Universitas Indonesia Strategi Keamanan Amerika Serikat Di Tengah Peningkatan Kapabilitas Militer China 2002-2010 Tesis Fakultas

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Universitas Indonesia Strategi Keamanan Amerika Serikat Di Tengah Peningkatan Kapabilitas Militer China 2002-2010 Tesis Fakultas UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA STRATEGI KEAMANAN AMERIKA SERIKAT DI TENGAH PENINGKATAN KAPABILITAS MILITER CHINA 2002-2010 TESIS FAHMI TARUMANEGARA 1006743512 FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK MAGISTER ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL JAKARTA JUNI 2012 Strategi keamanan..., Fahmi Tarumanegara, FISIP UI, 2012 UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA STRATEGI KEAMANAN AMERIKA SERIKAT DI TENGAH PENINGKATAN KAPABILITAS MILITER CHINA 2002-2010 TESIS Diajukan sebagi salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Magister Sains (M.Si) dalam Bidang Ilmu Hubungan Internasional FAHMI TARUMANEGARA 1006743512 FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK MAGISTER ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL JAKARTA JUNI 2012 Strategi keamanan..., Fahmi Tarumanegara, FISIP UI, 2012 Strategi keamanan..., Fahmi Tarumanegara, FISIP UI, 2012 Strategi keamanan..., Fahmi Tarumanegara, FISIP UI, 2012 Strategi keamanan..., Fahmi Tarumanegara, FISIP UI, 2012 UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK DEPARTEMEN ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL PROGRAM PASCASARJANA Fahmi Tarumanegara 1006743512 Strategi Keamanan Amerika Serikat ditengah Peningkatan Kapabilitas Militer China 2002-2010 ABSTRAK Amerika saat ini menghadapi berbagai tantangan dan ancaman sepanjang periode 2002-2010. Strategi keamanan Amerika Serikat pada periode ini menunjukan peningkatan intensitas defensif dan kooperatif, di tengah peningkatan kapabilitas militer China sepanjang periode 2002-2010, dimana China berpotensi melakukan aksi ofensif dan mengancam Amerika Serikat. Tesis ini akan fokus pada pertanyaan mengapa strategi Amerika Serikat mengalami peningkatan intensitas defensif terhadap terhadap China yang mengalami peningkatan kapabilitas militer di tahun 2002-2010. Tesis ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dan menggunakan teori dilema keamanan, dalam rangkaian pengujian hipotesa. Hasil temuan dalam tesis ini mengungkapkan bahwa intensitas defensif dan kooperatif yang ditunjukan Amerika Serikat melalui strateginya disebabkan oleh peningkatan intensitas dilema keamanan. Argumen ini juga dipengaruhi perhitungan rasional terhadap keunggulan defensif yang dimiliki AS, serta intensitas ofensif-defensif China yang tidak dapat dibedakan. Sifat defensif dalam strategi keamanan Amerika Serikat memungkinkannya untuk memitigasi meningkatnya intensitas dilema keamanan, khususnya melalui peningkatan kekuatan defensif diantara tahun 2002- 2010, serta melalui peningkatan kerjasama pada periode 2006-2010. Kata kunci: Strategi Keamanan, Amerika Serikat, China, Dilema Keamanan iv Strategi keamanan..., Fahmi Tarumanegara, FISIP UI, 2012 THE UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA THE FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS POSTGRADUATE PROGRAME Fahmi Tarumanegara 1006743512 United States Security Strategy in mids of the Increasing of China Military Capability 2002-2010. ABSTRACT United States facing numerous challenges and threat during the period 2002-2010. United States security strategy in this period showed an increase in the intensity of defensive and uncooperative, in mid of the increasing of Chinese military capabilities over the period 2002-2010, which China could potentially take offensive action and threaten the United States. This thesis focused on the question of why the strategy of the United States experienced an increase in defensive intensity against China, which its military capabilities have increased in the years 2002-2010. This thesis uses quantitative methods and security dilemma theory, in a series of hypothesis testing. The findings in this thesis reveal that the intensity of defensive and cooperative, caused by the increasing of the security dilemma intensity. This argument is also influenced by rational calculations of United States defensive advantage and China offensive-defensive that can not be distinguished. Defensive nature of the security strategy of the United States allowed it to mitigate the increasing intensity of security dilemmas, particularly through increasing the defensive strength between the years 2002-2010, as well as through increased cooperation in the period 2006-2010. Key words: Security Strategy, United States, China, Security Dilemma v Strategi keamanan..., Fahmi Tarumanegara, FISIP UI, 2012 KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT yang berkat rakhmat-Nya penulisan tesis ini berhasil rampung, dan diharapkan dapat menjadi salah satu bentuk dedikasi penulis untuk memperkaya keilmuan Hubugan Internasional. Di tengah semakin dinamisnya pergerakan berbagai fenomena politik yang terjadi, tulisan ini berusaha mengelaborasi sebagian kecil dari fenomena tersebut, khususnya mengenai strategi keamanan yang diimplementasikan Amerika Serikat (AS) di tengah pergerakan dan perubahan kekuatan negara-negara besar, yang kemudian fokus pada pola diadiknya dengan China di periode 2002-2010. Topik utama tesis ini menarik untuk diperdebatkan, dikarenakan fakta- fakta mengenai bagaimana strategi AS di abad 21 menunjukan peningkatan aksi- aksi defensif dan kooperatifnya dengan China. Aksi tersebut muncul dan terefleksikan dalam strategi keamanan AS, di tengah peningkatan besar dari kapabilitas militer China dan negara-negara lain di dunia. China yang juga menjadi fokus dalam tesis ini, memperlihatkan peningkatan kekuatannnya, yang tidak hanya mencakup permasalahan persenjataan dan kekuatan militernya semata, namun di dukung pula oleh kemajuan industri pertahanan, peningkatan ekonomi dan anggaran pertahanan, termasuk perluasan strategi keamanan nasionalnya. Dalam kondisi ini, strategi keamanan AS justru memperlihatkan pola yang berbeda dari strategi yang umumnya digunakan dalam menghadapi negara- negara lain, yang memiliki potensi mengancam dan bersifat ofensif terhadap AS. Berawal dari pengamatan penulis mengenai perkembangan dan terjadinya standar ganda dari sifat strategi keamanan AS tersebut, tesis ini mencoba menjawab pertanyaan mengenai: mengapa strategi keamanan AS mengalami peningkatan intensitas ke arah defensif terhadap China yang mengalami peningkatan kapabilitas militer sepanjang periode 2002-2010. Dimana hal ini juga memperlihatkan perbedaan dari asumsi kaum realisme Hubungan Internasional yang umumnya menganggap negara cenderung bersifat ofensif di tengah sistem internasional yang anarki. Dalam proses penulisan, penulis menyadari keterbatasan-keterbatasan yang dimiliki baik dalam segi pengetahuan maupun keterbatasan teknis. Karenanya, argumen dalam tesis ini terbuka untuk segala masukan dan perdebatan, guna perbaikan selanjutnya. Penulis berharap bahwa tesis ini dapat menjadi bahan pembelajaran yang baik bagi penulis sendiri, pembaca, dan peneliti lain memiliki perhatian pada tema yang terkait. Penulis, Juni 2012 vi Strategi keamanan..., Fahmi Tarumanegara, FISIP UI, 2012 UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH Puji syukur juga dipanjatkan kepada Allah SWT, yang telah memberikan kesempatan kepada penulis untuk memperoleh pendidikan hingga ke jenjang pascasarjana, serta memberikan kesempatan bagi penulis untuk mendapatkan perluasan pengalaman, ilmu, serta jaringan pertemanan dan persahabatan selama penulis menjalani proses studi tersebut. Penulis juga menyadari bahwa tanpa rahmat-Nya dan dukungan orang-orang di sekitar, maka penulis tidak akan mampu menyelesaikan studi dan tesis ini secara maksimal. Oleh karena itu, penulis melalui kesempatan ini juga mengucapkan rasa terima kasih yang mendalam kepada: (1) Prof. Zainuddin Djafar, Ph.D. selaku dosen pembimbing, yang secara kooperatif telah menyediakan waktu dan pikirannya selama proses penulisan tesis ini. Terima kasih atas bimbingan, dan dukungannya. (2) Dr. Makmur Keliat selaku ketua Program Pasca Sarjana Hubungan Internasional Universitas Indonesia; serta Broto Wardoyo, M.A; Evi Fitriani Ph.D; dan Asra Virgianita, MA; selaku tim penguji. Terimakasih atas segala masukannya yang telah membantu menyempurnakan penulisan tesis ini. (3) Seluruh dosen Program Pascasarjana Hubungan Internasional Universitas Indonesia. Terimakasih telah membuka wawasan penulis, pengalaman proses belajar serta atas ilmu berharga yang telah diberikan. (4) Terima kasih yang sangat mendalam kepada ayah dan ibu tercinta, Setia Buddi Abdullah dan Zahara Setia Buddi; atas segala doa, cinta, kesabaran dan segala pengorbanan yang kalian berikan, sehingga mampu mengantarkan para buah hatinya hingga ke jenjang pendidikan yang tinggi. Terima kasih juga kepada adik tercinta Dinda Rakhma Fitriani yang selalu siap membantu dan menceriakan suasana. (5) Para sahabat terbaik: Meita, Epica, Akbar, Archel, Edit, Adina, Ganesha, Deska, Yusa, Luthfi, Rinda, Yolis, dan Monica. Terimakasih atas persahabatan dalam senang maupun susah selama dua tahun terakhir, serta segala dukungan yang kalian berikan dalam proses penulisan tesis yang kita lakukan bersama. Terimkasih atas saran dan kritik yang kalian berikan. Semoga ini menjadi awal terwujudnya segala impian kita. (6) Seluruh teman-teman mahasiswa Magister HI FISIP UI angkatan 2010 – Adi, Poeti, dan Shally; Magister Kajian Terorisme angkatan 2010, dan Putra (2009).Terima kasih atas dukungan dan pertemanan selama ini. (7) Pak Udin, Mbak Ice, dan seluruh staf manajemen Pascasarjana Hubungan Internasional UI di Kampus Salemba. Terimakasih atas bantuannya selama ini yang sangat berarti. vii Strategi keamanan..., Fahmi Tarumanegara, FISIP UI, 2012 (8) Teman-teman dan dosen S1 HI FISIP UNPAD dan MM UGM. Terimakasih karena masih bersedia memberikan masukan bagi penulisan tesis ini, serta dukungan dan semangat yang kalian berikan. (9) Para keluarga dan sahabat yang tidak dapat disebutkan satu-persatu, yang selalu setia mendukung, serta memberika
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