DVMWHS Annual Report 2015
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The Industrial Revolution Academic Conference
The Industrial Revolution Academic Conference Friday 3rd and Saturday 4th October 2014 Copyright John Smedley Ltd Archive An Academic Conference with the UK’s leading experts on the Industrial Revolution hosted at Sir Richard Arkwright’s Cromford Mills in the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site AT SIR RICHARD ARKWRIGHT’S CROMFORD MILLS Introduction Stretching from Matlock Bath in the north to Derby in the south, the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site defines 15 miles of cultural landscape of exceptional significance. Visitors can enjoy the rural splendour of the Derwent Valley and explore 16 distinct places of interest. Described by Professor J D Chambers (1898-1971), the doyen of East Midlands economic history, as the “cradle of the new factory system”: a source of power, in this case water power, was applied “cradle of the new along the Derwent Valley to a series of complex factory system” mechanised processes for the first time on a relatively large scale and new types of mill building PROFESSOR J D CHAMBERS were erected to house the new technology. As it was the first to develop large-scale industrial production in a hitherto rural landscape, the Derwent Valley also developed a need to provide housing and other facilities for workers and managers, resulting in the creation of the first modern industrial towns. No less important were the canals, railways, roads and other historic infrastructure that were essential elements in developing new forms of Sir Richard Arkwright transporting goods and people. This fundamental restructuring of economic organisation within Georgian society resulted in the major landmark in human history that came to be known as the ‘Industrial Revolution’. -
RESEARCH FRAMEWORK 100 the Derwent Valley 100 95 95
DERWENT VALLEY MILLS DERWENT VALLEY 100 The Derwent Valley 100 95 95 75 The Valley that changed the World 75 25 DERWENT VALLEY MILLS WORLD HERITAGE SITE 25 5 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK 5 0 0 Edited by David Knight Inscriptions on UNESCO's SITE RESEARCH FRAMEWORK WORLD HERITAGE prestigious World Heritage List are based on detailed research into the sites' evolution and histories. The role of research does not end with the presentation of the nomination or indeed the inscription itself, which is rst and foremost a starting point. UNESCO believes that continuing research is also central to the preservation and interpretation of all such sites. I therefore wholeheartedly welcome the publication of this document, which will act as a springboard for future investigation. Dr Mechtild Rössler, Director of the UNESCO Division for Heritage and the UNESCO World Heritage Centre 100 100 95 95 75 75 ONIO MU IM N R D T IA A L P W L O A I 25 R 25 D L D N H O E M R E I T I N A O GE IM 5 PATR 5 United Nations Derwent Valley Mills Educational, Scientific and inscribed on the World 0 Cultural Organisation Heritage List in 2001 0 Designed and produced by Derbyshire County Council, County Hall, Matlock Derbyshire DE4 3AG Research Framework cover spread print 17 August 2016 14:18:36 100 100 95 95 DERWENT VALLEY MILLS WORLD HERITAGE SITE 75 75 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK 25 25 5 Edited by David Knight 5 0 0 Watercolour of Cromford, looking upstream from the bridge across the River Derwent, painted by William Day in 1789. -
Management Plan
DERWENT VALLEY MILLS WORLD HERITAGE SITE management plan This is a controlled document Holder: Number: Revision 1: May 2002 Revision 2: December 2002 Revision 3: January 2007 Adopted: January 2007 Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site Management Plan FOREWORD Stretching from Matlock Bath in the north to Derby in the south, the World Heritage Site defines a cultural landscape of exceptional significance. It was in the Derwent Valley during the 18th century that the new factory system was born – an event which transformed economies and landscapes far beyond the valley itself. Within the boundaries of the site are a series of pioneer historic mill complexes and the watercourses which powered them. No less important are the settlements that were built for the mill workers, the canals, railways, roads and other historic infrastructure − all grouped within a distinctive landscape setting that has changed little over two centuries. The Government is accountable to UNESCO and the wider international community for the future conservation and presentation of this important site. It is a responsibility we take seriously. This Management Plan has been revised and developed in close co-operation with the organisations responsible for the day-to-day care of the site, together with the local community and others with a special interest in it. The Plan aims to ensure that the conservation and management of the site is undertaken in a sensitive and appropriate manner. It highlights the key issues affecting the site both now and in the future, and outlines how these will be addressed. This most recent revision of the Plan sets out an exciting challenge to harness the outstanding universal value of the Derwent Valley as a driver for economic regeneration, and in it, as an appendix, is an economic development study, undertaken in 2005. -
Cromford Mill, Lea Mills and the Lumsdale Valley Chris Wrigley
Local history Out and about in Cromford Mill, Lea Mills and the Lumsdale Valley Chris Wrigley A Prospect of Derby, unknown artist, 1725. The right-hand big building in the foreground is the water-powered silk mill. Derby Museums romford Mill, one of the best appeal of this area for the establishment specified horse power to operate his Cknown, and the Lumsdale Valley, of industry in the early period of British water-frame, but he very quickly saw one of the least known of the early industrialization, its early successes in the advantages of water wheels common industrial sites, are linked today by being cotton before location and other matters in the eighteenth century, as they had managed by the Arkwright Society. They led to the area being superseded by already been successfully harnessed for have also been the subject of a recent Lancashire. corn and power. Cromford appealed BBC1 programme in a series: ‘Britain’s The significance of regional to him because the supplies of water Hidden Heritage’. They are located in industrial development in the Industrial did not freeze in winter and had been Derbyshire. Cromford Mill is just off Revolution has been emphasized by Pat successfully used by corn and other the A6 at Cromford, near Matlock. The Hudson and others. In the area discussed mills. Yet, as Stanley Chapman has Lumsdale Valley is on the outskirts of in this essay, Arkwright’s technological emphasised, the first mill at Cromford, Matlock, off the Chesterfield Road at changes led to a cluster of mills trying established in 1771, was poorly supplied Upper Lumsdale, towards Tansley. -
Printed Primary Sources Printed Secondary Sources
Printed Primary Sources Newspapers The Times The Derby Mercury Printed Secondary Sources Adam, W The Gem of the Peak 1851 Albert, W The Turnpike Road System in England 1663- 1972 1840 Aldous, A Britain’s Industrial Heritage seeks World Status 1999 History Today, vol. 49 Anderson, P H Forgotten Railways: The East Midlands 1973 Andrews, C B (ed.) The Torrington Diaries 1935 Architecture East Midlands Cromford Mills Project Sept 1980 Arkwright Society Arkwright and the Mills at Cromford 1971 Arkwright Society Arkwright; the man, his mills and the Industrial 1982 Revolution Ashmore, O The Early Textile Industry in the Derwent 1957 Valley. Derbyshire Miscellany Vol. Aspin, C The Cotton Industry 1995 Baines, E A History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great 1835 Britain Bannister, Turpin The First Iron Framed Buildings 1962 Architectural Review 131 Barnes, T & Fairbairn, W Lancashire and Cheshire Past and Present, Vol. 1867 II Becket, J V The East Midlands from AD 1000 1988 Belper Historical Society Belper: A Study of its History Based on Visual 1971 Evidence Berg, Maxine The Age of the Manufacturers 1700-1820. 1994 Industry, Innovation and Work in Britain Billson, P Derby and the Midland Railway 1996 Bray, William Sketch of a Tour into Derbyshire and Yorkshire 1783 2nd Edition British Library Science Rex versus Arkwright 1985 Reference Library Britton, J and Brayley, E W The Beauties of England and Wales 1802 Brunskill, R W Illustrated Handbook of Vernacular 1987 Architecture Bryan, Ben Matlock Manor and Town 1903 Buchanan, R A Industrial Archaeology in Britain 1980 Bulmer & Co. History Topography and Directory of 1895 Derbyshire Bulmer, T North Street, Cromford Transactions of 1975 Ancient Monument Society vol. -
Cromford Conservation Area Appraisal
Cromford Conservation Area Appraisal CROMFORD CONSERVATION AREA APPRAISAL page Summary 1 1. Cromford in Context 2 2 Origins & Development 3 Topography & Geology Historic Development 3. Archaeological Significance 17 4. Architectural and Historic Quality 19 Key Buildings Building Materials & Architectural Details 5. Setting of the Conservation Area 50 6. Landscape Appraisal 53 7. Analysis of Character Areas 71 1. Derby Road & Intake Lane, Rock House, Mill Road & Cromford Mills, Cromford Canal 2. Masson 3. Market Place 4. Willersley, Church Walk & Cromford Station 5. Scarthin, Water Lane & Bonsall Hollow 6. The Hill, North Street, Bedehouse Lane & Barnwell Lane 8. Negative Factors 101 9. Neutral Factors 109 10. Justification for Boundary 110 Recommendations for Amendment 11. Conservation Policies 115 National Planning Guidance Regional Planning Guidance Local Planning Guidance Appendix 1 Statutory Designations (Listed Buildings & Scheduled Monuments) Appendix 2 Registered Historic Park & Garden Willersley Castle i CROMFORD CONSERVATION AREA APPRAISAL List of Figures Fig. 1 Aerial Photograph Fig. 2 Cromford in the Derbyshire Dales Fig. 3 Cromford Conservation Area Fig. 4 Identification of Character Areas Fig. 5 Cromford Tithe Map of 1841 Fig. 6 First edition Ordnance Survey map of 1880 Fig. 7 Building Chronology Fig. 8 Planning Designations Fig. 9 Trees and Woodland Fig. 10 Appraisal Zones Fig. 11 Relationship of Structures & Spaces (a-f) Fig. 12 Conservation Area Boundary - proposed extensions (a-d) Fig. 13 Conservation Area Boundary as revised and approved December 2006 Fig. 14 Conservation Area Boundary as revised and approved September 2007 ii CROMFORD CONSERVATION AREA APPRAISAL List of Historic Illustrations & Acknowledgements Pl. 1 Engraving of Allen’s Hill with Scarthin Rock, from the vicinity of the market place, circa 1750 (by kind permission of the Arkwright Society) Pl. -
Out and About Near Cromford in Derbyshire
Local history Out and About near Cromford in Derbyshire Trevor James he River Derwent is a dominant Today the Derwent Mills are a World storey housing constructed by Arkwright Tfeature of the Derbyshire landscape Heritage Site. The buildings directly [1771-76] for his employees and which from the Ladybower Reservoir to where adjacent to the town of Cromford itself contain large mullioned windows in the it joins the River Trent just south of are managed by the Arkwright Society upper storey, self-evidently intended for Derby. This river is noted for the sheer and a very popular destination for a framework-knitting by-employment. power and volume of water it carries: in tourists. Amongst the buildings to view Just north of Cromford the much- the 1720s Daniel Defoe observed ‘the and enjoy is the Gothic Warehouse, extended Masson Mills stand alongside Images courtesy of Visit Peak District & Derbyshire. For further info on the area visit www.visitpeakdistrict.com Derwent is a frightful creature when the its castellated gable being designed the River Derwent. These began to be hills load her current with water’. to blend with the nearby architecture constructed by Arkwright in 1783. They It was to take advantage of potency of Willersley Castle, the stately home now contain a ‘designer shopping outlet’. of this water power that Sir Richard built for Arkwright, but incomplete at Virtually unaltered inside, it is possible Arkwright began to establish his cotton his death, and now a hotel. In nearby to explore the shape and atmosphere of mills on this river at Cromford in 1771. -
Management Plan
DERWENT VALLEY MILLS WORLD HERITAGE SITE management plan This is a controlled document Holder: Number: Revision 1: May 2002 Revision 2: December 2002 Revision 3: January 2007 Adopted: January 2007 Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site Management Plan FOREWORD Stretching from Matlock Bath in the north to Derby in the south, the World Heritage Site defines a cultural landscape of exceptional significance. It was in the Derwent Valley during the 18th century that the new factory system was born – an event which transformed economies and landscapes far beyond the valley itself. Within the boundaries of the site are a series of pioneer historic mill complexes and the watercourses which powered them. No less important are the settlements that were built for the mill workers, the canals, railways, roads and other historic infrastructure − all grouped within a distinctive landscape setting that has changed little over two centuries. The Government is accountable to UNESCO and the wider international community for the future conservation and presentation of this important site. It is a responsibility we take seriously. This Management Plan has been revised and developed in close co-operation with the organisations responsible for the day-to-day care of the site, together with the local community and others with a special interest in it. The Plan aims to ensure that the conservation and management of the site is undertaken in a sensitive and appropriate manner. It highlights the key issues affecting the site both now and in the future, and outlines how these will be addressed. This most recent revision of the Plan sets out an exciting challenge to harness the outstanding universal value of the Derwent Valley as a driver for economic regeneration, and in it, as an appendix, is an economic development study, undertaken in 2005. -
The Mills After Richard Arkwright (Pdf)
The Mills after Richard Arkwright After Sir Richard Arkwright’s death in 1792, Richard Arkwright junior sold most of his remaining cotton mill interests outside Matlock Bath and Cromford. That he retained these mills may well have had more to do with their role in sustaining the Willersley Estate than their inherent profitability. At Cromford the disputes over water rights which had rumbled on through the 1830s reached a conclusion in 1839 and, by 1847, when Thomas Carlyle visited the area, he was made aware the end was near. He wrote to his brother “the Mother of all the Mills [is] very nearly fallen silent now, likely soon to go out altogether”. From the late 1820s profits from the Cromford and Masson Mills are likely to have been nominal and there are few indications of any attempt to improve their performance. In 1834 the Factories Inquiry recorded that water frames were still in use in the Arkwright Mill and 20 years later when the son of Johann Gottfried Brugelmann visited Masson he was amazed to see “the great inventor’s machinery, mahoganied by age, is still at work.... after more than seventy years of toil”. The mills passed to Peter Arkwright 1784-1866 and on in turn to Frederic Arkwright 1806-74. The family earned universal acclaim locally for keeping the mills at work during the cotton famine in the early 1860s at considerable cost to themselves, but their patience was not infinite. In 1872 Frederic had both sites valued and came close to a sale. Only Masson had retained any value. -
Derwent Valley, Including Some of the Earliest Examples Known to Have Been Derwent Valley (United Kingdom) Built in the World, Are Still Standing
A large proportion of the textile mills of the Derwent valley, including some of the earliest examples known to have been Derwent Valley (United Kingdom) built in the world, are still standing. Apart from the buildings themselves, important elements of the supporting No 1030 infrastructure have survived, including the engineering structures which carried the water-power systems from the river Derwent and its tributaries and the transport infrastructure, including toll roads, tramways, and canals. Furthermore, the factory settlements that were constructed at Cromford, Belper, Milford, and Darley are almost completely preserved, including in Cromford and Milford Identification the factory masters' own residences and, notably in Belper and Cromford, farms and estate buildings. Nomination Derwent Valley Mills The overall result is an ensemble of buildings, structures, and settlements, all grouped within a distinctive landscape Location Derbyshire, England dominated by the river that attracted the initial investment in the area. The integrity of the scene remains evocative of the State Party United Kingdom period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when, in this hitherto obscure Derbyshire valley, the factory system was Date 26 June 2000 born. Criterion iv Category of property Justification by State Party In terms of the categories of cultural property set out in Article 1 of the 1972 World Heritage Convention, this is a The nominated site relates to developments in technology in site. It is a cultural landscape as defined in paragraph 39 of the 18th century that introduced the mechanically powered the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the factory system within the textile industry. -
A Jessop Trail the Cromford Canal and Cromford & High Peak Railway
EXPLORE ENGINEERING Part 1: Cromford Wharf & High Peak Junction Peak High & Wharf Cromford 1: Part Cromford & High Peak Railway Peak High & Cromford The Cromford Canal and and Canal Cromford The A Jessop Trail Jessop A MATLOCK START/FINISH BATH LEA ROAD MILL ROAD KEY: WALKING ROUTE DERBY ROAD A6 TRAINLINE CROMFORD LEA ROAD LEA ROAD BOW WOOD MILL LANE ALTERNATIVE START DERBY ROAD A6 LEAWOOD PUMPHOUSE LEA WOOD BIRCHWOOD FARM WHATSTANDWELL Introduction Cromford Wharf & High Peak Junction Civil engineers William Jessop (1745-1814) and his son Josias (1781-1826) left their marks on the Derbyshire Peak District with a remarkable canal and railway, which fitted well into the landscape and can still be followed by anyone with a car or bicycle who is prepared to do a little walking. The canal towpath provides easy walking between Cromford Wharf and Ambergate (5 miles), but is only usable by wheelchairs as far south as Gregory Tunnel. However, most features described below (to Derwent Aqueduct) are within 1.5 miles of Cromford, giving a round trip of less than 3 miles. William Jessop, the leading civil engineer of his day, lived in Newark from 1784 to 1805, the most active period of his career. He was responsible for the improvement of navigation and the building of locks on the River Trent between Shardlow and Gainsborough, for similar river works on the Soar and the Thames, and for the making of canals all over the country, including the Grand Junction Canal (now known as the Grand Union) from London to the Midlands, and the Shropshire Union Canal, which included the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, where Thomas Telford was his assistant. -
Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site Management Plan
Author: Adam Lathbury Public Ext: 39791 Agenda Item No. DERBYSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL MEETING OF CABINET MEMBER – STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP, CULTURE AND TOURISM 28 April 2020 Report of the Executive Director – Economy, Transport and Environment DERWENT VALLEY MILLS WORLD HERITAGE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN (1) Purpose of Report To advise the Cabinet Member that the revised Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site Management Plan has been submitted to Government for adoption. (2) Information and Analysis Overview of the Management Plan World heritage sites are of cultural and/or natural heritage of ‘Outstanding Universal Value’. They are among the priceless and irreplaceable assets, not only of each nation, but of humanity as a whole. The loss, through deterioration or disappearance of any of these most prized assets constitutes an impoverishment of the heritage of all the people of the world. The Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site (DVMWHS) is the only such site in the East Midlands and extends from Cromford, along the Derwent river valley to Derby Silk Mill. It sits within the administrative boundaries of five local authorities: Derbyshire County Council, Derbyshire Dales District Council, Amber Valley Borough Council, Erewash Borough Council and Derby City Council. As set out in the World Heritage Convention, world inscription comes with a responsibility to ensure that the relevant sites - and surrounding landscape - are ‘protected, conserved, presented and transmitted to future generations’ and that there is an appropriate and comprehensive management system in place to secure good stewardship and fulfil the Convention’s requirements. The Government has delegated responsibility for production of the DVMWHS Management Plan, and the oversight of its implementation, to the DVMWHS Partnership.