Arder. UMI a Ben Cl Howell 1Dfonnaliod Company 300 Nonh Zeeb Road, Adn Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313N61-4700 100/521-0600
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript bas been reproduced trom the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly trom the original or copy submitted. Thus, sorne thesis and dissenation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be trom any type ofcomputer printer. Tbe quality oftbis reproduction is depeadeDt UpoD tbe quality oftbe copY lubmitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper a1ignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copYright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize rnaterials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper teft-band corner and continuing trom left ta right in equal sections with smalI overlaps. Each original is al50 photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced fonn at the back ofthe book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher qua1ity 6" x 9" black and white photographie prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to arder. UMI A Ben cl Howell 1DfOnnaliOD Company 300 Nonh Zeeb Road, ADn Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313n61-4700 100/521-0600 NOTE Ta USERS This reproduction ,. the belt'capy availabl. UMI • fi !··~.Jttl.'t·Y, Hr.1y.:tl (',lnddlan Fiêld :\t-t lllecy, in th(~ s()lllh~\f! )"11: t.; d [', l 90 0 • Edwacd BenoIt Dr-: pt. 0 E H i. s tor- y ~k:(; i.l] ~:n l \'('t"s l ty, :'111nt rf'"l J :'l.=ty 1997 ."\ th(~si s sul!ll!i t h--~d to thf~' rd"ul Ly ()f r~I·'I,Jll.d (' ,..:;t'l1dll~S drld • RI::-ifC:drr.,h ln p ..u-tl...:-.l fulfilment [JE the t'erlulrCm/~nt::; u[ the d tC ")!-'" .) E :"1.'1 ste r () f ,:; r t: s ~ Ed~ard Benoit 19q7 • National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1+1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1 A ON4 canada canada Vour '*' Vo,'. ,.,.,"""' Our"'" Alo". ,.féfenCtl The author bas granted a non L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive pennettant à la National Library ofCanada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seO reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies ofthis thesis in microfonn, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur fonnat électronique. The author retains ownership ofthe L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author' s ou autrement reproduits sans son penmSSlon. autorisation. 0-612..37189.. 1 Canadrl ,- • ' ~ .! : ::1 : f~' r :'.~ 1) ii __ , ,~: ; • .: 1 i ,t: l ,.! r" ~ 1 -:.;, :: r h ,\ 1 , ! : ~ .!! t f '1 'l r. ; 1 t 1. 1 t"'j l ni. 1 r' ~ ". L ~ ~ . i' ',' -, , li,l ! A , • (' t f 1'-. .., . .., ,.' 1. .j : ,:1 -, 1 ,- .1 : :, . l '-,-, f ' t' l' ! .1 t L'] , l ',' Î i : ,. ;1 i ' ~ .. r " ~-! r, f ï . ~; ( . '-, ~ . 1 17":'-.. f 1 nrl • 1:,1 t- , '[";'; 1 r fi' ' tl',' :-,1' i , 11 ; '-; tri 1 :' 1 t .. 1 :.' , , ~ ~. ~ .. il • • , .. : ..- - 1 r: . =_. :: .-, rI " ·t ,j .;1 1....... , , 1] 1 ,- l : , ~ , " 1 • ·1 1 • 1 ',';1 '-, ·1 ~ lI ~!:.: ~ l,', .. i: r· \. l ' i : '. l J'.' '-' ·1 ,1 ,_. :-: ,.:t rn t ri 1 :.'-j ,_: , ,_:, 1 • : 1 ~ J't,',,' '.., D.l t [. 1 J: r'Ll'I'~-' ~~'jn 1 '~i'; ~" ~ : l 'i; r.: '.1 . " ," t', -' " t .'\ :- l' j LJ t (;' SlH:: '1 i? t· , ~ .~' ':: r~ t t_· ~. , 1· t ,- 11 J)1; ~ '1 i f [ ,:. t· l ' ri 1. :.., " 1 1 r.t 1'; , , L -":-.. ri: ' "-.i 1 • j l:' '.., 4_ _~ :::1 ). -); j :1 ,~ l ' i:1 t -.:l - 1 (l 'F: • Acknowledgements • 1 could nct have completed this thesis without th~ assistance of several individuals and institutions. 1 would like ta pay special thanks to my thesis director, Dr. Carman Miller, whose patient guidance and extensive knowledge of the subject greatly facilitated the research process. 1 am also grateful for the assistance of several librarians, curators and archivists, including Bev Dietrich <Guelph Museums), Diane Wiltsie <University of Guelph Library) and J.A. Eskritt (Royal Canadian Artillery Museum, CFB Shilo). Finally, 1 appreciate the assistance of the staffs at the Canadian War Museum, the National Archives, the National Library, the Osier Library (McGill University) and the Inter Library Loan section at McGill University. • • • ... 1 l ~l t hl: r t' ~.J nI •••.•....••••• • Î" I~,- n(-' l us -ion. L _, ! • • 1 Introduction • It ia almost one hundred years since the outbreak of the South African War of 1899-1902. Over seven thousand Canadians from across the country volunteered to serve in that conflict. As Canada's first overseas military campaign, the war occupied a central place in Canadian life up to 1914. The war, as one historian has noted, affected politics, trade, transportation, industry, fashion, literature and music. 1 Several books, personal memoirs and journal and magazine articles were written about Canada's raIe in the imperial conflict. Not Surprisingly, these writings included two history books that outlined Canada's participation: T.G. Marquis's Canada's Sons Qn Kopje and Veldt (1900) and W. Sanford Evans' s .IM Canadian Contingents and Canadian Imperialism (1901). Despite the initial interest that surrounded the war, Canadian historians have largely overlooked their country' s military participation in South Africa. In his 1937 "Survey of the Literature on Canada's Participation in the South African • War", W.B. Kerr acknowledged that "there is no official history and no satisfactory general account for the public".z There are several reasons for this neglect. First, during the interwar period Canadian historians turned their attention away from the imperial connection and imperial affairs and focused on the "North Americanness" of Canada.' Second, liberal nationalist historians, who were interested in charting Canada's evolution from colony to nation, interpreted the Boer War as a setback for Canadian autonomy and unity. They saw it as a shameful, divisive event forced on Canada by imperial conspirators.' Such a perspective was not likely to inspire an interest in Canada's mi1i tary contrihution to the wa r • Third, Canadian historians began to emphasize economic interpretations of history and downplayed the importance of military events.' Moreover, the moral revulsion against the carnage of the First Wor Id War produced a spirit of anti militarism that decreased the popularity of military history in general.' • The 1945-75 period brought little improvement for those 2 interested in Canada's military contribution to the Boer war. In • the late 1940s and 1950s Canadian historians emphasized political history, especially political biography.7 In the 19609 and 19708 they shifted their focus to social history and concentrated on such issues as regionalism, class, gender and ethnicity. Although military history became more popular in the post 1945 period, thanks largely to the Historical Section later Directorate of History - at the Department of National Defence, no Canadian military historian focused on the South African War. Desmond Morton's biography of General Sir William Otter (1974) provided a partial remedy to the scarcity of literature on the subject. As Commanding Officer of the first Canadian contingent in South Africa, Otter's biography offered valuable insight into Canada's military experience.' As late as 1977, however, J.L. Granatstein and P. Stevens reiterated that "there is no modern military history of the Boer War and the Canadian role in it".' Only in the last twenty years have Canadian historians • started ta address this gap in the historiography. Carman Miller's research, beginning with his 1975 socio-economic analysis of the Boer war contingents and culminating in his 1993 book Painting the Map Red, haB assimilated a massive amount of documentation and has inspired others, including myself, to pursue this subject. lI Miller's work, while very thorough, has by no means exhausted the subject of Canadian military participation in South Africa. Rather, it offers an excellent starting point for further investigation, debate and even more detailed analysis. One of the casualties of the prolonged lack of interest in Canada's South African War experience has been the Royal Canadian Artillery. Most of the early writing and later research that has been done focuses on the Royal Canadian Regiment of Infantry and the various Canadian mounted units. 1l In 1996, the 125th anniversary year of the R.C.A., there is still no detailed study dedicated exclusively to the participation of Canada' s • gunners in the Boer War. This is aIl the more surprising aince 3 the artillery was widely considered at the time ta be the best • trained and most efficient arm of the Canadian military. The purpose of this thesis is ta describe and assess the contributions and experiences of 0 Battery, Royal Canadian Field Artillery, in the South African War. It will examine why the gunners volunteered, how they lived and fought, how they got along with each other and with their imperial counterparts, what they achieved and whether or not their experiences lived up ta their expectations. It shall be argued that while they shared similar experiences, the gunners, like aIl individuals, reacteè.