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Habitat Ecology of a Relict Red-Backed Vole Population in Iowa William Simon Blagen Iowa State University

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Habitat Ecology of a Relict Red-Backed Vole Population in Iowa William Simon Blagen Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1967 Habitat ecology of a relict red-backed vole population in Iowa William Simon Blagen Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Blagen, William Simon, "Habitat ecology of a relict red-backed vole population in Iowa " (1967). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 3994. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/3994 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 68-2802 BLAGEN, William Simon, 1916- HABITAT ECOLOGY OF A RELICT RED-BACKED VOLE POPULATION IN IOWA. Iowa State University, Ph.D., 1967 Zoology University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan HABITAT ECOLOGY OF A RELICT RED-BACKED VOLE POPULATION IN lOm • by William Simon Blagen A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Subject; Zoology (Animal Ecology) Approved Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. Head of Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. Iowa State University Of Science and Technology Ames, Iowa 1967 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 HISTORY OF THE SPECIES IN IOWA 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA 11 Geology and Climatology 11 Vegetation 17 Topography and Soils of the Altamont 21 Settlement and Land Usage in Northern Iowa 23 Pilot Knob State Park 25 VEGETATION STUDIES 30 Objectives 30 Review of Literature 31 Vegetational Sampling Areas 33 Methods 36 Results 43 ABIOTIC FACTORS 5I Objectives 51 Review of Literature 5I Description of Study Areas 54 Methods 57 Results 64 FAUNA 80 Mammals 80 Birds 81 Amphibians and Reptiles 82 Invertebrates 83 ill Page SMALL MAMMAL POPULATIONS; PART I. DEVELOPMENT OF TRAPPING METHODS 84 Objectives 84 Review of Literature 84 Description of Study Areas 86 Methods 89 Results 94 SMALL MAMMAL POPULATIONS; PART II, INTENSIVE STUDIES OF POPULATIONS 106 Objectives 106 Review of Literature 106 Description of Study Areas 110 Methods 111, Results 113 THE RED-BACKED VOLE 143 Population Density 143 Activity 144 Population Characteristics 145 Food Preference I5L Habitat Preference I55 Interspecific Relationships I60 Distribution of Clethrionomys I62 DISCUSSION 167 SUMMARY 175 LITERATURE CITED I78 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 186 APPENDIX 187 iv LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Distribution of the genus Clethrionomys in North America . 4 Figure 2, Marginal records for Clethrionomys gapperi loringi in Minnesota and Iowa 7 Figure 3* Map of the Des Moines lobe in Iowa showing the four morainal systems 12 Figure 4. Map of the Des Moines lobe, late Wisconsin (Cary-Mankato) glaciation . 15 Figure 5. Original forest cover in Iowa 19 Figure 6. Map of annual rainfall distribution in Iowa 20 Figure ?. Natural vegetation of Minnesota in the pre-settlement era . 22 Figure 8. Aerial photograph of Pilot Knob State Park and contiguous woods in 1958 .27 Figure 9. Forest study area along northwestern border of Pilot Knob State Park 35 Figure 10. Old-field study area in west central section of Pilot Knob State Park 35 Figure 11. Vegetational sampling areas in the forest and old-field at Pilot Knob State Park 38 Figure 12. Belt transect line across old-field at Pilot Knob State Park ......... 42 Figure 13. The author censusing woody-stemmed plants along a belt transect in the old-field at Pilot Knob State Park .... 42 Figure 14. Location of instrument shelter station number one in forest study area at Pilot Knob State Park 56 Figure I5. Instrument shelter station number two in old-field study area at Pilot Knob State Park 56 Figure 16. Location of instrument shelter station number three in brush study area at Pilot Knob State Park ....... 56 Figure I7. The author taking light penetration measurements with a Weston illumination meter 62 V Page Figure 18. The author taking surface temperature measurements with a Barnes infra-red thermometer 62 Figure 19. Daily maximum temperatures in three habitat types at various levels .... 66 Figure 20, Range of maximum temperatures in three habitat types at various levels 69 Figure 21, Hygrothermographs comparing relative humidities and temp­ eratures between forest and old-field habitats in summer . 72 Figure 22, Hygrothermographs comparing relative humidities and temp­ eratures between forest and old-field habitats in autumn . 72 Figure 23. A comparison of seasonal differences in hourly vapor pressure deficits between forest and old-field ... 75 Figure 24, Areas sampled for small mammals in Iowa 87 Figure 25- Trap station showing placement of a double-set of Museum. Special traps 92 Figure 26. Sample of daily field record sheet used for each trapline 92 'Figure 27. A trap-station plan in North-Woods showing four double-sets 112 Figure 28, Pilot Knob quadrat shoidjag total number of captures, by genera, taken at each trap-station during the period 7 July - 7 September 1966 II6 Figure 29. Composite of daily captures, by genera, showing regularity of immigration response to removal trapping at Pilot Knob quadrat 120 Figure 30. Daily captures of Clethrionomys at Pilot Knob quadrat during the period 7 July - 7 September I966 . 123 Figure 3I. Plotting of capture totals at peaks and troughs of 5-day intervals related to the moonlight cycle .... 128 Figure 32. Continuous removal study showing social relationship among genera at Pilot Knob during the period 7 July - 7 September I966 I3I Figure 33. North-Woods trapline showing total number of captures, by genera, taken at each trap-set within each station during the period 17 July - 8 September I966 I35 vi Page Figure 3^. Composite of daily captures, by genera, showing regularity of immigration response to removal trapping at North-Woods trapline I38 Figure 35. Variability in body weight and body length in Clethrionomys compared to bi-eeding condition, in Iowa . 149 Figure 36. Outer, eastern moraine of the Cary-Mankato drift of the Des Moines lobe, Wisconsin glaciation, showing trapping sites I65 Figure 37. Presettleraent vegetation in south central Minnesota and north central Iowa I7I Figure 33. Southern margin of the range of Clethrionomys gapperi loringi in north central United States I74 vil LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Institutions which reported possessing no specimens of Clethrionomys gapperi from southeastern South Dakota, southern Minnesota or any location in Iowa ........ 188 Table 2. A list of flora collected at Pilot Knob State Park during the summer months, 1963-1966 189 Table 3. Comparison of results obtained by different methods of determining canopy coverage and frequency of occurrence in Daubenmire (1959) plots in grassland 196 Table k. Results of the Daubenmire (1959) method of determining canopy coverage and frequency of occurrence in plots in forest 198 Table 5» Census of woody-stemmed plants in the old-field. Pilot Knob State Park, 1964-1966 200 Table 6. A comparison of temperatures, relative humidities and vapor pressure deficits between forest and old-field study sites in summer . 202 Table ?. A comparison of temperatures, relative humidities and vapor pressure deficits between forest and old-field study sites in autumn . 203 Table 8, A comparison of three-hour interval and seasonal differences in the average illumination received . at various levels in each study site 204 Table 9. Surface temperatures in microenvironments of the old-field study area, 13 August I965 . 206 Table 10. Surface temperatures in microenvironments of the forest study area, 13 August I965 207 Table 11. Mammals of the "great circle" recorded by the author . 208 Table 12. Birds observed frequenting or nesting at Pilot Knob State Park during the nesting season and summer 210 Table 13. Amphibians and reptiles recorded by the author at Pilot Knob State Park 213 Table 14. A comparison of captures, by genera, in double-sets versus single-sets in various grassland areas of Iowa during summer months, I96I-I966, 39 baited traplines . 214 viii Page Table 15. A comparison of the instances of traps sprung for all causes, excluding heavy rain, in the double-set versus single-set system in grassland. 39 baited traplines . , 215 Table l6. A comparison of captures, by genera, in double-sets versus single-sets in various grassland areas of Iowa during summer months, 1962-1964. 5 unbaited traplines . 216 Table 17. A comparison of the instances of traps sprung for all causes, excluding heavy rain, in the double-set versus single-set system in grassland, 5 unbaited traplines . 217 Table 18, A comparison of captures, by genera, in double-sets versus single-sets in various forest areas of Iowa during summer months (S), I962-I966, and fall months (F), 1962-1965, 166 baited traplines 218 Table 19. A comparison of the instances of traps sprung for all causes, excluding heavy rain, in the double-set versus single-set system in forests. I66 baited traplines , , , , 219 Table 20. A comparison of captures, by genera, in double-sets versus single-sets in various forest areas during summer months, I962-I965, 6 unbaited traplines 220 Table 21, A comparison of the instances of traps sprung for all
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