DOCSLIB.ORG

Connectivity of Streams and Wetlands to Downstream Waters: a Review and Synthesis of the Scientific Evidence

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Connectivity of Streams and Wetlands to Downstream Waters: a Review and Synthesis of the Scientific Evidence DRAFT EPA/600/R-11/098B DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE September 2013 External Review Draft Connectivity of Streams and Wetlands to Downstream Waters: A Review and Synthesis of the Scientific Evidence NOTICE THIS DOCUMENT IS A PRELIMINARY DRAFT. It has not been formally released by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and should not be construed to represent Agency policy. It is being circulated for comment on its technical accuracy and policy implications. Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC DISCLAIMER This document is distributed solely for the purpose of predissemination peer review under applicable information quality guidelines. It has not been formally disseminated by EPA. It does not represent and should not be construed to represent any Agency determination or policy. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. This document is a draft for review purposes only and does not constitute Agency policy. 9/10/2013 ii DRAFT―DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................... xiv LIST OF UNITS ............................................................................................................................xv PREFACE .................................................................................................................................... xvi AUTHORS AND REVIEWERS ................................................................................................ xvii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................... xxi 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1. BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2. SUMMARY OF MAJOR CONCLUSIONS ............................................................ 1-3 1.3. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OVERVIEW ....................................................... 1-4 1.4. DISCUSSION OF MAJOR CONCLUSIONS ......................................................... 1-6 1.4.1. Conclusion (1): Streams ............................................................................. 1-6 1.4.2. Conclusion (2): Riparian/Floodplain Waters ............................................. 1-9 1.4.3. Conclusion (3): Unidirectional Wetlands ................................................ 1-10 1.5. CLOSING COMMENTS........................................................................................ 1-13 2. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE .......................................................................................... 2-1 2.2. APPROACH ............................................................................................................. 2-1 3. EFFECTS OF STREAMS AND WETLANDS ON DOWNSTREAM WATERS: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK .................................................................................... 3-1 3.1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2. AN INTRODUCTION TO RIVER SYSTEMS ....................................................... 3-1 3.2.1. River System Components ......................................................................... 3-1 3.2.2. River System Hydrology............................................................................ 3-9 3.2.3. River Network Expansion and Contraction ............................................. 3-16 3.3. INFLUENCE OF STREAMS AND WETLANDS ON DOWNSTREAM WATERS ........................................................................................................... 3-23 3.3.1. Effects of Streams and Wetlands on Material Fluxes .............................. 3-25 3.3.2. Connectivity and Transport of Materials to and from Streams and Wetlands ................................................................................................ 3-28 3.3.2.1. Connectivity and Isolation ........................................................ 3-28 3.3.2.2. Spatial and Temporal Variability of Connectivity .................... 3-31 3.4. FACTORS INFLUENCING CONNECTIVITY .................................................... 3-33 3.4.1. Climate-Watershed Characteristics .......................................................... 3-33 3.4.2. Spatial Distribution Patterns .................................................................... 3-41 3.4.3. Biota ......................................................................................................... 3-47 3.4.4. Human Activities and Alterations ............................................................ 3-47 3.4.5. Interactions Among Factors ..................................................................... 3-50 This document is a draft for review purposes only and does not constitute Agency policy. 9/10/2013 iii DRAFT―DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE CONTENTS (continued) 4. STREAMS: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL CONNECTIONS TO RIVERS ........................................................................................................................... 4-1 4.1. ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. 4-1 4.2. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 4-1 4.3. PHYSICAL CONNECTIONS .................................................................................. 4-3 4.3.1. Water .......................................................................................................... 4-3 4.3.2. Sediment .................................................................................................... 4-9 4.3.3. Wood ........................................................................................................ 4-11 4.3.4. Temperature (Heat Energy) ..................................................................... 4-13 4.4. CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS .............................................................................. 4-15 4.4.1. Nutrients ................................................................................................... 4-16 4.4.2. Dissolved and Particulate Organic Matter ............................................... 4-21 4.4.3. Ions ........................................................................................................... 4-25 4.4.4. Contaminants ........................................................................................... 4-26 4.5. BIOLOGICAL CONNECTIONS ........................................................................... 4-29 4.5.1. Invertebrates ............................................................................................. 4-29 4.5.2. Fishes ....................................................................................................... 4-31 4.5.3. Genes........................................................................................................ 4-33 4.6. STREAMS: SYNTHESIS AND IMPLICATIONS................................................ 4-35 4.7. CASE STUDY: PRAIRIE STREAMS ................................................................... 4-38 4.7.1. Abstract .................................................................................................... 4-38 4.7.2. Introduction .............................................................................................. 4-38 4.7.2.1. Geography and Climate ............................................................ 4-38 4.7.2.2. Hydrology and Geomorphology ............................................... 4-40 4.7.2.3. Physicochemistry ...................................................................... 4-42 4.7.2.4. Ecology ..................................................................................... 4-43 4.7.2.5. Human Alterations .................................................................... 4-44 4.7.3. Evidence ................................................................................................... 4-45 4.7.3.1. Physical Connections ................................................................ 4-45 4.7.3.2. Chemical Connections .............................................................. 4-49 4.7.3.3. Biological Connections ............................................................. 4-52 4.7.4. Prairie Streams: Synthesis and Implications ............................................ 4-55 4.8. CASE STUDY: SOUTHWESTERN INTERMITTENT AND EPHEMERAL STREAMS ......................................................................................................... 4-56 4.8.1. Abstract .................................................................................................... 4-56 4.8.2. Introduction .............................................................................................. 4-56 4.8.3. Southwestern Rivers ................................................................................ 4-57 4.8.4. San Pedro River ......................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Goulburn River Boating Guide
    GOULBURN RIVER BOATING GUIDE Goulburn Broken Catchment Management Authority has prepared the “Goulburn River Boating Guide” to help boaters safely enjoy this recreation venue. Funding to assist with the production of this guide has been made available by the State Government through a grant from the Boating Safety and Facilities Program administered by Marine Safety Victoria. THE WATERWAY Goulburn Broken Catchment Management Authority is the waterway manager appointed under the Marine Act 1988 for the Goulburn River between the Lake Eildon Pondage and Hughes Creek, excluding creeks and streams flowing into the river and storages. This represents a distance of approximately 165 km, much of it isolated. THE BOATING GUIDE Boat operators should recognise that water flow and depths vary during the year, often at very short notice. They should exercise care to ensure that they are operating in a safe fashion appropriate to their location and not adversely impacting on other water users and the environment. The guide is intended to provide information to raise the level of boating safety awareness before people venture onto the river to enjoy the boating experience. The Goulburn River offers a diverse boating and recreational activity environment that attracts people to enjoy fishing, canoeing/kayaking and rafting. The major source of water is Lake Eildon and these waters are used for irrigation in northern Victoria, with the balance flowing into the Murray River. The varying demand for irrigation is one of the reasons for periodic changes to the river that may impact on boating. The Statewide operating rules made under the provisions of the Marine Act 1988 apply to the whole of the Goulburn River between the Eildon Pondage and Hughes Creek (downstream from Seymour).
    [Show full text]
  • Geomorphic Classification of Rivers
    9.36 Geomorphic Classification of Rivers JM Buffington, U.S. Forest Service, Boise, ID, USA DR Montgomery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Published by Elsevier Inc. 9.36.1 Introduction 730 9.36.2 Purpose of Classification 730 9.36.3 Types of Channel Classification 731 9.36.3.1 Stream Order 731 9.36.3.2 Process Domains 732 9.36.3.3 Channel Pattern 732 9.36.3.4 Channel–Floodplain Interactions 735 9.36.3.5 Bed Material and Mobility 737 9.36.3.6 Channel Units 739 9.36.3.7 Hierarchical Classifications 739 9.36.3.8 Statistical Classifications 745 9.36.4 Use and Compatibility of Channel Classifications 745 9.36.5 The Rise and Fall of Classifications: Why Are Some Channel Classifications More Used Than Others? 747 9.36.6 Future Needs and Directions 753 9.36.6.1 Standardization and Sample Size 753 9.36.6.2 Remote Sensing 754 9.36.7 Conclusion 755 Acknowledgements 756 References 756 Appendix 762 9.36.1 Introduction 9.36.2 Purpose of Classification Over the last several decades, environmental legislation and a A basic tenet in geomorphology is that ‘form implies process.’As growing awareness of historical human disturbance to rivers such, numerous geomorphic classifications have been de- worldwide (Schumm, 1977; Collins et al., 2003; Surian and veloped for landscapes (Davis, 1899), hillslopes (Varnes, 1958), Rinaldi, 2003; Nilsson et al., 2005; Chin, 2006; Walter and and rivers (Section 9.36.3). The form–process paradigm is a Merritts, 2008) have fostered unprecedented collaboration potentially powerful tool for conducting quantitative geo- among scientists, land managers, and stakeholders to better morphic investigations.
    [Show full text]
  • LONG-LIVED AQUATIC INSECTS ACCUMULATE CALCIUM CARBONATE DEPOSITS in a MONTANE DESERT STREAM Eric K
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Papers in Natural Resources Natural Resources, School of 2016 CAUGHT BETWEEN A ROCK AND A HARD MINERAL ENCRUSTATION: LONG-LIVED AQUATIC INSECTS ACCUMULATE CALCIUM CARBONATE DEPOSITS IN A MONTANE DESERT STREAM Eric K. Moody Arizona State University Jessica R. Corman University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Michael T. Bogan University of California - Berkeley Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natrespapers Part of the Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons, and the Other Environmental Sciences Commons Moody, Eric K.; Corman, Jessica R.; and Bogan, Michael T., "CAUGHT BETWEEN A ROCK AND A HARD MINERAL ENCRUSTATION: LONG-LIVED AQUATIC INSECTS ACCUMULATE CALCIUM CARBONATE DEPOSITS IN A MONTANE DESERT STREAM" (2016). Papers in Natural Resources. 796. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natrespapers/796 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Natural Resources, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers in Natural Resources by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Western North American Naturalist 76(2), © 2016, pp. 172–179 CAUGHT BETWEEN A ROCK AND A HARD MINERAL ENCRUSTATION: LONG-LIVED AQUATIC INSECTS ACCUMULATE CALCIUM CARBONATE DEPOSITS IN A MONTANE DESERT STREAM Eric K. Moody1, Jessica R. Corman1,2, and Michael T. Bogan3 ABSTRACT.—Aquatic ecosystems overlying regions of limestone bedrock can feature active deposition of calcium carbonate in the form of travertine or tufa. Although most travertine deposits form a cement-like layer on stream sub- strates, mineral deposits can also form on benthic invertebrates.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of a Waterfall Over Richness and Similarity in Adjoining Pools Of
    Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 2010, vol. 22, no. 4, p. 378-383 doi: 10.4322/actalb.2011.003 Influence of a waterfall over richness and similarity in adjoining pools of an Atlantic Rainforest stream Influência de uma queda d’água sobre a riqueza e a similaridade de dois remansos em um rio da Mata Atlântica Biological LimnologyBiological Célio Roberto Jönck¹ and José Marcelo Rocha Aranha² ¹Avaliação e Monitoramento Ambiental, Centro de Pesquisas Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Melo, CEP 21941-915, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] ²Laboratório de Ecologia de Rios, Universidade Federal do Paraná – UFPR, Campus Palotina, Rua 24 de Junho, 698, CEP 85950-000, Palotina, PR, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Aim: The main goal of the study was to determine the effect of the Morato Fall in the richness and composition of the aquatic animal community; Methods: We compared faunal richness and similarity in four substrate samples from two pools separated by a waterfall in the Morato River, southern Brazil; Results: The richness was not significantly different, although the upstream pool had 72 taxa and the downstream one just 65. On the other hand, composition was poorly similar, just a 36.5% similarity between the two sites; Conclusions: That indicates a strong influence of the waterfall, mainly on organisms which spent its entire life cycle on the water, such as fish and small crustaceans. That allow aquatic insects, a group with airborne adult phase and, therefore, able to disperse up to the upstream pool, to evolve with less predatory pressure, becoming the top group in the food web of this environment.
    [Show full text]
  • See Our Park Map of Water Bottle Refill Stations!
    D V L B S Spotts Park O’Reilly St T Sawyer St H I E Snover St Snover Jackson Hill St Hill Jackson THEWATERWORKS H Zane and Brady Washington Glenwood N Memorial Way HOUSTONAVE SHEPHERDDR Cemetery Cemetery buffalo BAYO U EORIALDR Carruth Overlook Carruth STUDEONTST Bridge EORIALDR Green Tree to Sixth Ward Nature Area 0.40 M.D. Anderson Buffalo Bayou has been a focal point in Houston’s Foundation Stairway Cleveland Park Fonde history since the Allen brothers founded the city in 0.42 Rec. Center (weekends and evenings aer 1836. Today, the bayou is once again the centerpiece Houston Police Tapley 5pm only) Hamill Foundation Stairway Officers’ Memorial Tributary St Sabine of its development. Rosemont Bridge Rusk St » St. Thomas High School 0.18 Buffalo Bayou Partnership (BBP) is the non-profit organiza- 0.80 0.56 Shepherd Gateway Scurlock Foundation Overlook LDR ORIA Lee & Joe Jamail Hobby Center tion revitalizing and transforming Buffalo Bayou from a gi from the Radoff Family E Sabine Promenade Jackson Hill Bridge Skatepark Bridge Shepherd Drive to the Port of Houston Turning Basin. From to Memorial Park 0.39 Jane Gregory spearheading capital projects such as the 160-acre Buffalo EORIALDR Hobby 1.14 Garden Center 0.45 Bayou Park to constructing hike and bike trails, operating Neumann Family Barbara Fish Daniel comprehensive clean-up and maintenance programs and Wortham Foundation Stairway Nature Play Area Waugh Grove offering thoughtful programming, Buffalo Bayou Partnership Bat Colony ALLENPKWY Brookfield Bridge « Walker St is reclaiming Houston’s unique waterfront. JOHNNYSTEELE Federal Reserve Bank City Hall Bud Light Amphitheater Crosby McKinney St » Annex This map will guide you as you walk, run, cycle or paddle LOSTLAKE DOPARK Outfall ONTROSEBLVD TAFTST Gillette St Gillette ELEANORTINSLEYPARK Bagby St City along the waterway and visit the many parks and historic SHEPHERDDR WAUHDR Sam Houston Park Hall sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Accepted Version
    This document is the accepted manuscript version of the following article: Giometto, A., Rinaldo, A., Carrara, F., & Altermatt, F. (2014). Emerging predictable features of replicated biological invasion fronts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America PNAS, 111(1), 297-301. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1321167110 Emerging predictable features of replicated biological invasion fronts Andrea Giometto ∗ y, Andrea Rinaldo ∗ z Francesco Carrara ∗ , and Florian Altermatt y ∗Laboratory of Ecohydrology, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole´ Polytechnique F´ed´eralede Lausanne,CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland,yDepartment of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 D¨ubendorf, Switzerland, and zDipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile ed Ambientale, Universit`adi Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy Submitted to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Biological dispersal shapes species' distribution and affects their co- logical range expansions is fundamental to the study of inva- existence. The spread of organisms governs the dynamics of invasive sive species dynamics [1{10], shifts in species ranges due to species, the spread of pathogens and the shifts in species ranges due climate or environmental change [11{14] and, in general, the to climate or environmental change. Despite its relevance for fun- spatial distribution of species [3, 15{18]. Dispersal is the key damental ecological processes, however, replicated experimentation agent that brings favorable genotypes or highly competitive on biological dispersal is lacking and current assessments point at inherent limitations to predictability, even in the simplest ecologi- species into new ranges much faster than any other ecological cal settings.
    [Show full text]
  • Multi-National Conservation of Alligator Lizards
    MULTI-NATIONAL CONSERVATION OF ALLIGATOR LIZARDS: APPLIED SOCIOECOLOGICAL LESSONS FROM A FLAGSHIP GROUP by ADAM G. CLAUSE (Under the Direction of John Maerz) ABSTRACT The Anthropocene is defined by unprecedented human influence on the biosphere. Integrative conservation recognizes this inextricable coupling of human and natural systems, and mobilizes multiple epistemologies to seek equitable, enduring solutions to complex socioecological issues. Although a central motivation of global conservation practice is to protect at-risk species, such organisms may be the subject of competing social perspectives that can impede robust interventions. Furthermore, imperiled species are often chronically understudied, which prevents the immediate application of data-driven quantitative modeling approaches in conservation decision making. Instead, real-world management goals are regularly prioritized on the basis of expert opinion. Here, I explore how an organismal natural history perspective, when grounded in a critique of established human judgements, can help resolve socioecological conflicts and contextualize perceived threats related to threatened species conservation and policy development. To achieve this, I leverage a multi-national system anchored by a diverse, enigmatic, and often endangered New World clade: alligator lizards. Using a threat analysis and status assessment, I show that one recent petition to list a California alligator lizard, Elgaria panamintina, under the US Endangered Species Act often contradicts the best available science.
    [Show full text]
  • Rivers and Streams Special Investigation Final Recommendations
    LAND CONSERVATION COUNCIL RIVERS AND STREAMS SPECIAL INVESTIGATION FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS June 1991 This text is a facsimile of the former Land Conservation Council’s Rivers and Streams Special Investigation Final Recommendations. It has been edited to incorporate Government decisions on the recommendations made by Order in Council dated 7 July 1992, and subsequent formal amendments. Added text is shown underlined; deleted text is shown struck through. Annotations [in brackets] explain the origins of the changes. MEMBERS OF THE LAND CONSERVATION COUNCIL D.H.F. Scott, B.A. (Chairman) R.W. Campbell, B.Vet.Sc., M.B.A.; Director - Natural Resource Systems, Department of Conservation and Environment (Deputy Chairman) D.M. Calder, M.Sc., Ph.D., M.I.Biol. W.A. Chamley, B.Sc., D.Phil.; Director - Fisheries Management, Department of Conservation and Environment S.M. Ferguson, M.B.E. M.D.A. Gregson, E.D., M.A.F., Aus.I.M.M.; General Manager - Minerals, Department of Manufacturing and Industry Development A.E.K. Hingston, B.Behav.Sc., M.Env.Stud., Cert.Hort. P. Jerome, B.A., Dip.T.R.P., M.A.; Director - Regional Planning, Department of Planning and Housing M.N. Kinsella, B.Ag.Sc., M.Sci., F.A.I.A.S.; Manager - Quarantine and Inspection Services, Department of Agriculture K.J. Langford, B.Eng.(Ag)., Ph.D , General Manager - Rural Water Commission R.D. Malcolmson, M.B.E., B.Sc., F.A.I.M., M.I.P.M.A., M.Inst.P., M.A.I.P. D.S. Saunders, B.Agr.Sc., M.A.I.A.S.; Director - National Parks and Public Land, Department of Conservation and Environment K.J.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Quality Monitoring in the Bayou Teche Watershed
    Water Quality Monitoring in the Bayou Teche Watershed Researchers: Dr. Whitney Broussard III Dr. Jenneke M. Visser Kacey Peterson Mark LeBlanc Project type: Staff Research Funding sources: Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality, Environmental Protection Agency Status: In progress Summary The historic Bayou Teche is an ancient distributary of the Mississippi River. Some 3,000-4,000 years ago, the main flow of the Mississippi River followed the Bayou Teche waterway. This explains the long, slow bends of the small bayou and its wide, sloping banks. The Atákapa-Ishák nation named the bayou “Teche” meaning snake because the course of the bayou looked like a giant snake had laid down to rest, leaving its mark on the land. Many years later, the first Acadians arrived in Southwestern Louisiana via Bayou Teche. They settled along its banks and used the waterway as a means of transportation and commerce. The bayou remains to this day an iconic cultural figure and an important ecological phenomenon. Several modern events have reshaped the quality and quantity of water in Bayou Teche. After the catastrophic flood of 1927, the United States Congress authorized the US Army Corps of Engineers to create the first comprehensive flood management plan for the Mississippi River. One important element of this plan was the construction of the West Atchafalaya Basin Protection Levee, which, in conjunction with the East Protection Levee, allows the Corps of Engineers to divert a substantial amount of floodwaters out of the Mississippi River into the Atchafalaya Spillway, and away from major urban centers like Baton Rouge and New Orleans.
    [Show full text]
  • Talk Wild Trout Conference Proceedings 2015
    Talk Wild Trout 2015 Conference Proceedings 21 November 2015 Mansfield Performing Arts Centre, Mansfield Victoria Partners: Fisheries Victoria Editors: Taylor Hunt, John Douglas and Anthony Forster, Freshwater Fisheries Management, Fisheries Victoria Contact email: [email protected] Preferred way to cite this publication: ‘Hunt, T.L., Douglas, J, & Forster, A (eds) 2015, Talk Wild Trout 2015: Conference Proceedings, Fisheries Victoria, Department of Economic Development Jobs Transport and Resources, Queenscliff.’ Acknowledgements: The Victorian Trout Fisher Reference Group, Victorian Recreational Fishing Grants Working Group, VRFish, Mansfield and District Fly Fishers, Australian Trout Foundation, The Council of Victorian Fly Fishing Clubs, Mansfield Shire Council, Arthur Rylah Institute, University of Melbourne, FlyStream, Philip Weigall, Marc Ainsworth, Vicki Griffin, Jarod Lyon, Mark Turner, Amber Clarke, Andrew Briggs, Dallas D’Silva, Rob Loats, Travis Dowling, Kylie Hall, Ewan McLean, Neil Hyatt, Damien Bridgeman, Paul Petraitis, Hui King Ho, Stephen Lavelle, Corey Green, Duncan Hill and Emma Young. Project Leaders and chapter contributors: Jason Lieschke, Andrew Pickworth, John Mahoney, Justin O’Connor, Canran Liu, John Morrongiello, Diane Crowther, Phil Papas, Mark Turner, Amber Clarke, Brett Ingram, Fletcher Warren-Myers, Kylie Hall and Khageswor Giri.’ Authorised by the Victorian Government Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport & Resources (DEDJTR), 1 Spring Street Melbourne Victoria 3000. November 2015
    [Show full text]
  • Global-Scale Episodes of Transoceanic Biological Dispersal During the Cenozoic
    Global-scale episodes of transoceanic biological dispersal during the Cenozoic Daniel Viete ( [email protected] ) Johns Hopkins University Siobhán Cooke Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Brief Communication Keywords: biological dispersal, transoceanic rafting, Cenozoic Posted Date: November 20th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-104248/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License 1 Global-scale episodes of transoceanic biological dispersal during the Cenozoic 2 Daniel R. Viete1 & Siobhán B. Cooke2 3 1. Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University; 2. Center for 4 Functional Anatomy & Evolution, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine 5 Since formalization of plate tectonic theory in the 1960s, vicariance has been the 6 dominant model for interpretation in biogeography. However, modern research 7 suggests transoceanic ‘rafting’ is also an important process in biological dispersal. 8 Here we show that Cenozoic occurrences of rafting-associated colonization of new 9 lands by terrestrial biota are not randomly distributed in time, but cluster at c. 40 10 million years ago (Ma) and c. 15 Ma. These excursions in rafting activity are reflected 11 across taxonomic groups and ocean basins. The global scale and ~25 million-year (My) 12 wavelength of the fluctuations suggest they are associated with planetary-scale 13 changes and/or events. 14 Simpson [1] argued that differences in the terrestrial faunal assemblages of Africa and 15 Madagascar could be explained by an adventitious process of faunal exchange; migration 16 from Africa was limited to fauna whose physiology could, on rare attempt, allow survival of an 17 extended oceanic journey then establishment of a viable Malagasy population.
    [Show full text]
  • Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) on Larval Culex Quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)
    The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Honors Theses Honors College Spring 5-2014 Differences In Consumption Rates Between Juvenile and Adult Laccophilus fasciatus rufus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) On Larval Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) Carmen E. Bofill University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/honors_theses Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Bofill, Carmen E., "Differences In Consumption Rates Between Juvenile and Adult Laccophilus fasciatus rufus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) On Larval Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)" (2014). Honors Theses. 254. https://aquila.usm.edu/honors_theses/254 This Honors College Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College at The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of Southern Mississippi Differences in consumption rates between juvenile and adult Laccophilus fasciatus rufus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) on larval Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) by Carmen Bofill A Thesis Submitted to the Honors College of The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in the Department of Biological Sciences May 2014 ii Approved by ______________________________ Donald Yee, Ph.D., Thesis Adviser Assistant Professor of Biology ______________________________ Shiao Wang, Ph.D., Chair Department of Biological Sciences ______________________________ David R. Davies, Ph.D., Dean Honors College iii Abstract With the increase of global temperature and human populations, prevalence of vector-borne diseases is becoming an issue for public health. Over the years these vectors have been notorious for developing resistance to human regulated insecticides.
    [Show full text]