SASKATCHEWAN PULSE CROPS Seeding and Variety Guide 2017

Pulse Crop Adaptation in Saskatchewan ...... 02 TABLE OF Suitability for Areas of Saskatchewan ...... 04 CONTENTS Calculating Seeding Rates ...... 06 Nutrient Management ...... 07 Seed-borne and Seedling Diseases and Actions to Minimize Impact ...... 09 Disease Management ...... 10 Regional Variety Trials ...... 10 What to Consider When Selecting New Varieties ...... 11 Plant Breeders' Rights ...... 11 Pea Variety Update ...... 12 Lentil Variety Update ...... 16 Chickpea Variety Update ...... 19 Faba Bean Variety Update ...... 20 Dry Bean Variety Update ...... 22 Soybean Variety Update ...... 23 Understanding Maturity in Pulses ...... 25 PULSE CROP ADAPTATION IN SASKATCHEWAN Choosing the right pulse crop for your area and appropriate seeding dates

When choosing the right pulse crop for your area, consider the soil and climatic zone where the crop will be planted, and local growing conditions. Use suitability maps as a guide, such as Saskatchewan Crop Insurance Corporation maps and varietal information.

Field Peas Field peas can be grown across Saskatchewan, but do not like excess moisture or salt-affected soils. Choose fields that drain well. Peas and lentils are more susceptible to Aphanomyces root rot compared to faba beans, chickpeas, and soybeans. Lentils Lentils are better adapted to the southern and west central part of the province in the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones. The introduction of new market classes and breeding for more determinate varieties (red and small green), has extended lentil production into the Thin Black and Black soil zones. In the moist Black and Grey soil zones, it is often too wet for consistent production of high quality lentils. Excess moisture aggravates disease problems and greatly delays maturity. Chickpeas Chickpeas are best adapted to Brown and Dark Brown soil zones in Saskatchewan. They are not well adapted to saline soils, high moisture areas, soils with high clay content, or soils that are slow to warm in the spring. Chickpeas grow best on well-drained soils with about 15 to 25 centimetres of seasonal rainfall. The long growing season and indeterminate growth habit of Kabuli chickpeas limits production in other areas of the province. Desi chickpea varieties have a shorter growing season and mature earlier than Kabuli varieties, and can be extended into the moist Dark Brown soil zones if grown on stubble or lighter Soil Zones in Southern Saskatchewan textured soils. Chickpeas are deep rooted and can Brown Dark Brown Black/Grey access water from a greater depth than other pulse

Source: Saskatchewan Crop Insurance Corporation

02 crops. Disease resistance, specifically to Ascochyta Temperature Requirements for Seeding for Various Pulses blight, is an important factor in variety selection. RECOMMENDED MINIMUM Faba Beans AVERAGE SOIL TEMPERATURE ESTIMATED SEEDING DATES RECOMMENDED SEEDING CROP AT SEEDING DEPTH (°C) FOR SASKATCHEWAN DEPTH IN CM (INCHES) Faba beans do best on medium textured soils that are well drained, but able to maintain soil moisture. Peas 5° Mid-April to Mid-May 3–8 cm (1.2–3.2") They are best adapted to the Black soil zones and Lentils 5° Mid-April to May 2.5–7.5 cm (1–3") the northern portions of the Dark Brown soil zones of 7° (Desi) Chickpeas Prior to May 25 3.5–6 cm (1.5–2.5") Saskatchewan. Faba beans respond well to irrigation 10° (Kabuli) and can tolerate flooding better than peas, lentils, Mid-April to Mid-May or as or chickpeas. The crop is highly resistant to lodging, Faba Beans 3°–5° 5.1–7.6 cm (2–3") early as can get in the field can provide stubble over the winter months, and can provide more reliable production than field peas in Dry Beans 12° May 25 to June 5 5–6 cm (2–2.5") regions that are too moist for peas. Soybeans 10° May 10 to May 25 1.9–3.8 cm (0.75–1.5") Dry Beans Source: Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture Dry bean production in Saskatchewan occurs primarily in irrigated areas near Lake Diefenbaker. Beans are best suited to medium-textured loam soils With regrowth, expect delays in crop staging and • Base seeding rates on actual thousand kernel in regions that are not prone to late-spring or early- maturity, and avoid herbicide applications until weight, as seed sizes can vary significantly. fall frosts. Because the crop has no frost tolerance, plants have had a chance to regrow. Lentil and pea • Calculate soybean seeding rates based on number areas that are prone to spring frost should be avoided. seedlings can survive temperatures of -4°C to -6°C. of seeds per acre. Soybeans are sold by seed count. Beans require warm, moist soil conditions for Dry beans and soybeans have main growing points germination and emergence, and are very sensitive above‑ground and can be severely damaged or killed • With soybeans, increase the seeding rate if seeding to salinity, soil structure problems, and saturated by spring frosts. Chickpeas do have growing points with a drill as increased seed damage can occur soils. Choose level fields with good drainage and low below soil surface during early growth similar to versus seeding with a planter. levels of soil salinity. peas and lentils. However, chickpeas require warmer • Use a seed treatment if seed has a high level of soil which means seeding dates are later than they disease, seeds show signs of mechanical damage, Soybeans are for peas and for lentils, which reduces the risk of or the forecast is for wet, cool environmental spring frosts. Soybeans are grown mainly in the Dark Brown and conditions that may delay emergence. Black soil zones in southeastern Saskatchewan on medium-textured loam soils. They can be grown on Pulse Seeding Reminders • A seed treatment is recommended for all Kabuli clay soils under favourable conditions for emergence. • Target a seeding rate based on the final plant chickpea varieties for good emergence and vigour. Soybeans do not perform well under dry conditions, population desired. • Avoid using chickpea seed if more than 0.3 per cent so sandy soils are not ideal. Moisture during pod-set • Consider factors that could reduce emergence and seed-borne Ascochyta is present. in August is important for maximizing yield. Soybeans adjust seeding rates accordingly: soil temperature, are susceptible to spring frost and require warm, • Seed peas early and into moisture. seed quality, environmental conditions, moisture moist soils for quick germination and emergence. availability, and soil type. • Seed chickpeas into warmer soil temperatures to allow for good seed germination (7°C for Desi and Spring Frost Tolerance • Ensure you do not exceed the maximum safe rates 10°C for Kabuli). Lentils, peas, and faba beans have growing points of seed-placed fertilizers. • Seed soybeans and chickpeas into warm, moist below the soil surface during early stages of growth, • Handle pulses with care as seed coats are which means the plants can recover from frosts that soils (10°C). Cold soil moisture can reduce susceptible to damage – run augers full and slow, soybean germination. damage the above-ground portion of the plants. and watch fan speeds on airseeders.

Saskatchewan Pulse Crops Seeding and Variety Guide 2017 03 SUITABILITY FOR AREAS OF SASKATCHEWAN

Saskatchewan Crop Insurance Corporation (SCIC) offers insurance for all pulse crops. Maps below outline areas of the province where coverage for a particular crop is available. Risk zones may differ in coverage levels so please check with your local SCIC office.

Chickpea Insurable Area Dryland Dry Bean Insurable Area

Risk Zone 1 Risk Zone 2 Risk Zone 3 Dryland Dry Bean

Source: Saskatchewan Crop Insurance Corporation

04 Dryland Faba Bean Insurable Area Soybean Insurable Area

Dryland Faba Bean Soybean Zone 1 Soybean Zone 2

Source: Saskatchewan Crop Insurance Corporation

Saskatchewan Pulse Crops Seeding and Variety Guide 2017 05 CALCULATING SEEDING RATES

Plant population sets the stage for the yield potential of a crop. Research has shown that each crop has an optimum plant density that producers should target when seeding their crop. Rates may be adjusted depending on the conditions in the field, date of seeding, weed pressure, seed placed fertilizer, and other pressures that may affect emergence or plant stand.

In order to calculate your seeding rate, you must The following formula will assist you in determining the target seeding rate for pulse crops: know the seed size and germination rate. Pulses (target population per square metre x TKW* in grams) vary significantly in seed size and not knowing your Seeding rate kilograms per hectare (kg/ha) = thousand kernel weight (TKW) could mean seeding % field emergence or survival (in whole number, i.e. 85) too heavy and spending more on seed than needed, or seeding too light and limiting yield potential. Both To convert to pounds per acre, multiply the seeding rate (in kg/ha) by 0.89. *TKW = Thousand Kernel Weight TKW and germination rate can be obtained with a seed test or measured at home. Emergence rate Target Plant Populations for Pulse Crops is more difficult to estimate as it is dependent on germination and environmental conditions. There TARGET PLANT POPULATION TARGET PLANT POPULATION are also other factors that can affect establishment, CROP PER SQUARE METRE PER SQUARE FOOT such as damage during handling. For pulses, the Peas 75–85 7–9 emergence rates are typically 5 to 15 per cent lower Lentils 130 12 than the germination rates. Chickpeas 33–44 3–4 Seeding rates for organic production are much higher Faba Beans 45 4 than typical conventional seeding rates in order to 33–44 (dryland) 3–4 (dryland) help combat weed pressure. Most pulses grown Dry Beans organically are suggested to be seeded at 1.5 to 2 25–30 (irrigated) 2.3–2.8 (irrigated) times the recommended seeding rates. To calculate Soybeans 40–50 4–5 seeding rates for organic production, use the target Source: Saskatchewan Pulse Growers plant populations table and multiply the seeding rate by 1.5 to 2 to determine the seeding rate to target Other measurements can be taken using a square or circle of predetermined area such as a metre square, ¼ under organic systems. metre square, (½ m x ½ m), or hoop. In this case the plants within the hoop or square need to be converted to density per square metre or per square foot. Calculating Plant Stands Stand density can be determined after the crop Stand Density emerges by counting the number of plants in a (number of plants per metre squared) = (number of plants per metre row)/(row spacing in centimetres) x 100 predetermined area or length of row. A row length of i.e. 25 plants per metre row with 10 inch row spacing = 25/25.4 x 100 = 98 plants/m2 one metre is often used with multiple measurements taken randomly over an area or field. Five Stand Density measurements per 20 acres is a suggested minimum. (number per square foot) = (number of plants per foot)/(row spacing in inches) x 12 Problem areas should be evaluated separately. ROW SPACING (INCHES) 8 10 12 14 16 Row spacing (cm) 20.32 25.4 30.48 35.56 40.64

06 NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

Safe Rates of Seed-Placed Fertilizer

Maximum Safe Rates of Seed-Placed Phosphorus (P2O5) Fertilizer in Narrow Row Systems* (lbs/ac) PEAS CHICKPEAS LENTILS SOYBEANS FABA BEANS 15 20 20 20 40 *15% seed bed utilization (calculated by dividing width of seed spread from the opener by row spacing) Source: Dr. Jeff Schoenau, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bio Resources, University of Saskatchewan

Phosphorus Management fertilizer to target for application. Phosphorus management for pulses is about replacing what is Phosphorus (P) is an important plant nutrient for taken out of the soil and this can be done in the year pulse crops. Phosphorus promotes the development prior to pulses, during the pulse crop year, after the of extensive root systems and vigorous seedlings. pulse crop year, or a combination of timings. Encouraging vigorous root growth is an important step in promoting good nodule development. It also Pulses are good scavengers of soil phosphorus due plays an important role in nitrogen fixation and in to their ability to alter rhizosphere chemistry and promoting earlier and more uniform maturity. solubilize certain phosphorus compounds. Pulses also establish beneficial relationships with soil Pulses can export substantial phosphorus off the organisms like arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that field in harvested grain. If this exported phosphorus act to extend the root system and further increase is not replaced, soil-phosphorus levels will become phosphorus uptake. This explains why pulses depleted over time. Using the chart below, growers sometimes do not show a large yield response can calculate the amount of phosphorus the pulse to phosphorus fertilizer, but can draw down crop may remove in the harvested grain and use soil‑phosphorus reserves if not replaced. this as a guideline for the amount of phosphorus

Phosphorous Removal Rates in Pounds of Seed-Placed Phosphorus (P2O5) per Acre by Pulse Crop CROP YIELD ESTIMATE – AVERAGE REMOVAL RATE (LBS

CROP BUSHELS PER ACRE (BU/AC) REMOVAL – POUNDS (LBS) P2O5 PER BUSHEL OF GRAIN) Chickpeas N/A N/A 0.36 Dry Beans 1,800 lbs/ac (30 bu/ac) 25 0.83 Faba Beans 50 bu/ac 55–67 1.22 Lentils 30 bu/ac 17–20 0.62 Peas 50 bu/ac 31–38 0.69 Soybeans 35 bu/ac 28–30 0.83 Sources: Nutrient Uptake and Removal, Fertilizer Canada 2001 Soybean and dry bean data from Manitoba Agriculture Chickpea data from the International Plant Nutrition Institute

Saskatchewan Pulse Crops Seeding and Variety Guide 2017 07 Nitrogen Management Inoculation Although nitrogen fixation is usually sufficient to Inoculants contain the nitrogen fixing Rhizobium Pulse crops differ in their ability to fix nitrogen and meet crop needs, soils that are very low in nitrogen, species necessary to ensure nodulation and nitrogen can be ranked accordingly: 1) faba beans, 2) peas, less than 15 pounds per acre (lbs/ac) in the top 12 fixation.Rhizobium species are specific to each pulse 3) chickpeas, 4) lentils, 5) soybeans, 6) dry beans. inches, may benefit from 10 to 20 lbs/ac of nitrogen crop as outlined in the table. Pea, lentil, and faba bean Nitrogen fixation is the process by which Rhizobia fertilizer. As a rule of thumb, if soil tests indicate inoculants contain the same Rhizobium species but the take nitrogen gas from the air within the soil pores more than 20 lbs/ac of nitrate nitrogen, then no individual strain of that species (similar to varieties of and convert it to ammonium (NH4), which is then additional nitrogen is needed with most pulse crops. crops) may be more effective on one crop or another. available for use by plants. However, dry bean is a relatively poor nodulator and Check with the manufacturer if considering using an can benefit from higher applications (50 lbs/ac) of inoculant on a crop that is not on the label. starter nitrogen. Nitrogen Fixation Amount of Nitrogen Fixed in Western Canada Rhizobium Species Required for Effective Nodulation Pulse Crops POUNDS (LBS) OF NITROGEN CROP RHIZOBIUM SPECIES REQUIRED FOR EFFECTIVE NODULATION CROP FIXED PER ACRE Peas, Lentils, Faba Beans Rhizobium leguminosarum Alfalfa 100–250 Chickpeas Rhizobium ciceri Faba Beans 80–160 Dry Beans Rhizobium phaseoli Peas 50–150 Soybeans Bradyrhizobium japonicum Soybeans 40–140 Source: Inoculation of Pulse Crops, Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture Lentils 30–120 Chickpeas 20–100 Handling Inoculants Dry Beans 5–70 Inoculants are products that contain living organisms Inoculant formulations consist of seed applied Source: Dr. Jeff Schoenau, Department of Plant Sciences, College and should be handled accordingly. Avoid exposure technologies such as liquids, peats, and powders, of Agriculture and Bio Resources, University of Saskatchewan to direct sunlight, heat, or repeated freeze-thaw as well as granular formulations. Single inoculant conditions. Consider application method when applications are effective for peas, lentils, chickpeas, Actual amount depends on inoculation/nodulation, using in combination with seed treatments as and faba beans. For soybeans, it is recommended environmental conditions, soil available nitrogen and fungicides can impact Rhizobia survival. For best to use a double inoculation strategy such as a seed availability of other nutrients such as phosphorus. results, apply seed treatments first, allow the seed applied product in combination with a granular • All pulse and soybean crops require inoculant at to dry, then apply the inoculant if using seed applied formation, on land where soybeans are being grown the time of planting. products (sequential application). Read inoculant for the first time. Double inoculation on other pulse and seed treatment labels for more information on crops has not identified any benefit to date. • Use an inoculant that is specific to the crop seeded. seed compatibility. • Scout for nodules two weeks following emergence. • If nodules are not developed, or have poor development consider a foliar nitrogen application.

08 SEED-BORNE AND SEEDLING DISEASES AND ACTIONS TO MINIMIZE IMPACT

CROP DISEASE/PATHOGEN ECONOMIC THRESHOLD ACTION IF OVER THRESHOLD Field Peas Root rot: Aphanomyces euteiches Soil-borne only Consider seed treatment if disease history Lentils

Field Peas Ascochyta complex 10% on seed Use seed treatment

5% on seed Use seed treatment Ascochyta lentis 10% on seed Do not use seed Lentils Stemphylium blight May be detected on seed tests Unknown

Anthracnose May be detected on seed tests Not considered high risk of seed-to-seedling transmission

Chickpeas Ascochyta rabiei 0.3% on seed Do not use seed

Anthracnose Faba Beans Unknown Consider seed treatment if disease history Seed rot/damping off: Fusarium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia

Seed rot/damping off:Fusarium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Soybeans Unknown Consider seed treatment if disease history Phomopsis, Phytophthora

Seed rot/seedling blight (pathogens unspecified) Unknown Consider seed treatment if disease history Field Peas Chickpeas Seed rot/damping off: Botrytis + Fusarium 10% on seed Use seed treatment Lentils Consider seed treatment if disease history and/or will be Seed rot/damping off: Rhizoctonia, Botrytis, Fusarium, Pythium Soil-borne only seeding under cool, moist soil conditions Source: Guideline for Seed-Borne Diseases of Pulse Crops, Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture

Saskatchewan Pulse Crops Seeding and Variety Guide 2017 09 DISEASE MANAGEMENT Understanding the ratings and how to use them for selecting varieties

Disease resistance is an important trait to consider when selecting varieties. Ratings may be obtained from greenhouse or field evaluations and are based on a five-point scale: Susceptible (S), Moderately susceptible (MS), Intermediate (I), Moderately Resistant (MR), and Resistant (R).

These ratings are now applied across all crops and Root Rots and Aphanomyces Seed Treatments replace the old ratings of very poor, poor, fair, good, Root rots can include a complex of pathogens such Seed treatments are registered for use with pulses and very good. The ratings are relative as each new as Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, or Pythium spp. and should be considered if seeding early into cool, variety is compared to existing varieties and ratings and more recently Aphanomyces euteiches. There wet soils or when the seed-borne disease levels are for the new variety are based on whether they is no indication of differences in susceptibility above thresholds. The degree of disease control show low or high incidence of disease as compared between varieties or pulse crops for most of the root with seed treatments depends on five factors: 1) to the existing varieties. Disease pathogens can rot pathogens with the exception of Aphanomyces. fungicide active ingredients, 2) rate of application, overcome resistance and variety selection should Currently all pea and lentil varieties are susceptible to 3) seed- and soil-borne fungal diseases present, be combined with agronomic and integrated pest Aphanomyces root rot. Some faba bean and chickpea 4) environmental conditions, and 5) quality of management practices to preserve effectiveness. varieties have partial resistance and should be seed coverage. Check individual product labels for The rotation of crops and varieties are examples considered for fields where Aphanomyces has been specifics. Adequate coverage is important to ensure of good management strategies. With diseases, identified, as long as the crop is suited for that region. each seed is protected and the seeds are completely environmental conditions can impact severity. Soybeans are another nitrogen fixing crop that has covered (especially important with contact type Varieties rated as intermediate (I) can show disease resistance to Aphanomyces. Soybeans are susceptible seed treatments). symptoms under favourable conditions, however a to Phytophthora root rot, which is a disease that has variety rated as susceptible (S) would have much not been an issue in Saskatchewan to date, but has more disease under the same conditions. Some the potential to become more problematic as soybean diseases are very aggressive and plant resistance to acres increase. the disease can change over time.

REGIONAL VARIETY TRIALS

Saskatchewan Pulse Growers and the University of Saskatchewan’s Crop Development Centre (CDC) conduct the Pulse Regional Variety Trials in Saskatchewan.

The CDC collaborates with researchers at several collects data on varieties from the CDC program, as Brown, Dark Brown, Thin Black, and Thick Black soil locations, including Agriculture and Agri-Food well as those arising from other public or private pulse zones. The soybean regional trials are coordinated by Canada research stations, provincial Agriculture- breeding programs. Regional Variety Trials in 2016 Manitoba Pulse and Soybean Growers and occurred Applied Research Management sites, and the included 14 pea, 11 lentil, nine dry bean, five chickpea, at 12 sites across Saskatchewan in 2016. Canada-Saskatchewan Irrigation Diversification five white flowered faba bean, and four coloured Centre, in order to conduct the trials. The project faba bean sites across Saskatchewan covering the

10 WHAT TO CONSIDER WHEN SELECTING NEW VARIETIES

There are various factors to consider when selecting a new variety and it all depends on what your main priority is.

Some factors to consider include: • Market – Identify your target market and make sure • Herbicide tolerance – Consider the weeds or • Crop growth habit and other physiological the variety selected matches the specifications and volunteers that may be present in the field to factors – Factors such as growth habit (determinate quality expected by your buyers, such as seed size, determine if herbicide tolerant options are a or indeterminate), plant height, standability, colour, functionality, and other attributes. good choice. harvest management, and quality parameters such as resistance to seed coat breakage and bleaching. • Maturity – Identify realistic expectations on • Seed size – If seed size does not affect the market maturity needed to achieve optimum yield and choice, then consider the seeding costs of the • Yield – This is often the highest priority as it quality in your region. variety. Smaller seeded varieties are usually directly relates to the ultimate goal of net return. cheaper to seed and have fewer production issues In some cases, the advantages and higher • Disease resistance – Select varieties with better with plugging seeding equipment and other performance of new varieties may not necessarily resistance for high risk areas or fields. Resistance operations. Faba beans are a good example where translate into higher yield, due to environment or is a tool that helps with disease management, seed size may be an important consideration. management practices. If all other factors have but may or may not reduce the reliance on been considered, then use yield potential as the fungicide application. deciding factor.

PLANT BREEDERS’ RIGHTS

Plant Breeders’ Rights (PBR) Legislation is intended to encourage investment in development and promotion of new, improved, and innovative plant varieties for the benefit of growers.

Protection of intellectual property rights is important compensation from the use of their technology. With For more information, visit pbrfacts.ca. for organizations that are investing in variety the new PBR Act, the seller and the buyer can both be development so that they are able to keep reasonable liable if the seed sale is not approved. The new PBR control of the varieties and secure fair compensation Act also takes into account the interest of growers. for their efforts. Varieties previously protected by PBR Growers will be able to produce PBR protected remain under the previous rules. Varieties protected varieties for use on their own farm if the original since February 27, 2015 will be protected under the seed was obtained legitimately. Purchasing certified new PBR Act and will carry the PBR 91 symbol. The seed is a good way to ensure compliance. Proper new PBR Act aligns with the UPOV 1991 convention. documentation, such as retaining the blue seed tags, It extends the right of the breeder to further protect will be important. their varieties as well as ensures breeders receive

Saskatchewan Pulse Crops Seeding and Variety Guide 2017 11 PEA VARIETY UPDATE

Yellow peas are the most widely grown peas in Saskatchewan, followed by green peas and then specialty types such as dun, maple, marrowfat, and forage peas. Most varieties have white flowers and are suitable for human consumption or livestock feed markets. Nearly all varieties have a semi-leafless leaf type with tendrils instead of leaflets which help provide better standability.

Yellow Peas Dun Peas Marrowfat Peas CDC Meadow has been the most widely grown field CDC Dakota is the top yielding Dun pea variety. Dun Marrowfat types are blocky, very large-seeded green pea variety in Saskatchewan since 2012 with the new peas have purple flowers, pigmented seed coats, cotyledon peas used in specialty snack food markets CDC Amarillo variety in second place, according and yellow cotyledons. They are dehulled and sold in in Asia. They have white flowers and non-pigmented to data from the Saskatchewan Crop Insurance human consumption markets similar to yellow pea seed coats. Corporation (SCIC). CDC Golden still remains strong varieties. The pigmented seed coats provide natural as third most popular yellow pea variety. CDC Saffron protection to various root rot diseases, so typically Forage Peas and CDC Treasure are also in the top five varieties dun (and maple) pea varieties are quick to emerge CDC Tucker, CDC Leroy, and CDC Horizon are forage grown in Saskatchewan. AAC Ardill and Abarth with good stand establishment. pea varieties with high biomass yield, powdery are other newer varieties with high yield potential. mildew resistance, good lodging resistance, and semi- Seed for CDC Inca may be available in very limited Maple Peas leafless leaf type. These varieties produce on average quantities for 2017. Maple pea varieties available in Western Canada four to five tonnes per acre of forage dry matter, include CDC Acer, CDC Rocket, and CDC Mosaic. similar to that of forage barley, but with greater Green Peas CDC Acer and CDC Mosaic have small seed size, with protein concentration. Certified seed of all varieties CDC Striker was the most widely grown green pea CDC Mosaic having better lodging resistance. CDC is available. variety in Saskatchewan for the past nine years. Rocket has medium seed size and earlier maturity The next most widely grown green pea varieties than CDC Acer and CDC Mosaic. CDC Blazer is the Red Peas in Saskatchewan in 2016 were CDC Raezer, CDC newest maple pea variety with high yield potential A new class of red cotyledon peas has emerged and Patrick, CDC Limerick, and CDC Sage based on SCIC and a lighter seed coat. Seed for CDC Blazer may be markets are being developed. Redbat 8 is the current data. CDC Tetris is a newer green pea variety that has available in very limited quantities for 2017. variety available with Redbat 88 becoming available a blocky seed shape suitable for specialty markets. in 2017. Red pea varieties are grown exclusively under CDC Greenwater is the latest green pea variety with contract with ILTA Grain Inc. through Saskatchewan exceptionally high yield potential. Pulse Growers’ Tender Release Program.

12 Long-Term Pea Averages for Saskatchewan 2017 Main Characteristics of Varieties YIELD AS % CDC AMARILLO RESISTANCE TO: VINE SEED MARKET YEARS 1, 2 & NORTH LEAF RELATIVE LODGING LENGTH MYCOSPHAE- POWDERY FUSARIUM SEED COAT SEED COAT WEIGHT CLASS VARIETY TESTED1 SOUTH 3 3 & 4 IRRIGATION TYPE2 MATURITY (1–9)3 (CM) RELLA BLIGHT4 MILDEW WILT BREAKAGE BLEACHING DIMPLING5 GREENNESS6 G/1000

Yellow CDC Amarillo 8 100 100 100 SL M 3.5 85 4.5 R MR F n /a F G 230 Abarth 7 93 90 92 SL E 3.5 75 5.0 R I F n /a G G 280 DS Admiral7 6 78 80 80 SL E 4.5 80 5.0 R I G n /a G G 240 Agassiz 8 97 92 100 SL M 4.5 85 5.0 R I G n /a F G 230 AAC Ardill 6 103 97 87 SL M 3.5 85 4.5 R MR G n /a G G 230 CDC Athabasca 5 94 102 SL M 3.0 85 4.5 R I n /a F G 300 CDC Bronco7 8 92 81 86 SL M 4.5 75 4.5 R I G n /a G G 230 AAC Carver 3 105 95 SL E 4.0 85 5.0 R I n /a F G 240 CDC Centennial7 5 89 88 98 SL E 5.5 70 5.0 R I G n /a G F 270 Delta7 4 78 72 – SL E 5.5 70 5.5 S – G n /a – – 250 Earlystar 5 92 91 SL VE 5.0 80 5.0 R I F n /a G G 210 Eclipse7 8 82 76 85 SL M 4.0 80 5.0 R MS G n /a F G 250 CDC Golden 8 91 81 90 SL E 4.5 75 5.0 R I G n /a G G 230 CDC Hornet 8 91 84 91 SL M 4.0 85 4.5 R I F n /a G G 220 CDC Inca 5 106 100 SL M 4.0 85 4.5 R I G n /a G F 230 AAC Lacombe 4 99 100 SL M 3.5 85 5.0 R I F n /a F F 250 CDC Meadow 8 90 87 90 SL E 4.0 85 5.0 R I G n /a G G 220 CDC Mozart7 7 87 79 90 SL M 5.5 70 4.5 R I G n /a G F 220 CDC Prosper 8 84 79 73 SL E 4.5 80 5.0 R MR G n /a F G 150 CDC Saffron 8 97 91 91 SL E 4.0 80 4.5 R I G n /a F G 250 CDC Spectrum 5 104 103 SL M 3.5 85 4.5 R I n /a G F 240 Thunderbird 6 89 83 91 SL M 4.0 85 5.0 R I G n /a G F 220 CDC Treasure 8 88 87 93 SL E 4.0 80 5.0 R I F n /a F G 210 Green Cooper 8 89 80 85 SL M 4.0 80 5.0 R I F F G n /a 270 CDC Greenwater 7 99 91 86 SL M 3.5 90 4.0 R MR G G F n /a 230 CDC Limerick 8 96 89 90 SL M 3.5 85 4.0 R I VG G G n /a 210 CDC Patrick 8 87 84 87 SL M 4.5 80 4.5 R MR G G G n /a 190 CDC Pluto 6 93 82 91 SL M 5.5 80 4.5 R I G G G n /a 160 AAC Radius 5 78 76 SL M 5.0 85 4.5 R I VG G G n /a 230

Saskatchewan Pulse Crops Seeding and Variety Guide 2017 13 Long-Term Pea Averages for Saskatchewan 2017 (continued) Main Characteristics of Varieties YIELD AS % CDC AMARILLO RESISTANCE TO: VINE SEED MARKET YEARS 1, 2 & NORTH LEAF RELATIVE LODGING LENGTH MYCOSPHAE- POWDERY FUSARIUM SEED COAT SEED COAT WEIGHT CLASS VARIETY TESTED1 SOUTH 3 3 & 4 IRRIGATION TYPE2 MATURITY (1–9)3 (CM) RELLA BLIGHT4 MILDEW WILT BREAKAGE BLEACHING DIMPLING5 GREENNESS6 G/1000

Green CDC Raezer 8 82 81 94 SL E 3.5 85 5.0 R MR G G G n /a 220 AAC Royce 4 90 84 SL M 5.0 70 5.0 R I F G n /a 260 CDC Sage 5 73 71 73 SL M 4.0 80 5.0 R MR G G F n /a 220 CDC Spruce 5 95 100 SL M 4.0 85 4.5 R I G F n /a 240 CDC Striker 8 82 81 84 SL M 3.5 80 4.5 S MR VG G G n /a 240 CDC Tetris 8 90 91 88 SL M 4.0 85 4.5 R MR G F G n /a 210 Red Redbat 8 4 93 82 SL M 5.0 85 5.0 R n /a G n /a 200 Redbat 88 3 92 91 SL M 4.5 90 4.5 R n /a G n /a 190 Maple CDC Acer 3 84 73 – SL M 6.5 60 5.0 R – G n /a VG n /a 170 CDC Blazer 2 99 92 SL M 5.0 80 5.0 R n /a VG n /a 190 AAC Liscard 3 92 90 SL M 4.0 85 5.0 R n /a VG n /a 200 CDC Mosaic 4 81 74 58 SL M 4.0 85 4.5 R – G n /a VG n /a 180 Dun CDC Dakota 7 105 99 95 SL M 3.5 85 4.5 R – G n /a VG n /a 205 Forage 40-10 3 68 65 47 N M 8.5 130 4.5 S – G n /a G – 140 CDC Horizon 4 88 78 63 SL M 4.5 100 4.5 R – G n /a G G 170 CDC Leroy 3 82 75 75 SL M 5.0 85 4.5 R – G n /a G G 150 CDC Tucker 3 83 77 74 SL M 4.0 90 4.5 R – G n /a G F 170

1 Co-op and Regional Trials in Saskatchewan 2 N = normal leaf type; SL = semi-leafless 3 Lodging score (1–9) where 1 = completely upright, 9 = completely lodged 4 Mycosphaerella blight score (1-9) where 1 = no disease, 9 = completely blighted 5 Seed coat dimpling: VG = 0-5%; G = 6-20%; F = 21-50% 6 Greenness: Good = 0-15%; Fair = 16-40% 7 Flagged for removal from the 2018 table The following varieties have purple flower colour and pigmented seed coats: CDC Acer, CDC Blazer, AAC Liscard, CDC Mosaic, CDC Dakota, and 40-10. CDC Acer, CDC Blazer, and CDC Mosaic have a maple patterned seed coat, AAC Liscard and 40-10 have a speckled seed coat, while CDC Dakota has a solid dun (tan) coloured seed coat. All other varieties have white flower colour and non-pigmented seed coats.

Additional Information The relative maturity of the check variety CDC Amarillo is M (Medium), which is on average 95 days from seeding to swathing ripeness. Source: Saskatchewan Variety of Grain Crops 2017, Saskatchewan Advisory Council on Grain Crops

14 Lodging: How Ratings are Determined and/or cotyledons. A rating of Fair (F) means the Bleaching in Green Peas variety averaged 16–40 per cent seeds with green and What They Mean Green peas are recognized and marketed for their colour, whereas a rating of Good (G) would have uniform green cotyledon colour. The main pigment Lodging ratings provide an indication of the 0–15 per cent green tinged seeds. Greenness may responsible for the green colour is chlorophyll. Under standability of a particular variety under average be impacted by genetics, environmental conditions, certain conditions the chlorophyll is degraded by conditions. Lodging can, in any given year, vary from and harvest dates. A later maturing variety may enzymes which results in a lightening of the green what is stated in the guide as different varieties can show more greenness in the seed sample due to colour which is considered bleaching. Under complete respond differently under certain environmental less mature seed if harvested on the same date as degradation of chlorophyll, the seed becomes conditions. Lodging scores are based on visual ratings an earlier maturing variety. The impact of greenness yellow. Dr. Tom Warkentin with the University of with a 9-point scale where 1 = completely upright is visual and does not affect germination but could Saskatchewan’s Crop Development Centre (CDC) and 9 = completely lodged. Ratings are developed affect grade. The Canadian Grain Commission has suggests growers can minimize bleaching by choosing for each variety at a time of year when differences in colour as one of the grading factors for peas with varieties that have better tolerance to bleaching. standability are noticeable, such as at physiological “good natural colour” required for top grades. Too As bleaching tolerance is a high priority in the CDC maturity or close to harvest. The numbers are based much green colouring could downgrade the sample breeding program, most new varieties have good on relative comparisons to other varieties in a variety due to a “fair colour” rating. testing program. Lodging ratings are done at all stages tolerance to bleaching. of variety evaluations and over all years, therefore Seed Coat Dimpling variety ratings may change over time. Seed coat dimpling refers to tiny depressions that Seed Coat Breakage give the seed a golfball-like appearance. Seed coat dimpling is a result of genetics and environment. Seed coat breakage ratings are done on varieties Some varieties are more prone to dimpling than during co-op testing. It is an abrasive test where seed others. Dimpling can be found in many other pulse coat damage is measured using a specific piece of crops, in addition to peas. It appears to be more equipment. This rating is a test of durability of the prevalent when cool temperatures occur during seed seed coat and is not a measure of seed coat thickness. fill. Seed coat dimpling is a measure of the percentage of seed from a harvested sample that shows dimpling. Greenness in Yellow Peas Very Good (VG) ratings have between 0–5 per cent Seed samples from variety evaluations of yellow peas of seeds dimpled, Good (G) between 6–20 per cent, are visually rated for green colouring after harvest and Fair (F) between 21–50 per cent. Buyers prefer a by an experienced person. Ratings are expressed smooth surface to peas and grading may be impacted. as a percentage of the seeds in a sample that have Shrivelled seed is a grading factor under the Canadian obvious green tinge to the whole seed. The green Grain Commission and includes seeds that have a colouring may be contained within the seed coat severely dimpled surface.

Saskatchewan Pulse Crops Seeding and Variety Guide 2017 15 LENTIL VARIETY UPDATE

Lentil types are classified by seed size and colour. Some varieties have been developed with tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides called Clearfield® and are designated as CL.

Red Lentils CDC Kermit (small green), CDC Greenstar (large Ingredients, through Saskatchewan Pulse Growers’ green), and CDC Asterix (extra small green) are the Tender Release Program. Small red lentils are the most popular class grown newest green lentil varieties. They have high yield in Saskatchewan with CDC Maxim, CDC Dazil, and Spanish brown lentils have a grey dotted seed coat potential but are not imidazolinone tolerant. Seed CDC Imax as the top three grown in 2016 according with yellow cotyledons. This market class is sold for CDC Kermit may be available in very limited to Saskatchewan Crop Insurance Corporation (SCIC) primarily into Spain. Seed size is small, most similar quantities for 2017. data. All three are Clearfield® (CL) varieties. Newer to small reds. CDC SB-2 is the latest variety with high-yielding varieties gaining in acreage include CDC Imvincible (small green), CDC Imigreen higher yield and improved disease resistance. Spanish Clearfield® varietiesCDC Impulse and CDC Proclaim. (medium green), and CDC Impower (large green) are brown varieties are grown exclusively under contract Small red varieties such as CDC Cherie and CDC the newest greens with the Clearfield® trait, which with Simpson Seeds, through Saskatchewan Pulse Scarlet, and the extra small red variety CDC Roxy offers herbicide tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides. Growers’ Tender Release Program. are newer non-Clearfield® varieties.CDC Redmoon (3646-4) is the newest small red variety with further Specialty Lentils improved yield potential, but will not be commercially French green lentils have a green marbled seed coat available until 2018. with yellow cotyledons. Seed size is small, most Large red lentils have red cotyledons with a much similar to small red lentils. French green lentils retain larger seed size compared to small red lentils. CDC their shape better than small reds or greens upon KR-1 (not imidazolinone tolerant) and CDC KR-2 (CL) cooking. CDC Peridot is the only Clearfield® variety are higher yielding than CDC Maxim in lentil growing available, which is imidazolinone tolerant, but it is a areas and are grown exclusively under contract with lower yielding variety than conventional variety of AGT Food and Ingredients, through Saskatchewan CDC Marble. CDC Marble is the newest variety in the Pulse Growers’ Tender Release Program. French green market class and combines high yield with good Ascochyta resistance and improved lodging Green Lentils tolerance. CDC Marble also has a slightly lighter colour pattern than other French green varieties. Seed Green lentils are classified by seed size with the for CDC Marble may be available in limited quantities small greens sometimes referred to as Eston-type for 2017. and the large greens referred to as Laird-type. They have green seed coats with a yellow cotyledon. The Green cotyledon lentils have a green or marbled seed large green types represent the highest share of green coat with green cotyledons and a small-to-medium lentil acres, with CDC Greenland and CDC Impower seed size. CDC QG-2 is the highest yielding variety as the most widely grown varieties. CDC Imvincible with the earliest maturity. Green cotyledon lentils are and CDC Viceroy are the most widely grown small grown exclusively under contract with AGT Food and green lentils.

16 Long-Term Lentil Averages for Saskatchewan 2017 Main Characteristics of Varieties YiELD % CDC MAXIM CL RESISTANCE TO4: HERBICIDE YEARS AREA AREA HEIGHT DAYS TO MATURITY ASCOCHYTA ANTHRACNOSE SEED COAT COTYLEDON SEED WEIGHT MARKET CLASS VARIETY TOLERANCE1 TESTED2 1 & 2 3 & 4 (CM) FLOWER RATING3 BLIGHT RACE 1 COLOUR COLOUR (G/1000)

Small red CDC Maxim CL 10 100 100 34 51 E/M MR MR gray red 40 CDC Cherie 5 109 106 32 51 E/M MR I gray red 39 CDC Dazil CL 9 104 98 33 53 E/M MR I gray red 35 CDC Imax CL 10 96 82 35 51 E/M MR I gray red 45 CDC Impact CL 6 80 76 30 47 E MR MS gray red 34 CDC Impulse CL 7 108 95 37 52 E/M MR MR gray red 44 CDC Proclaim CL 6 105 101 34 51 E/M MR MR gray red 40 CDC Red Rider 6 95 85 34 52 E/M MR I gray red 45 CDC Redberry 6 97 99 34 50 E/M MR MR gray red 42 CDC Redcliff 7 107 103 35 51 E/M MR I gray red 38 CDC Redcoat 6 105 93 33 50 E/M MR MR gray red 39 CDC Redmoon 6 115 102 33 52 E/M MR MR gray red 41 CDC Scarlet 8 105 103 35 53 E/M MR I gray red 36 Extra small red CDC Impala CL 8 94 91 30 51 E MR MR gray red 31 CDC Imperial CL 6 84 79 30 49 E MR MR gray red 30 CDC Redbow 6 102 99 30 49 E MR MR gray red 32 CDC Rosebud 6 100 99 30 50 E MR MR tan red 31 CDC Rosie 7 92 90 33 52 E/M MR MR gray red 30 CDC Roxy 6 103 102 34 53 E/M MR MR gray red 32 Large red CDC KR-1 10 110 92 37 52 M MR MR gray red 56 CDC KR-2 CL 6 105 85 37 52 M MR MR gray red 55 Small green CDC Imvincible CL 10 96 83 33 49 E MR MR green yellow 34 CDC Kermit 7 106 102 36 49 E/M MR MR green yellow 34 CDC Viceroy 6 97 98 34 49 E MR MR green yellow 33 Extra small green CDC Asterix 9 99 101 30 48 E MR I green yellow 26 CDC Imigreen CL 7 78 71 44 50 M MR S green yellow 57 Medium green CDC Impress CL 6 87 71 34 50 M MR MS green yellow 52 CDC Meteor 6 102 89 34 50 M MR S green yellow 51 CDC Richlea 6 93 80 35 50 M S S green yellow 51

Saskatchewan Pulse Crops Seeding and Variety Guide 2017 17 Long-Term Lentil Averages for Saskatchewan 2017 (continued) Main Characteristics of Varieties YiELD % CDC MAXIM CL RESISTANCE TO4: HERBICIDE YEARS AREA AREA HEIGHT DAYS TO MATURITY ASCOCHYTA ANTHRACNOSE SEED COAT COTYLEDON SEED WEIGHT MARKET CLASS VARIETY TOLERANCE1 TESTED2 1 & 2 3 & 4 (CM) FLOWER RATING3 BLIGHT RACE 1 COLOUR COLOUR (G/1000)

Large green CDC Greenland 7 89 70 38 52 M/L MR S green yellow 64 CDC Greenstar 8 101 78 40 52 M/L MR I green yellow 73 CDC Impower CL 9 85 68 41 52 M/L MR S green yellow 64 CDC Sovereign 6 83 77 40 52 L MR MS green yellow 66 French green CDC Marble 8 107 103 36 49 E MR I green marble yellow 34 CDC Peridot CL 6 84 94 37 48 E I MS green marble yellow 38 Green cotyledon CDC QG-1 5 80 65 42 51 M I I green green 49 CDC QG-2 7 91 94 40 48 E I I green marble green 32 CDC QG-3 CL 6 73 – 38 53 E/M I MR green green 46 Spanish brown CDC SB-3 CL 6 89 90 35 51 E I MR gray dotted yellow 38

1 CL indicates Clearfield® variety. 2 Co-op and Regional Trials in Saskatchewan since 2006. Comparisons to the check variety, small red lentil CDC Maxim CL. 3 Maturity ratings: Normal maturity range in days based on May 1 seeding is E = 100, VL = 110 but maturity can be much earlier in dry years, much later in cool wet years. 4 Resistance ratings: R = Resistant; MR = Moderately Resistant; I = Intermediate Resistance; MS = Moderately Susceptible; S = Susceptible.

Additional Information Seed supplies may be limited for CDC Greenstar, CDC Marble, CDC Scarlet, and CDC Asterix. Seed supplies will be limited for CDC Impulse, CDC Roxy, CDC Proclaim, CDC Redmoon, CDC Kermit, and CDC SB-3. Source: Saskatchewan Variety of Grain Crops 2017, Saskatchewan Advisory Council on Grain Crops

18 CHICKPEA VARIETY UPDATE

Kabuli Chickpeas similar to CDC Orion, but is earlier maturing. CDC regions in the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones of Palmer is moderately resistant to Ascochyta blight southern Saskatchewan. CDC Orion and CDC Leader are the top two varieties and is well adapted to all current chickpea growing grown in Saskatchewan, based on Saskatchewan regions in the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones Crop Insurance Corporation (SCIC) data. They are IMI Tolerance a New Trait in Chickpeas of southern Saskatchewan. Certified seed may be the highest yielding Kabuli varieties, with medium- Imidazolinone (IMI) tolerance has been developed available in limited amounts in 2017. to-large seed size and earlier maturity than CDC in chickpeas through work done by Dr. Bunyamin Frontier and Amit. Both are well adapted to all current Tar’an at the Crop Development Centre, University chickpea growing regions in the Brown and Dark Desi Chickpeas of Saskatchewan. CDC Alma (Kabuli) and CDC Cory Brown soil zones of southern Saskatchewan. CDC Consul is a high-yielding Desi variety with good (Desi) are the two varieties currently available with Ascochyta blight resistance and is an alternative tolerance to IMI-type herbicides. CDC Palmer is a high-yielding variety released to to the production of small Kabuli chickpeas. CDC Select seed growers in 2014. It has a large seed size Consul is suited to all current chickpea growing

Long-Term Chickpea Averages for Saskatchewan 2017 Main Characteristics of Varieties YIELD (% AMIT) ASCOCHYTA DAYS TO SEED WEIGHT SEED OR SEED MARKET CLASS VARIETY YEARS TESTED AREA 11 AREA 21 BLIGHT2 HEIGHT (CM) FLOWER MATURITY (G/1000) SEED SHAPE3 COAT COLOUR4

Kabuli Amit (B-90) 15 100 100 4.5 47 56 L 258 Ro B CDC Alma 8 92 91 6.3 43 54 L 364 RH B CDC Frontier 15 108 104 4.5 46 56 L 349 RH B CDC Leader 11 109 108 4.5 42 54 M 390 RH B CDC Luna 14 97 99 5.9 40 54 ML 369 RH B CDC Orion 10 108 106 5.1 45 51 L 434 RH B CDC Palmer 6 109 106 4.9 44 53 ML 418 RH B Desi CDC Consul 9 113 112 4.0 46 53 M 303 P LT CDC Corinne5 14 116 111 4.2 45 56 M 245 A/P T CDC Cory 8 115 108 4.3 49 57 M 270 A/P T CDC Vanguard5 14 108 108 4.9 43 53 ML 222 P T

1 Area 1: Brown soil zone; Area 2: Dark brown soil zone 2 Ascochyta blight at pod filling period: 0–9 scale; 0 = no symptom; 9 = plants are completely blighted. Scores 4–6 are considered intermediate 3 Seed shape: Ro = Round; RH = Ram-Head; P = Plump; A = Angular 4 Seed or seed coat colour: B = Beige; LT = Light Tan; T = Tan 5 Flagged for removal from the 2018 table

Additional Information Please refer to SaskSeed 2017 guide for pedigreed seed availability. Source: Saskatchewan Variety of Grain Crops 2017, Saskatchewan Advisory Council on Grain Crops

Saskatchewan Pulse Crops Seeding and Variety Guide 2017 19 FABA BEAN VARIETY UPDATE

Faba bean varieties are classified by their tannin levels, which correspond to flower colour. Tannin type varieties have coloured flowers and are usually larger seeded. Tannin types are targeted for human consumption but can also be fed to livestock or processed.

CDC SSNS-1 is a small seeded tannin type that is difficulty reaching the targeted seeding rates. A study grown in Saskatchewan and is well-suited for green conducted by the Prairie Agricultural Machinery manure or use in silage mixtures. Zero-tannin type Institute has identified the following tips and tricks for varieties have white flowers and are grown mainly for seeding large seed faba beans: use in the livestock feed industry, but can also be sold 1. Know the thousand kernel weight of your seed into other markets. The smaller seeded zero-tannin and target 45 plants per metre squared when varieties Snowbird and CDC Snowdrop are the most calculating seeding rates. widely grown varieties in Saskatchewan. FB9-4 was the most widely grown tannin type, followed by the 2. To reach high seeding rates consider metering from variety Taboar. multiple tanks or changing augers/rollers. Seeding Tips for Faba Beans 3. To minimize plugging: • Slow down. • Tannin and zero-tannin faba bean types should be separated by up to 500 metres to prevent • Increase clearance from metering rollers or cross pollination. augers to the metering housings. • Faba beans have a high requirement for phosphorus • Ensure there are no tight radiuses or sags in the (P) and can tolerate up to 40 pounds per acre distribution hoses. (lbs/ac) of seed-placed phosphorus (P O ). 2 5 • Eliminate flow obstructions, such as screws, in • Seed as early as you can get in the field as faba the distribution hoses. beans have good tolerance to spring frosts and are later maturing. • Ensure hose clamps are not overtightened resulting in hose restrictions. • Seed into moisture as the large seeds require adequate moisture to germinate. • Use openers with large-diametre seed openings and minimal change in seed flow direction or • Tannin varieties do not require seed treatments seed tube shape. unless there is a high level of seed-borne disease. • Avoid sharp turns with the drill. Seeding large-seeded faba beans can be difficult due to plugging, and growers may experience

20 Long-Term Faba Bean Averages for Saskatchewan 2017 Main Characteristics of Varieties MARKET CLASS VARIETY YEARS TESTED YIELD (% CDC FATIMA) HEIGHT (CM) LODGING (1-9)1 MATURITY RATING (DAYS) SEED WEIGHT (G/1000)

Coloured flower CDC Fatima 11 100 106 3.8 105 520

(normal tannin) CDC Blitz2 6 101 101 3.7 109 410 Fabelle3 4 105 104 2.4 105 533 FB9-4 9 92 95 3.7 104 680 Florent 4 112 102 2.3 107 660 CDC SSNS-1 10 91 109 3.4 105 335 Taboar 5 96 110 3.7 107 480 Vertigo 4 110 107 3.0 106 571 186S-11 6 106 105 3.1 106 749 247-13 4 107 103 3.4 106 620 White flower Imposa 4 110 99 2.4 107 695 (zero-tannin) Snowbird 11 104 96 2.6 104 495 CDC Snowdrop 8 94 98 2.6 104 335 Tabasco 5 101 96 2.3 106 530

1 Lodging score (1–9) where 1 = completely upright, 9 = completely lodged 2 Flagged for removal from the 2018 table 3 Low Vicine

Additional Information White-flowered types are zero-tannin. All coloured flower types have seed coats that contain tannins and may be suitable for export food markets if seed size and quality match customer demand. Maturity ratings are based on days until swathing maturity but will vary depending on seeding date. Source: Saskatchewan Variety of Grain Crops 2017, Saskatchewan Advisory Council on Grain Crops

Saskatchewan Pulse Crops Seeding and Variety Guide 2017 21 DRY BEAN VARIETY UPDATE

Dry bean production in Saskatchewan occurs primarily in the irrigation area near Lake Diefenbaker but there are limited acres of dryland production. The majority of the dry beans produced are pinto beans followed by navy, black, and small red beans. Dry bean acreage has been fairly stable, around 10,000 acres annually.

Long-Term Dry Bean Averages for Saskatchewan 2017 Main Characteristics of Varieties YIELD (% CDC PINTIUM) TYPE VARIETY YEARS TESTED1 IRRIGATION DRYLAND DAYS TO FLOWER MATURITY RATING2 % POD CLEARANCE3 SEED WEIGHT (G/1000) GROWTH HABIT4

Pinto CDC Pintium 15 100 100 50 E 85 350 I Island 9 124 111 55 M 79 355 II Mariah 5 114 103 55 L 82 293 II CDC Marmot 7 112 109 50 E 80 367 I Medicine Hat 3 110 58 M 72 360 II Winchester 5 116 110 52 M 82 352 II

CDC WM-2 10 119 108 52 E 79 365 II

Navy Envoy 15 86 84 53 M 77 184 I Bolt 3 112 58 L 82 190 II Lightning 7 109 92 60 L 85 175 II Skyline 5 74 91 57 L 80 163 I OAC Spark 7 90 102 55 L 81 163 I Portage 4 111 96 52 M 85 175 II Great northern AC Polaris5 7 97 98 52 L 70 310 III Small red AC Redbond 8 98 100 51 M 65 290 II Black CDC Blackcomb 7 115 95 56 M 85 167 II CDC Blackstrap 6 124 120 58 M 85 195 II CDC Jet 15 100 97 58 L 85 170 II CDC Superjet 5 136 110 58 L 85 170 II Carman Black5 5 125 113 59 M 88 180 II Shiny black AC Black Diamond 7 102 94 54 M 70 250 II Yellow CDC Sol 9 111 96 58 L 78 399 I

1 Co-op and Regional Trials grown in narrow rows. Direct comparison to CDC Pintium since 2002 2 Maturity Ratings based on E = 100 days; L = 110 days for May 20 planting to swathing maturity 3 Pod Clearance: Percentage of pods that completely clear the cutterbar at time of swathing (~4 cm) 4 Growth Habit: I = Determinate bush; II = Indeterminate bush; III = Indeterminate vine 5 Flagged for removal from the 2018 table Source: Saskatchewan Variety of Grain Crops 2017, Saskatchewan Advisory Council on Grain Crops 22 SOYBEAN VARIETY UPDATE

Saskatchewan and Western Manitoba Soybean Variety Trial – Long-Term Means Main Characteristics of Varieties YIELD (% NSC RESTON R2Y)4 COMPANY VARIETY1 MATURITY GROUPING2 TYPE1 HILUM COLOUR3 YEARS TESTED SOUTH NORTH DAYS TO MATURITY CANADIAN MARKETING AGENT

NSC Reston RR2Y 00.1 RR2 BL 5 100 100 121 NorthStar Genetics Manitoba P002T04R 00.2 RR1 TN 3 88 98 118 DuPont Pioneer NSC Watson RR2Y 000.8 RR2 IY 2 92 99 119 NorthStar Genetics Manitoba S0009-M2 000.9 RR2 IY 2 93 106 119 Syngenta Canada 22-60RY 000.9 RR2 BL 3 94 104 121 DEKALB LS NorthWester 00.2 RR2 BL 3 95 96 123 Delmar Commodities Bishop R2 00.2 RR2 IY 5 92 100 123 SeCan 23-60RY 00.2 RR2 BL 4 103 101 123 DEKALB P006T78R 00.6 RR1 BR 2 104 104 124 DuPont Pioneer S007-Y4 00.5 RR2 IY 3 106 110 124 Syngenta Canada 23-11RY 000.9 RR2 BL 3 98 99 124 DEKALB McLeod R2 00.3 RR2 BL 5 101 102 124 SeCan TH 35002R2Y 00.2 RR2 BL 3 99 99 125 Thunder Seeds TH 33003R2Y 00.3 RR2 BR 5 100 101 125 Thunder Seeds NSC Tilston RR2Y 00.4 RR2 BL 5 98 99 125 NorthStar Genetics Manitoba Mahony R2 00.3 RR2 BL 3 105 109 125 SeCan TH 32004R2Y 00.4 RR2 BL 5 106 103 125 Thunder Seeds PS 0035 NR2 00.3 RR2 BL 4 101 98 125 PRIDE Seeds LS 002R24N 00.2 RR2 BL 4 103 102 125 Delmar Commodities TH 33005R2Y 00.5 RR2 BL 4 102 100 126 Thunder Seeds Lono R2 00.5 RR2 BL 3 105 108 126 BrettYoung Akras R2 00.3 RR2 BL 3 104 109 126 BrettYoung Hero R2 00.4 RR2 BL 3 111 105 127 SeCan HS 006RYS24 00.6 RR2 BL 4 101 96 128 Dow Seeds

1 All varieties in this table are either Roundup Ready® or Genuity® Roundup Ready 2 Yield® 2 In North America, soybean varieties are classified into maturity groupings from 9 in southern USA to 1 or 0 in southern Ontario. 00 refers to shorter season varieties than 0 types, while 000 refers to shorter season varieties than 00 types. The decimal point notation refers to differences within a class, for example, 00.1 should be a shorter season variety than 00.2 3 Hilum is the point where a seed attaches to the pod. BR = Brown, IY = Imperfect Yellow, IB = Imperfect Black, BL = Black, GR = Grey, TN = Tan 4 South: Boissevain, Melita, Hamiota, Redvers, Halbrite, Swift Current, and Indian Head; North: Dauphin, Roblin, Outlook (irrigated and dryland), Saskatoon, Floral, Kamsack, Rosthern, Melfort, and Scott Source: Saskatchewan Variety of Grain Crops 2017, Saskatchewan Advisory Council on Grain Crops

Saskatchewan Pulse Crops Seeding and Variety Guide 2017 23 Seeding Points for Soybeans Soybean Varieties Soybeans require warm soils (10°C) for optimum ISIS RR was the most widely grown soybean variety germination and emergence. Trash management in Saskatchewan in 2016 followed by 23-60RY, TH to encourage some blackening of the soil can be 3303R2Y, S0009-M2, and P002T04R, according advantageous to speed soil warming. Soybeans are to data from the Saskatchewan Crop Insurance sensitive to late spring frosts once the growing point Corporation (SCIC). is above ground. Delay seeding until at least May New varieties to watch for in 2017 include: 10 or later if conditions remain cool. Soybeans are sensitive to cold water at the time of germination. • LS Solaire • NSC EXP114 RR2X Seed when there is a warming trend in the forecast • DS0067Z1 • NSC Austin RR2Y and a low risk of cold rainwater until after soybeans • 22-61 RY • NSC Starbuck RR2X have germinated. Soybeans are susceptible to several • DKB005-52 • Barron R2X seed and seedling diseases so seed treatments should • DKB008-81 • Mahony R2 be considered. • P005T13R • S001-B1 • P006T46R • S003-L3 Soybeans are prone to iron chlorosis particularly • PS 00095 R2 • S006-W5 when grown on saturated soils, soils high in calcium • PS 0055 R2 • TH 87003 R2YX carbonates, or on soils with salinity problems. Choose • 0066 XR • TH 87000 R2YX your fields and soybean varieties accordingly. • PV 10S005 RR2 • TH 37004 R2Y The maximum amount of phosphate plus potassium • NSC Leroy RR2Y fertilizer that can be safely placed with the seed is 20 pounds per acre (lbs/ac). Amounts higher than 20 lbs/ac should be banded. Pre-emergence herbicides should be considered as part of the weed control program. Soybeans are poor competitors with weeds, so keeping soybean fields free of weeds from emergence through early growth may enhance yield.

24 UNDERSTANDING MATURITY IN PULSES

Days to Maturity areas of North America, based on latitude ranges and photoperiod sensitivity. Each MG region covers Maturity is affected by growing conditions. Values one or two degrees of latitude, or about 200 to 300 presented represent a guide developed based on kilometres from north to south. For Saskatchewan, average conditions. This data provides a relative soybeans are most suited with 00 and 000 MG. Each comparison for crops and varieties that are grown MG can have subgroupings with a 0 to 9 decimal under similar conditions and planted at the same number following the group (or zone) number and time. As maturity is delayed into the fall, differences these decimal places equate to slight increases in in maturity can be heightened as the days are shorter maturity. In the 00 maturity ratings, a subgroup of 00.1 and temperatures cooler. Under warm, dry years would be earlier maturing than 00.9. Note that these maturity may be shortened and under cool, wet years MG ratings are not entirely standardized between longer days to maturity could be expected. seed companies. Check with your seed supplier to Understanding Soybean Maturity Ratings better understand MG ratings. Days to maturity is a direct measure of the days each variety takes to Soybean maturity ratings are currently based on three reach physiological maturity and is averaged across approaches: corn heat units, maturity groupings, and locations. The lower the number the earlier maturing days to maturity. The preferred ways to measure the variety was across the sites tested. This value is soybean maturities are through maturity group obtained through the Regional Variety Testing Program classifications or days to maturity. The maturity group and is an independent rating. Growers are advised (MG) rating system classifies soybean varieties from to use all maturity information available to choose MG 000 in northern areas to MG IX in southern appropriate varieties for their area.

Average Days from Seeding to Swathing Ripeness

Peas Medium (M) = 90 days; Add three to four days for each rating beyond medium Lentils Early (E) = 100 days; Very Late (VL) = 110 days based on May 1 seeding Chickpeas Kabuli 110–120 days; Desi 110 days Faba Beans 104–107 days Dry Beans E = 100 days; Late (L) = 110 days based on May 20 seeding Soybeans 118–128 days Source: Saskatchewan Variety of Grain Crops 2017, Saskatchewan Advisory Council on Grain Crop

Additional Information The soybean variety trial is coordinated by Manitoba Agriculture Food and Rural Development. Mean yield of the check variety NSC Reston R2Y was 47 bu/ac in 2016, 43 bu/ac in 2015, and 41 bu/ac in 2014. Typical on-farm yields are 25-30 bu/ac. Soybean is not native to the Canadian Prairies and so must be inoculated with soybean inoculant that contains Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteria.

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