Power Systems POWER SYSTEMS TOPICS 106
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Power Systems POWER SYSTEMS TOPICS 106 Digital Communications in Electrical Generation Systems The stakeholder team should ask these By Today, electrical generation systems are rarely used as isolated, stand- questions: Bill Gross Senior Staff Engineer– alone systems. More often, they s 7HO NEEDS TO BE PART OF THIS DISCUSSION Electronics Software need to communicate with peripheral Participants could include information +/(,%2 0OWER 3YSTEMS devices, other generation systems, technology, building maintenance, Nicole Dierksheide building management systems or production management and energy Product Manager–Controls !43 +/(,%2 0OWER remote monitors. As a result, there management personnel. Systems are a number of technologies used s 7HAT EXISTING SYSTEMS NEED TO COMMUNICATE to enable communication between WITH THE ELECTRICAL GENERATION SYSTEM electrical generation systems and other equipment. If you’re involved in s 7HAT INFORMATIONSTATUS INDICATION DO specifying, installing or maintaining you need to gather from the electrical electrical generation systems, you’ll GENERATION SYSTEM 7HAT EXACT DATA DO YOU NEED COMMUNICATED find it helpful to understand how these communication technologies work to s 7HERE DOES THIS DATA NEED TO BE SENT (OW meet your needs and the requirements long is the distance from electrical generation of the building. SYSTEM TO END DEVICE It’s important to involve all stakeholders s 7HAT IS THE COMMUNICATION HARDWARE AND when you discuss integrating the existing protocol employed by the building systems with the electrical generation management system devices (or other systems) that will connect to the electrical system. Mutual agreement on the needs GENERATION SYSTEM 7HAT HARDWARE AND and desired functionality will ensure protocol should be specified to operate with a system that operates as required. THE EXISTING SYSTEMS Specifying the correct communication technologies at the beginning can save This paper provides information on digital you and your clients hours of frustration communication systems used in electrical as you try to make mismatched systems generation systems that will help you understand work or have installation delayed while why the answers to these questions are so IMPORTANT 7HEN THE STAKEHOLDER TEAM you order the correct parts. incorporates this knowledge and answers the questions, they’ll be able to develop a comprehensive, well-thought-out electrical generation system specification, and avoid pitfalls during installation and use. KohlerPower.com ©2013 by Kohler Co. POWER SYSTEMS TOPICS 106 WHAT COMPRISES A COMMUNICATION composed of digital circuitry, which meets SYSTEM WITHIN AN ELECTRICAL precise timing and power requirements put forth GENERATION SYSTEM? by an international standards committee. A communication system consists of two Because of this standardization, the hardware separate, independent components: the component of the communication system tends hardware and the protocol. You can think of the to be straightforward. An everyday example of hardware as the physical devices – things you communication hardware would be a USB can touch – and the protocol as the software that (Universal Serial Bus) cable and connectors allows data to flow between the hardware. between a PC and a printer. In a human model, the hardware elements are The protocol, or language, used to communicate the people and the protocol is the language. See over hardware is open to a much greater degree Figure 1. Usually, the communication challenge of variation. There can be multiple protocols (or for humans is the potential for differences in languages) that communicate through a given language. Each person must follow certain type of hardware. Additionally, some protocols grammatical rules for the communication to be are created as industry standards. Similar to the meaningful. Speed can also be a factor. Most of hardware standards referenced above, protocol us have experienced listening to someone who is standards define the manner in which the hard to follow because they talk too fast, or language is composed, so two devices someone else who tries our patience because connected through the hardware can talk to each they talk so dreadfully slow. Similarly, comm- other if using the same protocol. If a protocol is unication networks can experience similar issues not defined by an industry standard, then it is that are like a conversation being interrupted by considered proprietary. Information about others, or the person you’re talking with going off proprietary protocols is not usually widely on a tangent and losing the main point of the shared. Only other developers who know its conversation. Additionally, if there is great details can develop products that will be able to enough distance between humans, then communicate through the proprietary protocol. additional hardware is required and if the hardware cannot connect, such as through a The use of a USB memory stick is an example of telephone, the language cannot be transmitted. a standard protocol. Think of plugging in a These are the standards in human memory stick from one computer to another. communication. Each computer can recognize it because it adheres to a standard. An example of a PROTOCOL proprietary protocol is the in-vehicle Language communication system used by mechanics’ diagnostic computers to service your automobile. The communication between the HARDWARE engine computer and the other car components Air HARDWARE HARDWARE is via proprietary protocols unique to each auto Human 1 Human 2 Figure 1. manufacturer. Human Communication Model 7HILE PREPARING AN ELECTRICAL GENERATION SYSTEM Communication between electronic devices is specification, it is vital to gather communication like communication between people – with hardware and protocol information for each similar complexities and issues. In a device or system that must communicate with communication system, the hardware is the new electrical generation system. KohlerPower.com p. 2 Power Systems POWER SYSTEMS TOPICS 106 The collection of this hardware and protocol what is transmitted on each connection point. data will assure appropriate system functionality. 7HEN SELECTING THE CABLING IT MUST BE DElNED AS It is also important to identify any adapters that 23 TWISTED PAIR +/(,%2® Power Systems may be necessary to convert from one hardware recommends Belden as a high-quality cable ANDOR PROTOCOL TO ANOTHER 4HE FOLLOWING SELECTION 23 DOES NOT DElNE THE PHYSICAL sections describe common communication characteristics of the connection points on each HARDWARENETWORKS AND PROTOCOLS USED IN end. A Euroblock connector is typically used electrical generation systems. ON +/(,%2 GENERATION SYSTEMS ! %UROBLOCK COMMUNICATIONS HARDWARE AND PROTOCOLS USED IN connector is a pluggable terminal block that uses ELECTRIC GENERATION SYSTEMS screw terminals to clamp connecting wires. It provides a quick, convenient way to connect and COMMON disconnect electronic devices. HARDWARE PROTOCOL CONNECTOR CABLE APPLICATIONS !N IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTIC OF 23 IS THE Modbus RTU Generation NEED FOR A TERMINATING RESISTOR 7ITHOUT A Twisted-Pair system controller RS-485 Euroblock (Belden) to external terminating resistor, messages can interfere with Rbus systems each other. A terminating resistor ensures that J1939 Engine to the communicated message stops at the last generator Cable with ADEC/MDEC 9-pin controller, device rather than reflecting or bouncing back CAN connector on D-subminiature generator to SmartCraft end and interfering with the next message sent. The external devices NMEA 2000 (gauges, I/O, etc.) generation system specification must detail the IP special steps required to ensure proper operation Modbus TCP WHEN EMPLOYING AN 23 SERIAL NETWORK Cable with Building RJ-45 Ethernet SNMP RJ-45 plug and management receptacle RS-485 CONSIDERATIONS Cat 5 cable systems BACnet s 23 CAN BE A LOWER COST HARDWARE CHOICE LonWorks compared to other options if the distance Generator to PC Type B Cable with Device Mode for configuration IS NOT SIGNIlCANT "ECAUSE 23 REQUIRES A receptacle Type B plug or data download twisted-pair cable, it can become costly to run USB Generator to flash Type A Cable with the cable great distances, especially if it needs Host Mode drive to download receptacle Type A plug or upload data to be encased in conduit. s 23 CAN FUNCTION IN DISTANCES UP TO RS-485 METERS FEET RS-485 SERIAL NETWORKS (HARDWARE) s 23 WORKS WELL IN ELECTRICALLY NOISY 4HE 23 STANDARD DElNES A PHYSICAL environments. connection for serial networks. It should not s 23 OFFERS RELATIVELY LOWER COMMUNICATION BE CONFUSED WITH 23 ANOTHER SERIAL speeds compared to other choices. This is network standard that was typically deployed not an issue in most situations, but could on computers in the past. Developed in the become noticeable if large amounts of data EARLY S 23 IS STILL EXTREMELY POPULAR are being transferred. in industrial communication products today. MODBUS RTU (PROTOCOL) 4HE 23 STANDARD DElNES THE PHYSICAL Figure 2. manner in which the devices are connected -ODBUS 245 REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT IS A SERIAL Euroblock Connector as twisted-pair with a specific configuration of communication protocol developed in the late KohlerPower.com p. 3 Power Systems POWER SYSTEMS TOPICS 106 S )T COMMUNICATES OVER THE 23 through its use in engines. CAN is the standard hardware layer and is the most common network system for the automotive industry and is implementation of Modbus. It can be used used by almost all ECMs (engine control