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The Royal Navy Its Influence in English History and in the Growth Of

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Th e Cambridge M anuals of Science and Literature THE ROYA L NAVY CAM B RIDG E U NIVE RS ITY PRES S Y MA R . F . C LA AG E C , N E ER LANE E . C . a utu mn : F TT , I OO PRINC ES S TREET A. AS HER AND CO. 1 1 F B ROC K HAUS m m : . A. a ’ 'c M S ON S nd G . P P T A S ' fi ” . U N i L T D . B om bay anb G al tu tta : MAC M I LLAN AN D CO . , Q u : M T D S O S LT D anta . E AN J . D N N , Wu h an : THE MARUZ EN - KABU S H I K I - KAIS HA ’ A ll n gfits r eser ved THE ROYA L NA V Y IT S INFLUEN CE IN ENG LISH HIST ORY AND IN T HE G ROW T H OF EMPIRE BY JOH N LEYLAND Cambridge at h t e Un iversity Press Qram hrth ge RINT B Y OH N AY M . A . P ED J CL , AT TH E UNIVERS ITY PRES S W ito tfie excepti on of ti e coat of arm s at ’ toe oot tko deoz n on toe title a e is a f , g p g rep rodu ction of one wed by one earlieot known Cam brid e ri nter Jonn Siberofi 2 x g p , , I 5 PREFACE NE obj ect of this little Manual is to bring within the compass of a few brief ch a pters a general u r view of the nat e , character and development of the British Navy . A larger purpose is to shew the in fluence of the Navy in sa feguarding the in dep en dence and security of the country , and the part it has played in promoting the growth and upholdi ng the integrity of the Empire . fl The in uence of the sea pervades our history , and has been instrumenta l in the shaping of our national a n d institutions character . It is therefore pre eminently worthy of study . By our maritime suprema cy an d ou r wa rdshi p of the seas the Empir e a has come into being , and without th t wardship the s Empire would have cea ed to be . Notwithstandi ng all that has bee n written during c in a till re ent years concern g the N vy , there is s a want of understa nding a mongst the people at large a of these matters of fund mental importance . When questions arise in relation to Imperial Defence , opinions are formed which are based on imperfect knowledge of the principles which underlie ou r hi maritime story . Even subjects which touch ou r 29 0 4 7 7 PREFAC E i sland defence are handled with little reference to the l essons of the past , which are the surest guide to the . m a policy of the future We y read , in this history , of safety won by the exercise of wise fores ight in maintaining the essentials for naval sufficiency , and of adva ntages lost and interests imperilled by the want of such foresight . An outstandi ng a n d cha ra cteristic feature of naval administration in the past has been its exhibition of a stra nge ebb and flow in the provision of the prime a s essenti l for naval security , periods of development and efficiency having been succeeded by periods of a n d h as decline decay , in which sometimes Fortune r i a a favou ed us by blind ng or we kening our advers ries , when our own preparations might not have availed . ou r That we must not , through neglect , entrust welfare to the favour of Fortune is a lesson which shines forth plainl y from all our hi story . l hi We learn , too , from nava story that we possess advantages , by virtue of our island position and the u n n comm ications of the Empire bei g by sea , that are not possessed by nations which are parts of the re infl i m continent , and a therefore uenced by the nf a p eri ou s demands cf land power . We i er th t there i s something really different in ou r national character a from that of continent l nations , and that this i f a d f erence , combined with the adv ntages of our ' situ ati on h a s geographical , fitted us for success at PREFACE sea in a manner which has been denied to other a races . History w rns us that we must guard our selves from throwing a way or dim i ni shing the adva ntage which we enjoy in the fact that our se curity and ou r influence are based upon power of command at sea . The lessons of this book are not insistently put r i s forwa d . Rather , it left to the reader , with some i ind cations , to deduce the meaning of history from a n d its events circumstances . The index will shew i a where quest ons relative to inv sion , blockade and c di are l a other on tions i lustr ted . In the same way l a a n d m a he may discover the evi s that have risen , y m i m i arise , from naval and litary sunderstandings , di and from sputations with in the service itself . The book shews how the Na vy h a s on severa l occasions bee n the essential factor in the success of m i litary l l operations , in circumstances hard y a luded to in our hi story books . To bring before the reader these a n d other a n e a essenti l thi gs is the obj ct of the M nual , but , in suggesting the lessons of a ph il os0 ph i c study of naval hi story , the instrument whereby ma ritime influence s an d has been exerci ed , the incidents of its exercise , a a l occupy a large p rt of the book . The N vy itse f and its achievements are , indeed , in the foreground, with something of the picturesqueness of nava l r cha acter , and , though the compa ss of the book is PREFACE a o a en but small , few spects of naval hist ry h ve be i i altogether neglected . The sh ps of success ve periods , a if the personnel and the conditions of nav l l e , the al hi ni great personalities of nav story , admi stration , a a n d strategy , t ctics , the battles and events , with — brief indi cations of salient features all these have in their place the book . The author expresses hi s indebtedness to many volumes in the wide literature of naval and other history . He gives in a short bibliography some indi cation of the best books relating to successive i s a periods and subjects . It gr tifying that in the series i i of manuals in wh ch th s book appears , is a volume Th u rs fi eld a a by Mr J . R . dealing in masterly m nner with some special branches of naval strategy . Finally the a uthor desires to place on record hi s especia l li a n d s a ob gations , for counsel assi t nce in relation to i hi s ri a th s book , to old f end and colle gue Commander R N C . N . Robinson , . L JOHN EYLAND . ’ S t G eor e s Da 1 91 4. g y , CONTENTS CHAP . PREFACE THE S EA AND THE MAKING OF ENG LAND ’ THE CONQ UEROR S S EA POW ER HOW MEDIE VAL B ATTLES W ERE FOUGHT S HIPS AND MEN THE AG E or MAR ITIM E DIS COVERY AND TH E OV ER THROW or SPAIN THE A S I O A ORS AND S UA S VI . TR N TI N N VY . TUD T RT E NT S OR DOM N O THE F S TH NEW CO E T F I I N. IR T DUTCH W AR THE S O A O A AND THE LOS OF THE VIII . RE T R TI N N VY C E DUTCH WARS H r T E O O or 16 . THE B o IX . REV LUTI N 88 EGINNING THE FRENCH WARS A A D Y X . N V L SUPREMACY AN FLEET DECA A S O AND HA 7 W K . THE A A 7 XI . N N E REGENER TED N V Y ’ TH E S Y A XII. EVEN E RS W AR AND WORLD DOM NI ON 85 THE AR OF AM XIII . W ERI CAN INDEPENDENCE CONTENTS PAGE HO . OJ THE F H O O . W P C TS XIV. RENC REV LUTI N E R E or INVASION AN D THE MUTINI ES E M D A A AND TH E . S O TH I XV NEL N, E ITERR NE N N LE . THE PEACE OF AMIEN S A S AND P A S or B O A A XVI . IDE L N N P RTE XVII . THE CAMPAIGN THE F TS or O XVIII . RUI VICT RY O S ONS XIX . C NCLU I BIB LIOGRAPHY INDE' CHAPTER I TH E S EA AN D THE A K G OF E G L A .
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