DOCSLIB.ORG

Phytoassembly and Pharmacological Activity on Moringa Oleifera: a Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phytoassembly and Pharmacological Activity on Moringa Oleifera: a Review Online - 2455-3891 Vol 13, Issue 3, 2020 Print - 0974-2441 Review Article PHYTOASSEMBLY AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY ON MORINGA OLEIFERA: A REVIEW ANIKET MALAGE, SUPRIYA JADHAV, TEJASWINI YOGEKAR, AND SAMEER SHARMA* Department of Biotechnology, Dronacharya Government College, Gurugram, Haryana, India. Email: [email protected] Received: 11 November 2019, Revised and Accepted: 17 January 2020 ABSTRACT Moringa oleifera is a plant that has copious medicative properties and widely known as “drumstick plant” or “horseradish plant” and most widely vascular plant in India. This is a nutritional plant (herb) that consists of many pharmacological and biological exertion such as antiasthmatic, diuretic, antiepileptic, cardiovascular as well as antioxidants and also beneficial in wound healing enterprise. The anti-asthmatic action of M. oleifera seeds kernel ethanolic extract evoked by histamine and acetylcholine aerosol. Pre-treatment by ethanol gives the extract of M. oleifera also diminished carrageenan convinced rat paw edema that was comparable to standard diclofenac sodium. This review summarizes the biological exertion such as a cardiovascular, diuretic, and biological activities such as antimicrobial, antiepileptic, and anti-allergic activities and also provides pharmacological activities in essence anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-asthmatic activities. Keywords: Moringa oleifera, Phytofactors, Pharmacological, Biological activities. © 2020 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4. 0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2020.v13i3.36324 INTRODUCTION leaflets [16] and further, spirochin and anthonine noted in roots show bacterial enterprise [17]. Moringa oleifera is one among those plants that have several medicative properties utilized in the cure for respiratory disease, M. oleifera stem consists of alkaloids, octacosanoic acid, and polygenic disease, and chronic rheumatism within the presence of 4-hydroxymellein [18,19], whereas seeds enclose more high alkaloids in the seeds [1] and roots [2] of M. oleifera. The presence concentrations of benzylglucosinolate, benzylisothiocyanate, and of terpenoids has been conjointly noted [3] and the respiratory 4-(alpha-1-rhamnosyloxy) phenylacetonitrite [20-23]. disease may be a chronic respiratory disorder moving an outsized scale of the population across the globe. Now, natural herbs like Phyto-factors of plant M. oleifera Lam. Ayurveda have conjointly shown us several medications from In Moringa oleifera, each part of the plant have some phytofactors indigenous herbal plants for the cure of respiratory disorder and like leaves (Niaziminin A and B, pyrrole alkaloids, alpha, and gamma- lots of different connected biological activities. M. oleifera offers a tocopherol), seeds (Benzylglucosinolate, niazimicin, niazirin, prodigious and scarce mixture of zeatin, beta-sitosterol, kaempferol, methionine, cysteine), root (Alpha-phellandrene, p-cymene, moringine, and caffeoylquinic acid and lots of different vital species of M. oleifera moringinine, spirachin), stem (Vanillin, octacosonoic acid, beta- plant are Moringa arborea, Moringa drouhardii, Moringa ovalifolia, siosterone, 4-hydroxyl mullein), flowers (D-mannose and glucose, Moringa rivae, Moringa borziana, and Moringa pygmaea. Antioxidants isoquercetin, kaempferol, ascorbic acid) [24,25]. and plant leaflets of M. oleifera contain multiple supplies of antioxidants elements together with carotene, Vitamin C as well as Bio-exertion correlated with M. oleifera Lam. chlorogenic acid [4]. Moreover, one major impact noted is arsenic Cardio-vascular toxicity that is vital for contamination of H O and ends up in become 2 Leaves of M. oleifera discovered clear antihypertensive enterprising a health concern issue across the globe [5]. activity. In-vivo enterprising was wiped out in the animal’s heart and was found thiocarbamate and isothiocyanate glycosides and M. oleifera is medicative herb and plant possesses several biological other chemical irritants were accountable for this type of harmful activities like antimicrobial activity [6] and seeds show medicinal hypersensitivity [26]. drug and spasmodic activity [7]. In case of diagnostic application, the leaves and fruits are more beneficial in skin and higher tract infection. Moreover, this plant also beneficial in the cure of respiratory disease. Hepatoprotective Recent study unconcealed that the M. oleifera has numerous biological Ethanolic extract of M. oleifera leaves as well as alcoholic extract of seed activities that help to cure the many disorders such as anti-asthmatic in perspective of hepatoprotective (in vivo) was estimated contrary to activity, antidiabetic activity as well as this plant have a major role in the rifampicin and pyrazinamide evoked liver damage [27] and also mast cell and drug production [8]. hepatoprotective effect contrary to antitubercular medical pills and alloxan evoked liver damage noted in diabetic rats [28-33]. PHYTOASSEMBLY OF M. OLEIFERA Diuretic M. oleifera is also admitted as a repository of additives during which necessary ones are flavonoids and synthetic resins M. oleifera elements such as leaves, flowers, seeds, and bark extracts acid [9,10] and carotenoids (secondary metabolite) [11], tocopherols persuaded urine output in rats and campesterol and stigmasterol were (Vitamin E) [12] as well as polyunsaturated fatty acid [13], and conjointly in charge of also accountable for this biological exertion [34]. many diverse minerals [14]. Plant leaf compounds exposed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry in which major compounds Wound healing enterprise detached were n-hexadecanoic acid, gamma sitosterol, and octadecanoic Hydroxyproline compound has shown within the extraction of the leaf, acid [15]. In this case, E-lutein has noted most copious carotenoids in dried pulp, seeds, and decrease in scar area and skin breaking strength Malage et al. Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 13, Issue 3, 2020, 5-8 in dead models in rats [35,36]. Moreover, recent studies reveal that the leaf extract compared with that obese control [27]. Methanolic effect of wound healing of leaf extraction in diabetic animals showed extract of M. oleifera leaf showed that a stimulating reduction in total higher tissue regeneration, and furthermore ascended the tube-shaped cholesterol, liver biomarkers, organ weight, and triglycerides was also structure epithelium protein in wound tissue [37,38]. diminished [53,54]. Moreover, a debate proved that M. oleifera Lam. exhibits a reduction in inflammation and lipid accumulation [55]. CNS exertion Leaves extract of M. oleifera restores the capability of amine levels of the Reproductive activity (M. oleifera) central nervous system which will be helpful in Alzheimer’s sickness The unsuccessful response on M. oleifera leaf extract on rats around and in-vitro anticonvulsant enterprise from the liquid extract of Moringa 9–10 days’ treatment after insemination and extract ascertained oleifera roots [39]. a synergistic and repressing impact with progesterone [56]. An ethanolic extract of M. oleifera leaf secure spermatogonial cells in BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF M. OLEIFERA albino mice where the conceivable elemental mechanism noted the expression of c-kit and oct-4 transcripts freelance in the p53 Antifertility activity pathway [57]. Roots of M. oleifera in the solvent extract were found to be adequate as antifertility in the presence or absence of estradiol dipropionate and Pharmacological activities progesterone. Throughout the in vivo antifertility activity was done victimization liquid extract to observe the causes on histoarchitecture Antidiabetic of the womb throughout both pre- and post-implantation stages [40]. M. oleifera shows antidiabetic exertion in liquid extract and regulates polygenic disorder by exhibit glycemic management [58]. The in-vitro Anti-allergic activity and in-vivo analyses of the antioxidants and antidiabetic effects of By liquid (ethanolic) extract of M. oleifera seeds inhibited cutaneous methanol extracts of M. oleifera in streptozotocin-induced diabetic anaphylaxis convinced with hypersensitivity reaction (IgG) and unleash albino rats were enforced. The progression of polygenic disorder was histamine from mast cells and also reduced scratching frequency in an diminished after the test with the extract (test sample). The extract ovalbumin sensitization model [41]. lured a shortened in serum glucose and nitric oxide with an increase in serum insulin and protein levels [59]. The polygenic disorder (diabetes) Antiepileptic activity exertion displayed increased IL-6, inflated macromolecule peroxide, and Leaves of M. oleifera (methanolic extract) illustrate dynamic decreased antioxidant protein within the serum and excretory organs anticonvulsant contrary to pentylenetetrazole and uppermost electric like kidney tissue homogenate in comparison with that of the negative shock evoked convulsions at the optimum dose level interpretively and control group [60]. also the experiment was performed in-vivo anticonvulsant outcome of the ethanolic sample (leaves) of Moringa concanensis. Annulment of the Anti-asthmatic convulsions was ascertained in Swiss albino mice and also doable that liquid (ethanolic) sample (leaves) of M. concanensis would possibly turn The previous study was started with the good thing M. oleifera seed out anticonvulsant impact through varied actions [42]. kernel in the treatment of respiratory
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Moringa Frequently Asked Questions
    Moringa frequently asked questions M.E. Olsona Instituto de Biologı́a, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria, México DF 04510, Mexico. Abstract The moringa tree Moringa oleifera is increasingly being studied for numerous properties of applied interest. In the course of work on these properties, many questions arise from both scientists and potential consumers. Here I address some of the most common such questions. I explain that moringa’s correct scientific name is Moringa oleifera Lam., and that Moringa pterygosperma is not a synonym but an illegitimate name. The wild range of Moringa oleifera is unknown but it might be native of lowland northwestern India. It is cultivated in all tropical countries, but it is probably best to avoid saying that it is “naturalized” because some uses of this word imply that the plant has become invasive. There are thirteen described species in the genus Moringa, but additional new species probably await description, especially in northeast Africa. Traditionally, leaves of Moringa oleifera, M. concanensis, and M. stenopetala are eaten, and the tubers of young M. peregrina are sometimes eaten roasted. All other species have local medicinal uses. Current commercial use so far emphasizes M. oleifera dried leaf meal in capsules, often touting protein content. Simple calculations show that capsules have negligible protein nutritional value. Such use in pill form rather than as a food leads to the frequent question of whether moringa has “side effects”. A review of studies shows that moringa has low levels of trypsin inhibitors, tannins, saponins, and lectins, meaning that there is no reason to expect that normal levels of consumption would lead to discomfort from these compounds.
    [Show full text]
  • The Potential of Some Moringa Species for Seed Oil Production †
    agriculture Review The Potential of Some Moringa Species for Seed Oil Production † Silia Boukandoul 1,2, Susana Casal 2,* and Farid Zaidi 1 1 Département des Sciences Alimentaires, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Route Targa Ouzemour, Bejaia 06000, Algeria; [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (F.Z.) 2 LAQV@REQUIMTE/Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +351-220-428-638 † This article is dedicated to the memory of Professor Rachida Zaidi-Yahiaoui, for her inspiration and encouragement on Moringa oleifera Lam. studies. Received: 31 July 2018; Accepted: 28 September 2018; Published: 30 September 2018 Abstract: There is an increasingly demand for alternative vegetable oils sources. Over the last decade there has been fast growing interest in Moringa oleifera Lam., particularly due to its high seed oil yield (30–40%), while other Moringa species with similar potentialities are reducing their representativeness worldwide. This review reinforces the interesting composition of Moringa oil, rich in oleic acid and highly resistant to oxidation, for industrial purposes, and shows that other Moringa species could also be exploited for similar purposes. In particular, Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori has an interesting oil yield and higher resistance to pest and diseases, and Moringa stenopetala (Bak. f.) Cuf. is highlighted for its increased resistance to adverse climate conditions, of potential interest in a climate change scenario. Exploring adapted varieties or producing interspecies hybrids can create added value to these less explored species, while renewing attention to endangered species.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Elemental Analysis and the Effect Of
    A Study of the Elemental Analysis and the Effect of the Pressurised Hot Water Extraction Method (PHWE) on the Antibacterial Activity of Moringa oleifera and Moringa ovalifolia plant parts By Charlene Makita A Masters Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, 2014 DECLARATION I declare that this Thesis is my own, unaided work. It is being submitted for the Degree of Masters of Science at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination at any other University. ----------------------------------------------------- (Signature of Candidate) -----------------30th -----------------Day of--------JULY--------------------2014 Supervisor: Prof Luke Chimuka (WITS, School of Chemistry) Co-supervisor: Prof Ewa Cukrowska, Hlangelani Tutu (WITS, School of Chemistry) Abstract Heavy metal pollution is an increasing phenomenon and contamination of these heavy metals has detrimental effects on the environment and humans. The concentrations of metals in the soil, leaves, stem bark and flowers of Moringa ovalifolia sampled from Okahandja, Okaukuejo, Halali and Tsumeb in Namibia were investigated. Acid digestion of all samples was performed utilising the microwave technique. Determination of elements from the extracts were analysed by inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). No lethal amounts of heavy metals were found in the soil, leaves, stem bark and flowers of Moringa ovalifolia. The results from Moringa ovalifolia was compared to spinach from another similar study. On average, Moringa leaves contained more or less similar amounts of Zn (29.4 mg kg-1) and Cr (13.2 mg kg-1) but higher higher amounts of Fe (263.8 mg kg-1) concentrations than spinach, with values of Zn (30.0 mg kg-1), Cr (20.0 mg kg-1) and Fe (190 mg kg-1) from a previous study.
    [Show full text]
  • Advances in Production of Moringa
    Advances in Production of Moringa All India Co-ordinated Research Project- Vegetable Crops Horticultural College and Research Institute Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Periyakulam - 625 604, Tamil Nadu Contents 1. Genetic improvement and varietal status of moringa 2. Floral biology and hybridization in moringa 3. Advanced production systems in annual moringa PKM 1 4. Cropping systems in moringa 5. Soil moisture management for flowering in moringa 6. Nutrient management in moringa 7. Use of biofertilizer for enhancing the production potential of moringa 8. Strategies and status of weed management in moringa 9. Off-season production of moringa 10. Major insect pests of moringa and their management 11. Disease of moringa and their management 12. Organic production protocol for moringa 13. Post harvest management in moringa 14. Seed production strategies for annual moringa 15. Industrial applications of moringa 16. Pharmaceutical and nutritional value of moringa 17. Value addition in moringa 18. Biotechnological applications in moringa 19. An analysis of present marketing strategies for promotion of local and export market 20. Socio economic status of PKM released moringa 1. CROP IMPROVEMENT AND VARIETAL STATUS OF MORINGA Moringa oleifera Lam. belonging to the family Moringaceae is a handsome softwood tree, native of India, occurring wild in the sub- Himalayan regions of Northern India and now grown world wide in the tropics and sub-tropics. In India it is grown all over the subcontinent for its tender pods and also for its leaves and flowers. The pod of moringa is a very popular vegetable in South Indian cuisine and valued for their distinctly inviting flavour.
    [Show full text]
  • Ontogenetic Origins of Floral Bilateral Symmetry in Moringaceae (Brassicales)1
    American Journal of Botany 90(1): 49–71. 2003. ONTOGENETIC ORIGINS OF FLORAL BILATERAL SYMMETRY IN MORINGACEAE (BRASSICALES)1 MARK E. OLSON2 Instituto de Biologı´a, U.N.A.M., Departamento de Bota´nica, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Copilco, Coyoaca´n, A.P. 70-367 Me´xico, D.F., C.P. 04510, Mexico Floral morphology of the 13 species of Moringa ranges from actinomorphic flowers with little hypanthium to highly zygomorphic flowers with well-developed hypanthia. Scanning electron and light microscopy were used to identify ontogenetic differences among two actinomorphic and eight zygomorphic species. All species show traces of zygomorphy between petal organogenesis and anther differentiation. At late organogenesis, zygomorphy is manifest by one petal being larger than the others, slight unidirectional maturation of the anthers, and in many species, some staminodes may be missing. At organ differentiation and beyond, the actinomorphic species show a trend toward increasing actinomorphy, whereas the zygomorphic features of early ontogeny are progressively accentuated throughout the ontogeny of the zygomorphic species. Because of the early traces of zygomorphy throughout the family, ontogeny in Moringa does not resemble that known from the sister taxon Caricaceae, which has flowers that are actinomorphic throughout ontogeny. Great intraspecific variation was found in floral plan in the actinomorphic-flowered species in contrast to the zygomorphic species. Each of the main clades in the family is distinguished by at least one feature of floral ontogeny. In general, ontogenetic differences that are congruent with deeper phylogenetic splits tend to occur earlier in ontogeny than those congruent with more recent divergences.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear and Plastid DNA Sequence-Based Molecular Phylogeography of Salvadora
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/050518; this version posted April 27, 2016. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Nuclear and Plastid DNA Sequence-based Molecular Phylogeography of Salvadora oleoides (Salvadoraceae) in Punjab, India Felix Bast1 and Navreet Kaur2 Centre for Plant Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India 1Corresponding author; Telephone: +91 98721 52694; Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/050518; this version posted April 27, 2016. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract Salvadora oleiodes is a tropical tree species belonging to the little-known family Salvadoraceae and distributed in the arid regions of Africa and Asia. Aims of our study were to trace the microevolutionary legacy of this tree species with the help of sequence-based multi-local phylogeography and to find the comparative placement of family Salvadoraceae within angiosperm clade malvids. A total 20 geographical isolates were collected from different regions of North India, covering a major part of its species range within the Indian Subcontinent. Sequence data from nuclear-encoded Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and plastid-encoded trnL-F spacer region, were generated for this species for the first time in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Moringa Ovalifolia (African Moringa) Is Endemic to Southern Africa, and It Is Distributed from Southern to Central Namibia to South Western Angola
    ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES, PHYTOCHEMICAL, AND MICRO- NUTRIENTS ANALYSIS OF AFRICAN MORINGA (MORINGA OVALIFOLIA) A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NAMIBIA BY NATALIA KWADJONYOFI ANANIAS (200539744) NOVEMBER 2015 Main Supervisor: Dr. Martha Kandawa-Schulz Co- Supervisors: Prof. Luke Chimuka (University of Witwatersrand, South Africa) Dr. Marius Hedimbi ii ABSTRACT Moringa ovalifolia (African Moringa) is endemic to southern Africa, and it is distributed from southern to central Namibia to south western Angola. At the moment, little is documented on the phytochemical content, miro-nutrients and antioxidant activities of M. ovalifolia. Hence, this study was aimed at evaluating the phytochemical, micro- nutritients and antioxidant activities of M. ovalifolia. Fresh Moringa leaves, bark, flowers and seeds (ponds) were collected from five different sites. Soxhlet extraction method was used for extraction, and thereafter different analyses were performed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Antioxidant properties were investigated using three indicators: reducing activity (700 nm), DPPH (2, 2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activities (515 nm) and total phenolic content (740 nm). High perfomance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detector (254 nm) was used in the identification and quantification of flavonols. Elemental composition of the leaves was determined using the Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The total phenolic content of M. ovalifolia remained almost the same in samples from different sites, but varies in different plant parts. M. ovalifolia leaves, flowers reduced DPPH by nearly 20%, while the seed and bark reduced the DPPH by 12%. The following flavonols were present: Kaempferol, Quercetin and Myrietin.
    [Show full text]
  • Scribbling the Cat: a Case of the “Miracle” Plant, Moringa Oleifera
    plants Review Scribbling the Cat: A Case of the “Miracle” Plant, Moringa oleifera Thulani Tshabalala 1,2 , Bhekumthetho Ncube 1, Ntakadzeni Edwin Madala 3, Trevor Tapiwa Nyakudya 4,5, Hloniphani Peter Moyo 6, Mbulisi Sibanda 2 and Ashwell Rungano Ndhlala 1,7,* 1 Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Vegetable and Ornamental Plants (VOP), Private Bag X923, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; [email protected] (T.T.); [email protected] (B.N.) 2 School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; [email protected] 3 Department of Biochemistry, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa; [email protected] 4 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; [email protected] 5 Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2002, South Africa 6 Agency for Technical Cooperation and Development (ACTED), Amman, Jordan; [email protected] 7 Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida 1710, South Africa * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +27-12-808-8000 Received: 8 October 2019; Accepted: 31 October 2019; Published: 15 November 2019 Abstract: This paper reviews the properties of the most cultivated species of the Moringaceae family, Moringa oleifera Lam. The paper takes a critical look at the positive and the associated negative properties of the plant, with particular emphasis on its chemistry, selected medicinal and nutritional properties, as well as some ecological implications of the plant.
    [Show full text]
  • Combining Data from DNA Sequences and Morphology for a Phylogeny of Moringaceae (Brassicales)
    Systematic Botany (2002), 27(1): pp. 55±73 q Copyright 2002 by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists Combining Data from DNA Sequences and Morphology for a Phylogeny of Moringaceae (Brassicales) MARK E. OLSON Missouri Botanical Garden, PO Box 299, St Louis, Missouri 63166-0299; Current address: Instituto de BiologõÂa, Universidad Nacional AutoÂnoma de MeÂxico, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Copilco, CoyoacaÂn A. P. 70-367, C. P. 04510, MeÂxico, D. F.MeÂxico Communicating Editor: Thomas Lammers ABSTRACT. The Old World dry tropical family Moringaceae is remarkable for the great diversity of habit and ¯oral morphology found within its only genus, Moringa. To infer the phylogenetic relationships of all 13 species, parsimony analyses of morphological data and DNA sequences from a low-copy nuclear region (PEPC), a chloroplast region (trnG), and a tandemly-repeated nuclear region present in high copy number (ITS) were conducted of each data set separately and combined. Characters from studies of ontogeny substantially enhanced the resolution of the morphological data set. The Incongruence Length Difference test indicated the congruence of all data sets, as did Templeton tests comparing the single tree resulting from the combined analysis in the context of the individual data sets. This tree is presented as the preferred topology, in which the four bottle trees appear in a basal paraphyletic assemblage, with the three species of slender trees (including the economically important M. oleifera) forming a clade that is sister to a clade of the six species of tuberous shrubs and trees of northeast Africa. Moringa is currently divided into three sections, but because of the basal grade, it cannot be divided into useful monophyletic infrageneric taxa.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Species Boundaries of the Moringa Ovalifolia
    ASSESSMENT OF SPECIES BOUNDARIES OF THE MORINGA OVALIFOLIA (DINTER & A. BERGER) IN NAMIBIA USING NUCLEAR ITS DNA SEQUENCE DATA A MINI-THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NAMIBIA BY MARTHA KASIKU HAUSIKU 200125079 APRIL 2019 MAIN SUPERVISOR: Dr. E. Kwembeya (Department of Biological Sciences, University of Namibia) CO-SUPERVISOR: Professor. P. M. Chimwamurombe (Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Namibia University of Science and Technology) ABSTRACT The genus Moringa comprises of thirteen (13) species of trees and shrubs, widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions. For its size, this genus is one of the phenotypically varied group of angiosperms whose members are mostly sought after for nutritional, nutraceutical and industrial uses. The aim of this study was to assess the species boundaries of Moringa ovalifolia in Namibia by using the nuclear Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequenced data analysis. A total of seventeen (17) edited sequences of M. ovalifolia together with thirteen (13) other sequences of Moringa retrieved from NCBI were used to construct phylogenetic trees in Molecular Evolutionary Genetic Analysis software version 6.0 (MEGA). The phylogenetic trees were resolved using Neighbor-joining method, Maximum Parsimony method, Maximum Likelihood method based on the Tamura-Nei and the bootstrap consensus tree was determined from 500 replicates that represented the evolutionary history of the taxa analyzed. The nuclear ITS molecular marker successfully delimited species boundaries of M. ovalifolia specimens that were investigated in this study. The topology of all three phylogenetic trees generated by the three methods were similar.
    [Show full text]
  • Free-Sample-Pages.Pdf
    Published by Plant Gateway Ltd., Hertford, SG13 7BX, United Kingdom © Plant Gateway 2014 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant col- lective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Plant Gateway Ltd. ISBN 978-0-9929993-0-8 eISBN 978-0-9929993-1-5 Plant Gateway Ltd. has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLS for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Additional information on the book can be found at: www.plantgateway.com An appropriate citation for this eBook is: Byng JW. 2014. The Flowering Plants Handbook: A practical guide to families and genera of the world. Plant Gateway Ltd., Hertford, UK. eBook available from: www.plantgateway.com From the war of nature, from famine and death, the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the production of the higher animals, directly follows. There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved. Charles Darwin On The Origin of Species (1859) CONTENTS The Flowering Plants Handbook A practical guide to families and genera of the world James W. Byng eBook version CONTENTS DEDICATION This work is a dwarf standing on the shoulders of giants and is dedicated to the many botanists, both past and present, for the huge body of knowledge that exists today.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics of Angiosperm Trees Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models
    Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models 21 Andrew Groover Quentin Cronk Editors Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics of Angiosperm Trees Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models Volume 21 Series Editor Richard A. Jorgensen More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7397 [email protected] Andrew Groover • Quentin Cronk Editors Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics of Angiosperm Trees [email protected] Editors Andrew Groover Quentin Cronk Pacific Southwest Research Station Department of Botany United States Forest Service University of British Columbia Davis, CA Vancouver, BC USA Canada ISSN 2363-9601 ISSN 2363-961X (electronic) Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models ISBN 978-3-319-49327-5 ISBN 978-3-319-49329-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-49329-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017955083 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication.
    [Show full text]