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Speech Disorders Ofparkinsonism J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.44.9.751 on 1 September 1981. Downloaded from Joiuriail of Neurology, Neurosurgery, anid Psychiatry 1981 ;44:751-758 Commentary Speech disorders of Parkinsonism: a review EMR CRITCHLEY From the Preston Royal lnfirmary, Preston, Lancashire SUMMARY Study of the speech disorders of Parkinsonism provides a paradigm of the integration of phonation, articulation and language in the production of speech. The initial defect in the untreated patient is a failure to control respiration for the purpose of speech and there follows a forward progression of articulatory symptoms involving larynx, pharynx, tongue and finally lips. There is evidence that the integration of speech production is organised asymmetrically at thalamic level. Experimental or therapeutic lesions in the region of the inferior medial portion of ventro-lateral thalamus may influence the initiation, respiratory control, rate and prosody of speech. Higher language functions may also be involved in thalamic integration: different forms of anomia are reported with pulvinar and ventrolateral thalamic lesions and transient aphasia may follow stereo- guest. Protected by copyright. taxis. The results of treatment with levodopa indicate that neurotransmitter substances enhance the clarity, volume and persistence of phonation and the latency and smoothness of articulation. The improvement of speech performance is not necessarily in phase with locomotor changes. The dose- related dyskinetic effects of levodopa, which appear to have a physiological basis in observations previously made in post-encephalitic Parkinsonism, not only influence the prosody of speech with near-mutism, hesitancy and dysfluency but may affect word-finding ability and in instances of excitement (erethism) even involve the association of long-term memory with speech. In future, neurologists will need to examine more closely the role of neurotransmitters in speech production and formulation. "In the great majority of cases of paralysis agitans, problems, adding to the complexity of the speech disorders of speech become obvious as the disease disorders accompanying the disease. Adolescents advances. The shades of inflection to emphasise a developing a Parkinsonian syndrome in the late point disappear, the volume of the voice is reduced, stages of epidemic encephalitis used to present with pronunciation of consonants is defective and the bizarre fluctuations in motility (kinesia paradoxica) sentence often ends in a mumble. From a monot- and respiration.2 Many of them were rigidly im- onous, soft voice without variation in pitch, there mobile, or unable to stand without support, for is gradual progression of the dysarthria until the much of the day and yet could show full freedom http://jnnp.bmj.com/ patient's diction may become neither audible not of movement at night, dance gracefully in response intelligible. Whereas the general slowness of move- to a rhythmic stimulus and even run better than they ments finds its expression also in the rate of speech in could walk. As well as oculo-gyric crises, they suf- some cases, others talk fast, running words into fered from recurrent respiratory crises with a multi- each other as if they wanted to conserve their energies plicity of disturbances affecting the rate and rhythm and get it over and done with. A few exhibit a of respiration. Rapid, deep and violent respirations progressive acceleration of words towards the end of could be followed by tetany, prolonged apnoea, a sentence similar to the festination of gait."' cyanosis and convulsions. Alternatively, attacks of on September 26, 2021 by Each epoch from the epidemic of encephalitis Cheyne-Stokes respiration, accompanied by strange lethargica to the post-levodopa era has posed fresh and distorted posturing, could be provoked by trivial stimuli.34 These problems of mobility and Address for reprint requests: Dr EMR Critchley, Royal respiration were reflected in their speech. In the older, Infirmary, Preston, Lancs PRI 6PS, UK. end-stage postencephalitic Parkinsonian patient, Accepted 10 July 1981 Martin, Hurwitz and Finlayson5 observed the 751 J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.44.9.751 on 1 September 1981. Downloaded from 752 Critchley negative features of the disease. Many were abso- articulation, few untreated patients exhibit a lutely inarticulate, others rarely spoke and more than dysarthria restricted to a disorder of articulation. half were incomprehensible when they did speak. The progression of symptoms as observed by Darley, Their difficulties, which stimulated the results of Aronson and Brown'3 14 monopitch, reduced stress, experimental bilateral pallidal damage, included monoloudness, imprecise consonants, inappropriate akinesia, apraxia and deficiencies of postural fixation silences, short rushes and harsh breathless voice- of the tongue. The introduction of stereotaxic surgery suggests an impairment of phonation; but patients brought a new series of complications. Dysarthria or when asked to describe why they have difficulty dysphonia following operation could be permanent, with speech invariably describe their facio-oral but anomia or aphasia were more usually transitoly. difficulties, "my tongue thrusts out" or "my chin Finally, the appearance in the post-levodopa era shakes and my cheeks suck in", even in the presence of dyskinesias, "on-off" fluctuations and peak-dose of obvious dyspnoea and dysphonia. dysphonia suggest that in some respects the disease Dysphonia results from impaired control of has completed a full circle. respiratory and laryngeal muscles. Parkinsonl5 Conventionally, speech disturbances found in noted that one of his patients "fetched his breath Parkinsonism are labelled dysarthrias. But only rather hard". Intermittent or paroxysmal respiratory Lenneberg6 is prepared to ascribe these to a purely abnormalities in the postencephalitic patient were articulatory disturbance-an "adiodochokinesia of described in the introduction. More usually there is the voice".7 "There may be a dramatic impoverish- an increased uniformity of phonic respiration due to ment of all articulatory muscles. Instead of the muscular rigidity.'6 Rigidity may be such that the required rapid changes in the spatial geometry of the respiratory organs remain in a fixed, neutral position vocal tract, a relative allows for rigidity practically during speech apart from limited, synchronous guest. Protected by copyright. no changes in the oral configuration resulting in movements of the pectoral and diaphragmatic monotonous inarticulate utterances. The dysarthria muscles. The respiratory strength is decreased with is merely a concomitant of a condition that affects a reduction in vital capacity.'7 Progression of the all facial and oral movements". Luchsinger and disease brings dyspnoea on mild exertion and the Arnold8 describe spastic rigidity of articulatory and maximum breathing capacity may fall to 56 % of the phonatory musculature: "The same disorders of predicted norm in the absence of other thoracic or drive afflict all parts of the peripheral speaking systemic disease.'8 The uniformity of respiration apparatus. This means that respiration, phonation, is punctuated by abnormally deep respirations, articulation and diction are similarly disturbed"; representing 9 % of the respiratory excursions.'6 and Calne9 emphasises that the "control of the Deeper respirations occur at rest without obvious larynx and respiratory muscles is defective". cause, or before attempting to talk. They are often To encompass this complex disturbance of succeeded by slowing of respiration, producing speech, Peacher'0 and Grewell" suggested characteristic plateaus8 and, when talking, festina- "dysarthro-phonia" and "dysarthro-pneumo- tion or fading of speech results. phonia", respectively; but a wider definition of In normal human speech the mobility of the vocal dysarthria as any disturbance of speech that has as cords and their ability to alter in shape and dimen- its basis some type of neuromuscular abnormality sion provides a wide range of notes varying in is preferable.'2 It is possible, thereby, to omit pitch, quality and intensity. During phonation the deviantpatterns of pitch, intensity and speech rhythm adducted cords are set in vibration. These vibrations that have a structural or psychological basis and involve either segnents of the cord or its entire http://jnnp.bmj.com/ yet include dysprosody, dysphonia and any speech length. The air-stream is cut up into a series of rapid deviation resulting from paresis of the respiratory puffs producing a tone, and the duration of the muscles.'2'4 Even so, many speech abnormalities closed contact of the cord varies with the pitch of the found in Parkinsonism-festination, different kinds note produced.'9 In Parkinsonism there is a break- ofhesitation, mutism, oral and articulatory apraxias, down of prosodic factors, glottal closure may be and akinesia for speech-lie outside this definition. incomplete, the vocal tone breathy, harsh and low pitched, and adduction or abduction of the cords Physical production of speech may be faulty.'2 The intratracheal pressure during on September 26, 2021 by normal conversation may be reduced with little Since the advent of levodopa and the decline in the fluctuation in amplitude and rigidity, or sluggishness incidence of postencephalitic Parkinsonism, the of vocal cord movement may be confirmed by laryn- speech disorders of Parkinson's disease have been goscopy.
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