOR REAL CHANGE FORD-ASILI FORD-ASILI RLP REPUBLICAN LIBERTY PARTY RC REPUBLICAN CONGRESS PARTY OF KENYA

(Source: IEBC-Kenya, 2015)