DOCSLIB.ORG

Middle to Late Holocene Stream

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Middle to Late Holocene Stream Middle to late holocene stream dynamics of the Santa Cruz River, Tucson, Arizona : implications for human settlement, the transition to agriculture and archaeological site preservation. Item Type Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic); text Authors Freeman, Andrea Kelly Lee. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 05/10/2021 16:02:55 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191219 MIDDLE TO LATE HOLOCENE STREAM DYNAMICS OF THE SANTA CRUZ RIVER, TUCSON, ARIZONA: IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENT, THE TRANSITION TO AGRICULTURE AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE PRESERVATION by Andrea Kelly Lee Freeman Copyright © Andrea Kelly Lee Freeman 1997 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1997 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Andrea Kelly Lee Freeman entitled Middle to Late Holocene Stream Dynamics of the Santa Cruz River, Tucson, Arizona: Implications for Human Settlement, the Transition to Agriculture, and Archaeological site Preservation. and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy AlArr z) C. V Hayn Date / ,/ /9 1Date Date Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. / 27 / 99/ Dissertation Director C. Vance Hay es, Jr. Date 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: <!!7,2---'-' 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Research for this dissertation was funded by the U. of A. Graduate College, ADoT, the City of Tucson, the Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society, and the Center for Desert Archaeology. Radiocarbon assays were provided by Beta Analytic, Inc. and the University of Colorado Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research. My sincere gratitude goes to Elizabeth Black and Dena McDuffie for formatting and editing and to Elizabeth Gray, Rob Ciaccio, and Catherine Gilman for drafting. Additional mapping and drafting was provided by GEO-MAP, Inc. with particular recognition to Jim Holmlund for long hours and friendly advice when needed. Stratigraphic pits were excavated by Paul Giacomino (Desert Diggers) and Dan Arnit (Innovative Excavating). Josh Edwards, Todd Schmitz, Todd Surovell, and Vance Haynes' "Late Quaternary Geology" class aided me in geologic mapping. Many friends and colleagues have stimulated my intellectual development and supported me with friendship and love. I would like to thank the staff of Desert Archaeology, Inc. (DAI), the founding members of the Quaternary Alliance (Qal), and the EGS for their support. Helga Wi5cherl, Chaz Tompkins, Louise Senior, and Dunbar Birnie allowed me share in the joy of raising their daughters and watching them grow. The unconditional love and cherished phrases from my friends, April Birnie and Anwyn Tompkins, rescued me many times with a sense of calm and simplicity that no one else could muster. Six four-footed friends provided occasional companionship: Zack, Bones, Amos, Lola, Georgia, and Ripley. Numerous bipeds deserve a special note of appreciation for devoted encouragement: S. Bierwirth, K. Harry, B. Miksa, K. Nicoll, M. Slaughter, K. Tankersley, R. VanDyke, L. Young, and T. Young. For those left out, please know that you are in my heart and mind, but not the regulations of the Graduate College. Field discussions with E. Hajic, B. Huckell, G. Huckleberry, A. Meglioli, P. Pearthree, B. Roth, K. Vincent, M. Waters, and colleagues at DAI helped me to refine my thinking on the relationship between streams and archaeology. My committee, Vance Haynes, John Olsen, and Steve Kuhn, greatly improved the content and format of this thesis. All flaws or omissions in this dissertation are expressly my own. Additional members of my examination committee, David Meltzer, William Longacre, Vic Baker, and Owen Davis helped me through many difficult and unpleasant lessons. My advisor, Vance and "ldr," David provided me with the rare (deserved) scowl and unswerving belief in my abilities. Two other professors provided appropriate words and inspiration during especially trying times: C. Kramer and M. Schiffer. My strength to continue in this pursuit came from training and support I received early in my life. For that unique gift, I thank my former swim coaches and my parents, Hilda and Ralph Freeman, who taught me to break down walls. Finally, this research would not have been initiated without the support of my employer, Bill Doelle. Bill cajoled me into writing this dissertation and provided the support for me to do so. I can never thank him enough. If I can ever be worthy of the faith that those mentioned above have had in me, my life will be fulfilled. 5 DEDICATION To my grandparents... David Carlson Grace Carlson Marvel Carlson Samuel Freeman E. Joan Freeman ...from whom I inherited my life's geography. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 10 LIST OF TABLES 12 ABSTRACT 13 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 14 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 15 DEFINITION OF THE STUDY AND FOCUS AREA 17 ALLUVIAL GEOLOGY AND ARCHAEOLOGY IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA 22 Arroyo Cutting and Filling 24 Preceramic Archaeology in the Tucson Basin 31 CHAPTER 2: MIDDLE AND LATE HOLOCENE ARCHAEOLOGY IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA 40 INTRODUCTION 40 THE SOUTHWESTERN "ARCHAIC" 43 San Dieguito and Pinto-Gypsum 44 Amargosa 45 The Cochise Culture 46 The Desert Culture 48 PICOSA, Oshara, and the Southwestern Archaic 48 THE MIDDLE ARCHAIC 49 Why So Few Middle Archaic Sites? 50 Characteristics of the Southwestern Middle Archaic 52 Middle Archaic Sites in Southern Arizona 56 Status of the Middle Archaic in Southern Arizona 69 New Hallmarks of the Southern Arizona Middle Archaic 70 Middle Archaic Site Types and Site Distributions 72 THE LATE ARCHAIC/EARLY AGRICULTURAL PERIOD 73 Investigations of Late Archaic/Early Agricultural Sites in Southern Arizona 74 GEOCLIMATIC MODELS FOR ARCHAIC PERIODIZATION 80 Antevs' Altithermal 81 Correlate Human Responses 82 Altithermal Abandonments? 84 MIDDLE TO LATE ARCHAIC TRANSITION 88 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) 7 CHAPTER 3: HISTORIC STREAM BEHAVIOR AND HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES OF THE SANTA CRUZ RIVER 91 INTRODUCTION 91 PALEOCOMPETANCE RECONSTRUCTIONS 93 Desert Stream Processes 93 Sediment Characteristics 95 Summary 97 HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTIONS 97 Historic Descriptions of the Santa Cruz River 99 REGIME-BASED RECONSTRUCTIONS 104 San Xavier Reach 105 Tucson Reach 106 Cortaro Reach 107 MODELLING PREHISTORIC CHANNEL BEHAVIOR 108 CHAPTER 4: GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SANTA CRUZ RIVER WITHIN THE TUCSON BASIN 110 OVERVIEW OF THE SANTA CRUZ RIVER TERRACES ........ 111 QT5 and QT4 (The Univerisity and Cemetary terraces) 112 Qt3 (the Jaynes terrace) 113 Qt2 (the Holoecene terrace) 113 Qt 1 (the Historic terrace) 115 SAN XAVIER 116 Unit I 117 Unit II 117 Unit III 118 Unit IV 118 Unit V 118 Unit VI 119 Unit VII 119 RIO NUEVO SOUTH/A-MOUNTAIN 119 Clearwater Site (AZ BB:13:6) 120 Project Area Background 124 Methods 126 Stratigraphy 127 Correlation 138 Summary 140 ALAMEDA STREET 141 Stratigraphy 142 RILLITO FAN 146 Rillito Fan Site (AZ AA:12:788) 147 Methods 148 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) 8 Results of Geomorphic Study 149 Summary 157 INA ROAD 159 AZ AA:12:111/688 160 AZ AA:12:130 160 AZ AA:12:503 161 Geologic Background 162 Previous Geochronological Work in the Project Area 164 Recent Excavation at AA: 12:503 (ASM) by Statistical Research 165 Recent Excavation at AA:12:130 (ASM) by SWCA 165 Results of Testing Along Ina Road 167 Correlation 168 Summary 169 SILVERBELL ROAD 170 SUMMARY 171 CHAPTER 5: ALLUVIAL STRATIGRAPHY, GEOCHRONOLOGY, AND GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE SANTA CRUZ BEND AND JUHAN PARK SITES 173 INTRODUCTION 173 Santa Cruz Bend (AZ AA:12:746) 175 Stone Pipe (AZ BB:13:425) 176 Square Hearth (AZ AA:12:745) 177 Juhan Park (AZ AA:12:44) 177 Implications of Excavations at the Santa Cruz Bend, Stone Pipe, and Square Hearth Sites 178 GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 179 Description of the Area 180 The Santa Cruz Bend Profile 181 Sediments Revealed in Juhan Park Archaeological Testing 191 The Juhan Park Profile 194 SUMMARY 200 CHAPTER 6: ALLUVIAL STRATIGRAPHY, GEOCHRONOLOGY, AND GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE LOS POZOS SITE 202 INTRODUCTION 202 THE LOS POZOS SITE (AZ AA:12:91, ASM) 203 The Middle Archaic Component 205 The Early Agricultural Period Component 208 METHODS 214 ALLUVIAL STRATIGRAPHY 214 West Side Stratigraphic Trench 216 TABLE
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ancient Pueblitos of the Sandia Foothills
    ANCIENT PUEBLITOS OF THE SANDIA FOOTHILLS By Hayward H. Franklin Maxwell Museum Technical Series No. 36 Maxwell Museum of Anthropology MSC01, 1050, 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001 maxwellmuseum.unm.edu 2021 Copyright 2021, Maxwell Museum of Anthropology University of New Mexico TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Figures................................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................v INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................... 1 The Foothills Environment.................................................................................................. 2 Overview of Culture History............................................................................................... 4 Previous Studies................................................................................................................... 7 Methods................................................................................................................................9 RESULTS...................................................................................................................................... 11 Site Inventory..................................................................................................................... 11
    [Show full text]
  • Of Physalis Longifolia in the U.S
    The Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology of Wild Tomatillos, Physalis longifolia Nutt., and Related Physalis Species: A Review1 ,2 3 2 2 KELLY KINDSCHER* ,QUINN LONG ,STEVE CORBETT ,KIRSTEN BOSNAK , 2 4 5 HILLARY LORING ,MARK COHEN , AND BARBARA N. TIMMERMANN 2Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA 3Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, USA 4Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA 5Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA *Corresponding author; e-mail: [email protected] The Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology of Wild Tomatillos, Physalis longifolia Nutt., and Related Physalis Species: A Review. The wild tomatillo, Physalis longifolia Nutt., and related species have been important wild-harvested foods and medicinal plants. This paper reviews their traditional use as food and medicine; it also discusses taxonomic difficulties and provides information on recent medicinal chemistry discoveries within this and related species. Subtle morphological differences recognized by taxonomists to distinguish this species from closely related taxa can be confusing to botanists and ethnobotanists, and many of these differences are not considered to be important by indigenous people. Therefore, the food and medicinal uses reported here include information for P. longifolia, as well as uses for several related taxa found north of Mexico. The importance of wild Physalis species as food is reported by many tribes, and its long history of use is evidenced by frequent discovery in archaeological sites. These plants may have been cultivated, or “tended,” by Pueblo farmers and other tribes. The importance of this plant as medicine is made evident through its historical ethnobotanical use, information in recent literature on Physalis species pharmacology, and our Native Medicinal Plant Research Program’s recent discovery of 14 new natural products, some of which have potent anti-cancer activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Quaternary Geology of the Tule Springs Area, Clark County, Nevada
    Quaternary geology of the Tule Springs area, Clark County, Nevada Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Haynes, C. Vance (Caleb Vance), 1928- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 27/03/2021 04:29:29 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565093 QUATERNARY GEOLOGY OF THE TULE SPRINGS AREA, CLARK COUNTY, NEVADA by \«V Ct Vance Haynes, Jr. A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 6 5 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Caleb Vance Haynes, Jr.______________________ entitled Quater n a r y Geology of the Tule Springs Area, Clark County, Nevada___________________________ be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of _____ Doctor of Philosophy_________________________ Dissertation Director Date After inspection of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:* c *This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination.
    [Show full text]
  • Plains Anthropologist Author Index
    Author Index AUTHOR INDEX Aaberg, Stephen A. (see Shelley, Phillip H. and George A. Agogino) 1983 Plant Gathering as a Settlement Determinant at the Pilgrim Stone Circle Site. In: Memoir 19. Vol. 28, No. (see Smith, Calvin, John Runyon, and George A. Agogino) 102, pp. 279-303. (see Smith, Shirley and George A. Agogino) Abbott, James T. Agogino, George A. and Al Parrish 1988 A Re-Evaluation of Boulderflow as a Relative Dating 1971 The Fowler-Parrish Site: A Folsom Campsite in Eastern Technique for Surficial Boulder Features. Vol. 33, No. Colorado. Vol. 16, No. 52, pp. 111-114. 119, pp. 113-118. Agogino, George A. and Eugene Galloway Abbott, Jane P. 1963 Osteology of the Four Bear Burials. Vol. 8, No. 19, pp. (see Martin, James E., Robert A. Alex, Lynn M. Alex, Jane P. 57-60. Abbott, Rachel C. Benton, and Louise F. Miller) 1965 The Sister’s Hill Site: A Hell Gap Site in North-Central Adams, Gary Wyoming. Vol. 10, No. 29, pp. 190-195. 1983 Tipi Rings at York Factory: An Archaeological- Ethnographic Interface. In: Memoir 19. Vol. 28, No. Agogino, George A. and Sally K. Sachs 102, pp. 7-15. 1960 Criticism of the Museum Orientation of Existing Antiquity Laws. Vol. 5, No. 9, pp. 31-35. Adovasio, James M. (see Frison, George C., James M. Adovasio, and Ronald C. Agogino, George A. and William Sweetland Carlisle) 1985 The Stolle Mammoth: A Possible Clovis Kill-Site. Vol. 30, No. 107, pp. 73-76. Adovasio, James M., R. L. Andrews, and C. S. Fowler 1982 Some Observations on the Putative Fremont Agogino, George A., David K.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development and Improvement of Instructions
    THE SENESCENT MIMBRES POPULATION: AN APPLICATION OF THE TRANSITION ANALYSIS TO THE NAN RANCH RUIN SKELETAL SAMPLE A Thesis by ALINE A. LOVINGS Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS December 2011 Major Subject: Anthropology The Senescent Mimbres Population: An Application of the Transition Analysis to the NAN Ranch Ruin Skeletal Sample Copyright 2011 Aline A. Lovings THE SENESCENT MIMBRES POPULATION: AN APPLICATION OF THE TRANSITION ANALYSIS TO THE NAN RANCH RUIN SKELETAL SAMPLE A Thesis by ALINE A. LOVINGS Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved by: Chair of Committee, Lori Wright Committee Members, Suzanne Eckert Rogelio Saenz Head of Department, Cynthia Werner December 2011 Major Subject: Anthropology iii ABSTRACT The Senescent Mimbres Population: An Application of the Transition Analysis to the NAN Ranch Ruin Skeletal Sample. (December 2011) Aline A. Lovings, B.A., Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Lori E. Wright This study uses Transition Analysis on the Mimbres skeletal remains of the NAN Ranch Ruin to provide a more complete picture of its demography. Previous attempts to reconstruct the demographic structure of prehistoric populations have been hindered by aging methods that provide biased age distribution. Early methods had a tendency to produce age distribution similar to that of the reference sample that was used to create them. In addition, they often overlooked sexual dimorphism and left out the senescent portion of the population which in turns produced inaccurate population structures.
    [Show full text]
  • Geochronology of Sandia Cave
    ^/ MA Geochronology of Sandia Cave 4? jp^^gj^^F* 'W SMlTHSQNIAN bONTRltffi^ONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY • ^UAmJ/ 0 Mp ,v * •. •'-•• SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge* was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution. Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Folklife Studies Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material Not for Distribution
    Contents List of Figures ix List of Tables xvii 1 Stones, Bones, and Profiles: Archaeology and Geoarchaeology of C. V. Haynes Jr. and George C. Frison Marcel Kornfeld and Bruce B. Huckell 3 Part I. Peopling of North America and Paleoindians 2 Confessions of a Clovis Mafioso Stuart J. Fiedel 29 3 Why the Ice-Free Corridor Is Still Relevant to the Peopling of the New World COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Andrea Freeman NOT 51 FOR DISTRIBUTION 4 Tracking the First People of Mexico: A Review of the Archaeological Record Guadalupe Sanchez and John Carpenter 75 5 Use-Wear Analysis of Clovis Bifaces from the Gault Site, Texas Ashley M. Smallwood and Thomas A. Jennings 103 6 Younger Dryas Archaeology and Human Experience at the Paisley Caves in the Northern Great Basin Dennis L. Jenkins, Loren G. Davis, Thomas W. Stafford Jr., Thomas J. Connolly, George T. Jones, Michael Rondeau, Linda Scott Cummings, Bryan Hockett, Katelyn McDonough, Patrick W. O’Grady, Karl J. Reinhard, Mark E. Swisher, Frances White, Robert M. Yohe II, Chad Yost, and Eske Willerslev 127 Part II. Geoarchaeology 7 Soils and Stratigraphy of the Lindenmeier Site Vance T. Holliday 209 8 Mammoth Potential: Reinvestigating the Union Pacific Mammoth Site, Wyoming Mary M. Prasciunas, C. Vance Haynes Jr., Fred L. Nials, Lance McNees, William E. Scoggin, and Allen Denoyer 235 9 Late Holocene Geoarchaeology in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming Judson Byrd Finley 259 COPYRIGHTEDPart III. Bison BoneMATERIAL Bed Stud ies NOT10 Folsom FOR Biso DISTRIBUTIONn Hunting on the Southern Plains of North America Leland Bement and Brian Carter 291 11 Bison by the Numbers: Late Quaternary Geochronology and Bison Evolution on the Southern Plains Eileen Johnson and Patrick J.
    [Show full text]
  • Younger Dryas ‘‘Black Mats’’ and the Rancholabrean Termination in North America
    Younger Dryas ‘‘black mats’’ and the Rancholabrean termination in North America C. Vance Haynes, Jr.* Departments of Anthropology and Geosciences, PO Box 210030, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 Contributed by C. Vance Haynes, Jr., January 23, 2008 (sent for review April 27, 2007) Of the 97 geoarchaeological sites of this study that bridge the nor are they known to be associated with any major climatic Pleistocene-Holocene transition (last deglaciation), approximately perturbation as was the case with YD cooling. two thirds have a black organic-rich layer or ‘‘black mat’’ in the form of mollic paleosols, aquolls, diatomites, or algal mats with Stratigraphy and Climate Change radiocarbon ages suggesting they are stratigraphic manifestations Stratigraphic sequences can reflect climate change in that of the Younger Dryas cooling episode 10,900 B.P. to 9,800 B.P. lacustrine or paludal sediments such as marls or diatomites (radiocarbon years). This layer or mat covers the Clovis-age land- indicate ponding or emergent water tables and some mollisols or scape or surface on which the last remnants of the terminal aquolls indicate shallow water tables with capillary fringes Pleistocene megafauna are recorded. Stratigraphically and chro- approaching or reaching the surface. Such conditions support nologically the extinction appears to have been catastrophic, plant growth and thereby increase the organic content of wetland seemingly too sudden and extensive for either human predation or or cienega soils collectively referred to as black mats. Many of the climate change to have been the primary cause. This sudden black mats discussed here occur in eolian silt or fine sand (loess) ؎ Rancholabrean termination at 10,900 50 B.P.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Cliff Dwellers
    Ancient LEVELED BOOK • V Cliff Dwellers A Reading A–Z Level V Leveled Book Word Count: 2,035 Written by Kira Freed Visit www.readinga-z.com www.readinga-z.com for thousands of books and materials. Photo Credits: Front cover, page 15: © ArtToday; back cover, title page, pages 5, 16 (all), 22, 24: © Jupiterimages Corporation; page 4 (main): © Tom Dowd/Dreamstime.com; page 4 (inset): © Dreamstime.com; pages 7, 8, 11 (top): Craig Frederick/© Learning A-Z; pages 9 (top left), 11 (bottom left), 12: courtesy of Chaco Culture National Historical Park/NPS; page 9 (bottom right): © Makym/Dreamstime.com; page 11 Ancient (bottom right): © Marilyn Angel Wynn/Corbis Documentary/Getty Images; page 13: © Nativestock.com/PhotoEdit; page 14: © Corbis; page 18 (main): courtesy of National Park Service; page 18 (inset): © Universal Images Group/SuperStock; page 21 (top): © Otis Imboden/National Geographic Stock; page 21 (center): Cliff Dwellers © Macduff Everton/Corbis NX/Getty Images; page 21 (bottom): © Bonnie Kamin/ PhotoEdit Front cover: Montezuma Castle was a “high-rise apartment building” for ancient cliff dwellers. It’s now a national monument. Back cover: Newspaper Rock State Historical Monument is a petroglyph that records about 2,000 years of human activity in southeastern Utah. Note about terms: The ancient cliff dwellers used to be referred to as Anasazi, a Navajo word meaning ancient ones or enemy ancestors. However, the preferred name for the early Four Corners inhabitants is Ancient Puebloans, a name chosen by the modern Pueblo peoples. Mesa Verde is pronounced “MAY-suh VAIR-day.” Mesa, which is Spanish for “table,” also refers to raised, flat-topped land.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleoindian and Archaic Periods
    ADVANCED SOUTHWEST ARCHAEOLOGY THE PALEOINDIAN AND ARCHAIC PERIODS PURPOSE To present members with an opportunity to acquire an in-depth understanding of the Paleoindian and Archaic periods as their occupations are viewed broadly across North America with a focus on the Southwest. OBJECTIVES After studying the manifestation of the Paleoindian and Archaic periods in the Southwest, the student is to have an in-depth understanding of the current thinking regarding: A. Arrival of the first Americans and their adaptation to various environments. Paleoenvironmental considerations. B. Archaeology of the Paleoindian and Archaic periods in the Southwest and important sites for defining and dating the occupations. Synthesis of the Archaic tradition within the Southwest. Manifestation of the Paleoindian and Archaic occupations of the Southwest in the archaeological record, including recognition of Paleoindian and Archaic artifacts and features in situ and recognition of Archaic rock art. C. Subsistence, economy, and settlement strategies of the Paleoindian and Archaic periods in the Southwest. D. Transition from Paleoindian to Archaic, and from Archaic to major cultural traditions including Hohokam, Anasazi, Mogollon, Patayan, and Sinagua, or Salado, in the Southwest. E. Introduction of agriculture in the Southwest considering horticulture and early cultigens. F. Lithic technologies of the Paleoindian and Archaic periods in the Southwest. FORMAT Twenty-five hours of classwork are required to present the class. Ten classes of two and one-half hours
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae BRUCE B. HUCKELL Department Of
    B.B. HUCKELL-Résumé Page 1 Curriculum Vitae BRUCE B. HUCKELL Department of Anthropology June 2017 (505) 277-4491 [email protected] Educational History Ph.D., 1990, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 Arid Lands Resource Sciences “Late Preceramic Farmer-Foragers in Southeastern Arizona: A Cultural and Ecological Consideration of the Spread of Agriculture into the Arid Southwestern United States” Dissertation director: Charles F. Hutchinson, Arid Lands Resource Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 M.A., 1976, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, Anthropology B.A., 1972, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, Anthropology (with honors) “The Hardt Creek Site: A Pre-Ceramic Occupation in the Upper Tonto Basin” Thesis advisor: Arthur J. Jelinek, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona Employment History 2014 to present: Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 2005 to 2007: Interim Director, Maxwell Museum of Anthropology and Research Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 2000 to 2014: Senior Research Coordinator, Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, and Research Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 1994 to 1999: Senior Research Coordinator, Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, and Research Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 1992 to 1994: Research archaeologist, Desert Archaeology, Inc., Tucson, Arizona. William H. Doelle, director. 1990 to 1992: Associate faculty member, Pima Community College, Tucson, Arizona. 1978 to 1992: Archaeological specialist/project director, Cultural Resource Management Division, Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson. 1978: (March-August) Supervisory archaeologist, Cultural Resource Management Division, Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson.
    [Show full text]
  • On Monte Verde’S Evidence and Interpretations, and Especially Mat- News Rather Than Science
    orderly, but anywhere that sizable bodies of evidence are recorded, pattern- to adopt the negative tone which runs throughout his piece, and impute ing is discerned” and thus do we arrive at our constructs (West 1996). sinister motives on his part. Finally, I would like to suggest that from the outset, the Monte Verde Yet, I don’t want to “kill the messenger” either. It is entirely appropriate problems were unfortunately compounded by its being treated as a piece of to question Monte Verde’s evidence and interpretations, and especially mat- news rather than science. To that I shall add that while not unusual, the con- ters of artifact provenience. All of us have at one point or another: indeed, tribution of the National Geographic to this controversy is less than helpful. the issue of artifact provenience was just one of the issues that prompted Fiedel is to be commended for his very important contribution. long discussions over the course of our visit to Monte Verde in January of 1997. And some of us have wavered in our views of this and other matters related to the site, as my colleague Vance Haynes notes. That’s to be expect- OMMENT ON THE EPLY TO IEDEL ART BY C “R F , P I” ed as we think more about it, and interpretations change (and on the mat- OM ILLEHAY ET AL AND EPLY TO IEDEL T D. D , ., “R F , ter of changing interpretations with new evidence and ideas, Dillehay ART BY ICHAEL OLLINS P II” M B. C should be granted that right no less than the rest of us, so the fact that his There appears to be little of substance in these responses.
    [Show full text]