SASKATCHEWAN PULSE CROPS Seeding and Variety Guide 2017
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SASKATCHEWAN PULSE CROPS Seeding and Variety Guide 2017 Pulse Crop Adaptation in Saskatchewan . 02 TABLE OF Suitability for Areas of Saskatchewan. 04 CONTENTS Calculating Seeding Rates . 06 Nutrient Management . 07 Seed-borne and Seedling Diseases and Actions to Minimize Impact. 09 Disease Management. 10 Regional Variety Trials . 10 What to Consider When Selecting New Varieties . 11 Plant Breeders' Rights . 11 Pea Variety Update . 12 Lentil Variety Update . 16 Chickpea Variety Update . 19 Faba Bean Variety Update . 20 Dry Bean Variety Update . 22 Soybean Variety Update . 23 Understanding Maturity in Pulses . 25 PULSE CROP ADAPTATION IN SASKATCHEWAN Choosing the right pulse crop for your area and appropriate seeding dates When choosing the right pulse crop for your area, consider the soil and climatic zone where the crop will be planted, and local growing conditions. Use suitability maps as a guide, such as Saskatchewan Crop Insurance Corporation maps and varietal information. Field Peas Field peas can be grown across Saskatchewan, but do not like excess moisture or salt-affected soils. Choose fields that drain well. Peas and lentils are more susceptible to Aphanomyces root rot compared to faba beans, chickpeas, and soybeans. Lentils Lentils are better adapted to the southern and west central part of the province in the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones. The introduction of new market classes and breeding for more determinate varieties (red and small green), has extended lentil production into the Thin Black and Black soil zones. In the moist Black and Grey soil zones, it is often too wet for consistent production of high quality lentils. Excess moisture aggravates disease problems and greatly delays maturity. Chickpeas Chickpeas are best adapted to Brown and Dark Brown soil zones in Saskatchewan. They are not well adapted to saline soils, high moisture areas, soils with high clay content, or soils that are slow to warm in the spring. Chickpeas grow best on well-drained soils with about 15 to 25 centimetres of seasonal rainfall. The long growing season and indeterminate growth habit of Kabuli chickpeas limits production in other areas of the province. Desi chickpea varieties have a shorter growing season and mature earlier than Kabuli varieties, and can be extended into the moist Dark Brown soil zones if grown on stubble or lighter Soil Zones in Southern Saskatchewan textured soils. Chickpeas are deep rooted and can Brown Dark Brown Black/Grey access water from a greater depth than other pulse Source: Saskatchewan Crop Insurance Corporation 02 crops. Disease resistance, specifically to Ascochyta Temperature Requirements for Seeding for Various Pulses blight, is an important factor in variety selection. RECOMMENDED MINIMUM Faba Beans AVERAGE SOIL TEMPERATURE ESTIMATED SEEDING DATES RECOMMENDED SEEDING CROP AT SEEDING DEPTH (°C) FOR SASKATCHEWAN DEPTH IN CM (INCHES) Faba beans do best on medium textured soils that are well drained, but able to maintain soil moisture. Peas 5° Mid-April to Mid-May 3–8 cm (1.2–3.2") They are best adapted to the Black soil zones and Lentils 5° Mid-April to May 2.5–7.5 cm (1–3") the northern portions of the Dark Brown soil zones of 7° (Desi) Chickpeas Prior to May 25 3.5–6 cm (1.5–2.5") Saskatchewan. Faba beans respond well to irrigation 10° (Kabuli) and can tolerate flooding better than peas, lentils, Mid-April to Mid-May or as or chickpeas. The crop is highly resistant to lodging, Faba Beans 3°–5° 5.1–7.6 cm (2–3") early as can get in the field can provide stubble over the winter months, and can provide more reliable production than field peas in Dry Beans 12° May 25 to June 5 5–6 cm (2–2.5") regions that are too moist for peas. Soybeans 10° May 10 to May 25 1.9–3.8 cm (0.75–1.5") Dry Beans Source: Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture Dry bean production in Saskatchewan occurs primarily in irrigated areas near Lake Diefenbaker. Beans are best suited to medium-textured loam soils With regrowth, expect delays in crop staging and • Base seeding rates on actual thousand kernel in regions that are not prone to late-spring or early- maturity, and avoid herbicide applications until weight, as seed sizes can vary significantly. fall frosts. Because the crop has no frost tolerance, plants have had a chance to regrow. Lentil and pea • Calculate soybean seeding rates based on number areas that are prone to spring frost should be avoided. seedlings can survive temperatures of -4°C to -6°C. of seeds per acre. Soybeans are sold by seed count. Beans require warm, moist soil conditions for Dry beans and soybeans have main growing points germination and emergence, and are very sensitive above-ground and can be severely damaged or killed • With soybeans, increase the seeding rate if seeding to salinity, soil structure problems, and saturated by spring frosts. Chickpeas do have growing points with a drill as increased seed damage can occur soils. Choose level fields with good drainage and low below soil surface during early growth similar to versus seeding with a planter. levels of soil salinity. peas and lentils. However, chickpeas require warmer • Use a seed treatment if seed has a high level of soil which means seeding dates are later than they disease, seeds show signs of mechanical damage, Soybeans are for peas and for lentils, which reduces the risk of or the forecast is for wet, cool environmental spring frosts. Soybeans are grown mainly in the Dark Brown and conditions that may delay emergence. Black soil zones in southeastern Saskatchewan on medium-textured loam soils. They can be grown on Pulse Seeding Reminders • A seed treatment is recommended for all Kabuli clay soils under favourable conditions for emergence. • Target a seeding rate based on the final plant chickpea varieties for good emergence and vigour. Soybeans do not perform well under dry conditions, population desired. • Avoid using chickpea seed if more than 0.3 per cent so sandy soils are not ideal. Moisture during pod-set • Consider factors that could reduce emergence and seed-borne Ascochyta is present. in August is important for maximizing yield. Soybeans adjust seeding rates accordingly: soil temperature, are susceptible to spring frost and require warm, • Seed peas early and into moisture. seed quality, environmental conditions, moisture moist soils for quick germination and emergence. availability, and soil type. • Seed chickpeas into warmer soil temperatures to allow for good seed germination (7°C for Desi and Spring Frost Tolerance • Ensure you do not exceed the maximum safe rates 10°C for Kabuli). Lentils, peas, and faba beans have growing points of seed-placed fertilizers. • Seed soybeans and chickpeas into warm, moist below the soil surface during early stages of growth, • Handle pulses with care as seed coats are which means the plants can recover from frosts that soils (10°C). Cold soil moisture can reduce susceptible to damage – run augers full and slow, soybean germination. damage the above-ground portion of the plants. and watch fan speeds on airseeders. Saskatchewan Pulse Crops Seeding and Variety Guide 2017 03 SUITABILITY FOR AREAS OF SASKATCHEWAN Saskatchewan Crop Insurance Corporation (SCIC) offers insurance for all pulse crops. Maps below outline areas of the province where coverage for a particular crop is available. Risk zones may differ in coverage levels so please check with your local SCIC office. Chickpea Insurable Area Dryland Dry Bean Insurable Area Risk Zone 1 Risk Zone 2 Risk Zone 3 Dryland Dry Bean Source: Saskatchewan Crop Insurance Corporation 04 Dryland Faba Bean Insurable Area Soybean Insurable Area Dryland Faba Bean Soybean Zone 1 Soybean Zone 2 Source: Saskatchewan Crop Insurance Corporation Saskatchewan Pulse Crops Seeding and Variety Guide 2017 05 CALCULATING SEEDING RATES Plant population sets the stage for the yield potential of a crop. Research has shown that each crop has an optimum plant density that producers should target when seeding their crop. Rates may be adjusted depending on the conditions in the field, date of seeding, weed pressure, seed placed fertilizer, and other pressures that may affect emergence or plant stand. In order to calculate your seeding rate, you must The following formula will assist you in determining the target seeding rate for pulse crops: know the seed size and germination rate. Pulses (target population per square metre x TKW* in grams) vary significantly in seed size and not knowing your Seeding rate kilograms per hectare (kg/ha) = thousand kernel weight (TKW) could mean seeding % field emergence or survival (in whole number, i.e. 85) too heavy and spending more on seed than needed, or seeding too light and limiting yield potential. Both To convert to pounds per acre, multiply the seeding rate (in kg/ha) by 0.89. *TKW = Thousand Kernel Weight TKW and germination rate can be obtained with a seed test or measured at home. Emergence rate Target Plant Populations for Pulse Crops is more difficult to estimate as it is dependent on germination and environmental conditions. There TARGET PLANT POPULATION TARGET PLANT POPULATION are also other factors that can affect establishment, CROP PER SQUARE METRE PER SQUARE FOOT such as damage during handling. For pulses, the Peas 75–85 7–9 emergence rates are typically 5 to 15 per cent lower Lentils 130 12 than the germination rates. Chickpeas 33–44 3–4 Seeding rates for organic production are much higher Faba Beans 45 4 than typical conventional seeding rates in order to 33–44 (dryland) 3–4 (dryland) help combat weed pressure. Most pulses grown Dry Beans organically are suggested to be seeded at 1.5 to 2 25–30 (irrigated) 2.3–2.8 (irrigated) times the recommended seeding rates.