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Research of the Spatial Aspects of Using Renewable

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Research of the Spatial Aspects of Using Renewable ALTERNATIVE AND RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES UDC 620.92:330.34 DOI: 10.15587/2312-8372.2018.149595 Agapova O., RESEARCH OF THE SPATIAL Popovych N., Shulika B., ASPECTS OF USING RENEWABLE Peresadko V., ENERGY SOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE Fylenko V. DEVELOPMENT OF THE TERRITORY Об’єктом дослідження є альтернативні джерела енергії як основа розвитку альтернативної енергетики України. Проблемами на шляху впровадження об’єктів даної галузі є необхідність застосування запобіжних заходів для безпечного їх функціонування та менша рентабельність альтернативних джерел енергії у по- рівнянні з традиційними. Це пояснюється високою вартістю обладнання й суттєвими витратами на забезпечення технологічних процесів. Збільшення частки відновлюваних джерел енергії в загальному енерго- балансі вимагатиме державного субсидування галузі. Доведено, що застосування картографічного підходу дозволяє визначити оптимальні місця розташу- вання об’єктів альтернативної енергетики з економічних позицій та врахувати низку не менш важливих факторів, зокрема, соціальний та екологічний вплив. У ході дослідження використано методи: – картографічний – під час застосування прийомів моделювання для побудови карт альтернативних енергетичних ресурсів; – геоінформаційний – у процесі збору та обробки інформації про ресурси, об’єкти та фактори роз- витку альтернативної енергетики; – статистичний – на етапі розрахунку енергетичного потенціалу вітроенергетичних, геліоенерге- тичних, геотермальних та гідрологічних ресурсів. Представлено карти для означених вище напрямків альтернативної енергетики, надано рекомендації щодо оптимальних районів будівництва енергетичних об’єктів на прикладі Харківської області (Україна). Так, розташування: – вітроелектростанцій рекомендується у Вовчанському, Харківському, Великобурлуцькому районах; – сонячних електростанцій – у Близнюківському, Первомайському, Балаклійському, Ізюмському, Ло- зівському та Борівському районах; – геотермальних – на півдні Барвінківського і Близнюківського, південному сході Ізюмського, Борівського та Лозівського районів. Перспективними для розташування створів малих гідроелектростанцій у межах території дослідження є ділянки річок Сіверський Донець, Уда, Берестова, Мож, Мерла. Розглянуто залежність економічної ефективності об’єктів вітрової, сонячної, геотермальної енергетики та малої гідроенергетики від таких факторів, як: – відстань транспортування енергетичної сировини та готової енергії до споживачів; – тепловтрати; – вартість капіталовкладень у будівництво інфраструктури (ліній електропередачі, електричних підстанцій, тепломереж). Ключові слова: альтернативні джерела енергії, просторовий аспект, економічні фактори, картогра- фічний підхід, сталий розвиток території. 1. Introduction well as environmental degradation and climate change. For Ukraine, which largely depends on energy imports Among the major global problems at the beginning of (46 % of the country’s natural gas needs and 100 % of the XXI century is the provision of energy to humanity. its nuclear fuel needs are met by imports), the develop- One of the main thematic trends that have entered the ment of renewable energy is particularly relevant. The world practice of management is increasing the efficiency priority of the development of the industry is determined of the use of energy resources. Reliable provision of the at the national level: energy needs of industrial complexes is the key to the – Energy Strategy of Ukraine for the period up to successful implementation of the concept of sustainable 2030 [1]; development. – The National Action Plan on Renewable Energy The problem of meeting the energy needs of coun- for the Period until 2020 [2]; tries can be solved by using renewable energy. The need – The Law of Ukraine «On Electric Power Industry» [3]; for its development is dictated by the gradual depletion – The Law of Ukraine «On Renewable Energy Sour- of global hydrocarbon reserves and other fossil fuels, as ces» [4], etc. 50 TECHNOLOGY AUDIT AND PRODUCTION RESERVES — № 6/1(44), 2018, © Agapova O., Popovych N., Shulika B., Peresadko V., Fylenko V. ISSN 2226-3780 IndustrIal and technology systems: alternatIve and renewable energy sources However, the fate of renewable energy sources in the The result of the implementation of the state policy total consumption of energy resources in Ukraine is still of supporting renewable energy sources in Ukraine is the insignificant (about 2.5 %), which is explained by a whole annual growth of generating capacity and energy produc- complex of reasons. And the difficult economic and politi- tion (Fig. 1). cal situation further hinders the attraction of investments. According to the State Agency for Energy Efficiency Therefore, the development of scientifically based ap- and Energy Saving of Ukraine as of 01.07.2017, the to- proaches to improve the economic efficiency of the intro- tal installed capacity of renewable energy facilities was duction of renewable energy technologies for individual 1.74 GW. And the production of electricity from renew- territories is an important scientific and practical task. able sources (excluding large hydropower plants) in 2017 amounted to about 2 thousand GW∙h. 2. the object of research and its technological audit 2200 Wind The object of research is renewable energy 2000 sources as the basis for the development of Solar 1800 renewable energy in Ukraine. Particular atten- Small hydro tion is paid to the study of the spatial aspect 1600 Biomass in assessing the prospects and possibilities of 1400 Biogas using certain types of renewable energy sources 1200 for specific territories. Describing the current state of renewable 1000 energy in Ukraine, it is worth noting the sig- 800 nificant steps taken by the state towards the 600 adaptation of the legislative and regulatory framework to stimulate the development of this 400 industry, in particular: 200 – significantly simplified procedures for ob- 0 taining licenses for the sale of energy at the 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 «feed-in tariff» (feed-in tariffs) (including for private households using renewable energy Fig. 1. Dynamics of electricity generation from renewable sources in Ukraine, GW∙h, sources and surplus are sold to the power grid); the data are given as of the end of the year (according to the data of the State Agency – mechanisms for connecting such facilities for Energy Efficiency and Energy Saving of Ukraine) to the unified power system are fixed; – tax incentives for heat generating and cogeneration plants are determined. Fig. 1 shows clearly pronounced decline in electricity The work [5] presents the results of the analysis of generation in 2015 and 2016. It is explained by the fact incentive programs introduced in Ukraine for renewable that since April 2014 electricity supplies from solar and energy and proved that the size of the existing «feed-in wind power stations located in the occupied territory of tariffs» is sufficient to attract new investors and compensate the Autonomous Republic of Crimea to the unified energy for the high risks of doing business in Ukraine. system of Ukraine have been stopped. As of 01.10.2018, according to the National Commis- Taking into account the provided statistics, the pro- sion, which carries out state regulation in the fields of duction of electricity from renewable sources in 2017 energy and utilities in Ukraine, the «feed-in tariff» is [6]: amounted to about 2.5 % of the total electricity con- – for wind farms from 191.21 to 371.79 kopecks/kW∙h; sumption of the country, and taking into account large – for bioenergy facilities – 407.20 kopecks/kW∙h; hydropower plants – about 8 %. Wind and solar power – for solar power stations – from 493.95 to 1529.65 ko- are characterized by high rates of increasing production pecks/kW∙h; capacity in the electric power industry. – for micro, mini, and small hydroelectric power plants – The energy strategy of Ukraine until 2035 provides for from 382.41 to 637.36 kopecks/kW∙h. an increase in the share of generation of electricity from This is one of the highest rates in Europe. The difference renewable sources (including hydro-generating capacities) in tariffs within the same industry depends on the capacity to the indicator of >13 % in 2030 and >25 % in 2035 [7]. and the date of commissioning of power generating facilities. But given the current trend in the dynamics of the pro- In addition, in order to develop the Ukrainian manu- duction of electric energy from renewable sources, the facturing sector, privileges have been established, exempting indicators defined in the Strategy, in the authors’ opinion, enterprises that produce equipment for renewable energy is too optimistic, and their achievement is possible only from corporate income tax. As well as surcharges to the if the intensity of production capacity increases. «feed-in tariff» for the use of Ukrainian-made equipment At present, the production of energy from renewable at power plants. The Law of Ukraine «On Electric Power sources remains less profitable compared to traditional Industry» [3] provides for exemption of bioenergy enter- ones, which is explained by the high cost of equipment prises from income taxation in the following cases: and the substantial costs of technological processes. Now, – in case of profit from the sale of produced biofuels; government financial costs for the increase in the form of – in the case of profit from the simultaneous production a «feed-in tariff» when purchasing energy from renewable of electric and thermal energy and/or the production
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