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Luther-Rezeption Bei Gottfried Arnold Luther-Rezeption bei Gottfried Arnold Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Theologie am Fachbereich Evangelische Theologie der Philipps-Universität Marburg vorgelegt von SANG JO LEE Marburg 2010 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis I. Einführung ............................................................................................................. 4 1. Forschungsbericht .................................................................................................. 6 2. Leitfragen und Ziel der Arbeit .............................................................................. 10 3. Die Quellengrundlage .......................................................................................... 13 II. Lutherbild vor Gottfried Arnold ........................................................................ 15 1. Arnolds Studienzeit in Wittenberg ........................................................................ 16 1.1 Immatrikulation an der Wittenberger Universität .............................................. 17 1.2 Grundstudium .................................................................................................. 19 1.3 Theologiestudium ............................................................................................. 27 2. Das Lutherbild der Wittenberger theologischen Lehrer ......................................... 33 2.1 Das apokalyptische Lutherbild ......................................................................... 34 2.1.1. Hintergrund: Endzeitbewusstsein .................................................................. 34 2.1.2. Historische Entwicklung ............................................................................... 37 2.1.3. Das apokalyptische Lutherbild bei Deutschmann .......................................... 41 2.2 Luthers rechtmäßige Berufung ......................................................................... 43 2.2.1 Entstehung und historische Entwicklung ....................................................... 43 2.2.2 Luthers Berufung bei Quenstedt .................................................................... 46 3. Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................... 51 III. Lutherbild in der Unparteiische Kirchen- und Ketzer-Historie .......................... 53 1. Die lebensgeschichtliche Wandlung Gottfried Arnolds ......................................... 53 1.1 Arnolds Kontakt zu Philipp Jakob Spener ......................................................... 53 1.2 Arnolds Kontakt zum schwärmerischen Kreis in Quedlinburg .......................... 60 1.3 Arnolds Weg bis zu der UKKH ......................................................................... 62 2. Die Lutherdarstellung Arnolds in der UKKH ........................................................ 67 2.1 Die Konzeption der UKKH ............................................................................... 69 2.2 Unterscheidung des Bildes zwischen dem frühen und dem späten Luther ......... 74 2.3 Das Bild des frühen Luthers ............................................................................ 82 2.3.1 Luthers Berufung und Erleuchtung ............................................................... 84 2.3.2 Herwiederbringung und die mystische Vereinigung ....................................... 87 2.3.3 Verfolgung und Bescheidenheit ..................................................................... 92 2.3.4 Fazit ............................................................................................................. 94 2.4 Das Bild des späten Luthers............................................................................. 95 2.4.1 Die „traurige Veränderung“ Luthers .............................................................. 95 2.4.2 Kritik an der „Vergötterung“ Luthers ............................................................ 97 2.4.3 Kritik an der Eifersucht Luthers und seinem heftigen Charakter .................. 101 2.4.4 Fazit ........................................................................................................... 103 3 2.5 Luther und die Reformation ............................................................................ 103 2.6 Luther als Maßstab der Kritik an der lutherischen Kirche ............................... 105 3. Zusammenfassung: Die Lutherdeutung in der UKKH ......................................... 108 IV. Lutherbild im Verlauf der Wandlung Arnolds von 1700 bis 1701 .................... 110 1. Arnolds offene Haltung zum Zugang zur Kirche ................................................ 112 2. Arnolds Heirat mit Anna Maria Sprögel ............................................................. 116 3. Fazit .................................................................................................................. 119 V. Lutherbild im Leben der Gläubigen ................................................................... 122 1. Einleitung .......................................................................................................... 122 2. Die Konzeption des Leben der Gläubigen .......................................................... 123 3. Die Lutherdarstellung im Leben der Gläubigen .................................................. 126 3.1 Der innere Zustand des frühen Luthers ........................................................... 127 3.1.1 Die verborgene Einwirkung Gottes auf Luther ............................................ 128 3.1.2 Luther und die mystische Offenbarung des göttlichen Samen ...................... 129 3.1.3 Luther und die Erfahrung des Durchbruchs zur Freiheit .............................. 129 3.1.4 Luther als Bußkämpfer ............................................................................... 130 3.2 Der innere Zustand des späten Luthers ........................................................... 131 3.3 Arnolds Lob der pietistischen Ausdrücke in den Schriften Luthers ................. 133 4. Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................. 136 VI. Die Lutherinterpretation des späten Arnold ..................................................... 137 1. Lutherdarstellung in der Supplementa, Illustrationes Emendationes zu Verbesserung der Kirchen=Historie (1703) ............................................................... 139 2. Lutherdarstellung in der Arnolds Vorrede zur Kirchenpostille Luthers (1710)..... 141 2.1 Luther als Verkündiger des wahren Evangeliums ............................................ 142 2.2 Luther als der mystisch-geistliche Bibelausleger............................................. 145 2.3 Arnolds Argumentation gegen die Abwertung der Kirchenpostille .................. 146 3. Die Lutherdarstellung in der Theologia experimentalis (1714) ........................... 148 4. Kontinuität und Diskontinuität in Arnolds Lutherdarstellung.............................. 152 VII. Fazit ............................................................................................................... 157 VIII. Anhang ....................................................................................................... 159 IX. Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis................................................................... 165 1. Quellen: Gottfried Arnold .................................................................................. 165 2. Weitere Quellen ................................................................................................. 169 3. Nachschlagewerke und Hilfsmittel ..................................................................... 172 4. Literatur ............................................................................................................. 173 4 I. Einführung In der gegenwärtigen Pietismusforschung wird der Pietismus als die bedeutendste religiöse Erneurungs- bzw. Frömmigkeitsbewegung des Protestantismus seit der Reformation bezeichnet.1 In dieser Geschichte des Pietismus ist Arnold neben Spener, Francke und Zinzendorf eine „Symbolgestalt einer Frömmigkeitshaltung“2. Gottfried Arnold (1666-1714) sah durch die Erforschung der Anfänge des Christentums das Leben der ersten christlichen Gemeinde als Spiegel für die verdorbene gegenwärtige Kirche an. Vor allem konzipierte er vom radikalen Spiritualismus her die Geschichte der Kirche als Verfallsgeschichte, der die Geschichte der wahren Christen als Frömmigkeitsgeschichte kontrastierte. Daraus resultierten vielfältige wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen, die die Gebildeten in ganz Deutschland bis weit ins 18. Jahrhundert hinein nachhaltig beeinflussten. Wirkungsgeschichtlich ist Arnold also der „bedeutendste Vertreter des radikalen Pietismus“3. Er ist auch einer der wichtigsten Wegbereiter der modernen Geschichtsschreibung, insofern er „den pietistischen Subjektivismus für ein vertieftes Verständnis der Geschichte fruchtbar machte“4. In der neueren Forschung zum radikalen Pietismus 5 steht Gottfried Arnold ganz 1 MARTIN BRECHT, Einleitung, in: MARTIN BRECHT (Hg.), Geschichte des Pietismus, Bd. 1: Der Pietismus vom siebzehnten bis zum frühen achtzehnten Jahrhundert, Göttingen 1993, S. 1. In Bezug auf die Bestimmung des Pietismusbegriffs gibt es in der gegenwärtigen Pietismus-Forschung immer noch keine Definition des Pietismus, die auf allgemeinem Konsens beruht. Die Schwierigkeit einer Definition des Pietismus liegt darin begründet, dass seine religiöse Gemeinschaftsform sehr vielfältig ist. Sie reicht von innerkirchlichen Gemeinschaften
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