Review on Beetles (Coleopteran): an Agricultural Major Crop Pests of the World Dr

Int. J. Life Sci. Scienti. Res., 3(6):1424-1432 November 2017

REVIEW ARTICLE

Review on Beetles (Coleopteran): An Agricultural Major Crop Pests of the World Dr. S. S. Patole* Associate Professor, Department of Zoology, V.V. M’s S. G. Patil ASC College, Dhule (M.S.), India

*Address for Correspondence: Dr. S. S. Patole, Associate Professor, Department of Zoology, V.V. M’s S. G. Patil ASC College, Sakri Dist- Dhule (M.S.)- 424304, India

Received: 22 June 2017/Revised: 04 July 2017/Accepted: 09 October 2017

ABSTRACT- The present review deals on major Coleopteran beetles of agricultural crop pests include 45 genera and 55 species from 15 families. Most of the beetles are pest of cereals and millets (3), oil seed crops (2), fibre crops (4), vegetables (11), temperate fruits (7), sub-tropical and tropical fruits (9), ornamental plants (2), plantation crop (8), spices (4) and stored grains (5). Among families; Curculionidae was dominated by 12 (21.8%) species followed by Chrysomelidae 10(18.18%), Cerambycidae 9(16.3%), Scarabaeridae 6(10.9%), Coccinellidae 3(5.4%), Apionidae, Bostrychidae, Brachidae, Buprestidae and Scolytidae each with two species (3.6%). Whereas families like Dermestidae, Lamiidae, Meloidae, Melonithidae and Tenebrionidae contribute each with a single species (1.8%).

Key-words- beetle, Coleopteran, Cereals, grains, Spices, Stored temperate fruits INTRODUCTION The coleopterans include more species than any other Traditionally, the crops were grown only during the order, constituting almost 25% of all known types of monsoon period and winter served as a closed season for animal life forms [1]. About 4, 50,000 species of beetles crops as well as for pests in India [13,14]. Insect pest occur representing about 40% of all known insects [2]. damage crop plants either by feeding or during the Such a large number of species poses special problems process of oviposition. Some of the insect pest species are for classification. Among them, about 75% of beetle host specific and they feed on plants of a single species species are polyphagous in both larval and adult stages, called monophagous [10,15]. Although presently for every and live in or on plants, wood as well as a variety of species of green plant, there is roughly a species of stored products [3,4]. Because many of these plants are phytophagous insect. Most insect orders are not important for agriculture, forestry and the household, phytophagous but over half of insect species are beetles can be considered pests and some of them cause phytophagous [13]. significant damage, particularly direct and indirect losses Assessment of crop losses due to pest has been a difficult [5]. There are several studies on different families of and often controversial subject [16]. The losses of crops coleopteran by different research workers [6,7]. caused by pests are quite high in developed as well as The pest problems originated with the origin of developing countries [4]. In North America, Europe and agriculture. As soon as the land was cleared of natural Japan, losses are estimated to be in the range of 10 to vegetation and replaced by a single species of food plant, 30%, whereas in developing parts of the world, these are human came into conflict with phytophagous insect [8,9]. substantially higher [3,7]. The total losses to major field It was reported that the insect pest problems in agriculture crops and the stored food grains are caused by insect are probably as old as agriculture itself [10]. However, pests are estimated at 336.6 billion rupees annually [14]. rapidly increasing population during the last century has There is thus an urgent need to bring down the losses due necessitated intensification of agriculture through to pests by following proper pest management strategies. expansion of irrigation facilities, introduction of high In present review efforts have been taken for yielding varieties (HYVs) and application of the understanding of some major crop pest of the world increased amount of agrochemicals increased the especially coleopteran beetles. The detailed account of production of land with a concomitant increase in the the major beetle pest of agricultural crops pertaining to production lost to insect pest [11,12]. their name, host plant, distributions, nature of damage and pest characteristics are presented in Table 1. Access this article online

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DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2017.3.6.1

Int. J. Life Sci. Scienti. Res., 3(6):1424-1432 November 2017 Table 1: An agricultural major crop pest of the world

S. Name and family Host plants Distribution and nature of Pest characteristics No. damage 1 Apion Corchori Marshall Jute India and Bangladesh. The weevil is small about 1.8 (Jute stem weevil) Jute stem weevil can cause mm in length and 0.8 mm in Coleoptera: Apionidae appreciable damage to the breadth. Brown or dull black and early-sown jute or crop grown has small whitish setae on its for seed. Weevil makes a body number of holes for oviposition 2 Cycas formicarius Fabricius Pest of sweet India. The pest is active during rainy (Sweet potato weevil) potato and allied It is a pest both in the field season. The adult weevils are Coleoptera: Apionidae species. and storage. Both the grubs small, 5-6.5 mm in length, and the weevil bore into the bluish-black in color with tubers and make them unfit reddish brown prothorax and a for consumption long snout. The apodous grub is whitish with brown head and is 8.3 mm long 3 Rhyzopertha dominica Fabricius White, rice, maize, Originally inhabitant of India. The larva is about 3 mm long, (Lesser grain borer) lentil, sorghum etc Also reported from Algeria, dirty white with a light brown Coleoptera: Bostrychidae (Plate Greece, United States, New head. The adult is a small 1) South Wales (Australia), cylindrical beetle measures Japan and China. about 3 mm in length and 1 mm Both adults and grubs cause in width serious damage to the grains by feeding inside them and reducing them to mere shells with many irregular holes 4 Sinoxylon anale Lesne Grapevine, Sal, India, France, Italy, USSR, The adult is sturdy, walks slowly (Grapevine beetle or Ghun) teak, shisham etc. Japan and China. and flies rarely. It is dark brown Coleoptera:Bostrychidae The grubs and adult beetle and measures 4.25 mm in length make a circular hole, and 1.8 mm breadth. The grubs extending to the centre of the are thick yellow-white and stem and then makes curved longitudinal galleries and forms a number of exits 5 Callosobruchus analis Fabricius Mung, mash, India, Myanmar, Germany The larva is recognized by its (Mung dhora) moth, peas, and Rhodesia. creamy –white, oval, flabby Coleoptera: Bruchidae cowpeas and other The larva feed and breeds body. The adult is an oval beetle. pulses inside the grain, consuming Female is chocolate color with the entire contents. Infected black trapezoid. Male is grain happens to be a foul uniformly chocolate with a tinge smelling fungus of straw 6 Callosobruchus chinensis Notorious pest of India, USA, Mauritius, The larva is whitish with a light Linnaeus gram, mung, moth, Formosa, Africa, China, brown head and later on it (Gram dhora or Pulse beetle) peas, cowpeas, Philippines, Japan, Sri Lanka acquires a creamy hue. It Coleoptera: Bruchidae (Plate 2) lentil and arhar etc. etc. measure 6-7 mm in length. The The larva does the damage by adult beetle is 3-4 mm in length, feeding inside the grain. The oval, chocolate or reddish brown damaged grain becomes unfit and has long serrated antennae for human consumption and sowing 7 Sphenoptera Lafertei Thompson Grubs are stem Widely distributed in Beetles are blackish-bronze and (Peach stem borer) borer of peach, Afghanistan, Pakistan and are 10-13 mm long. The grubs Coleoptera: Buprestidae almond, apricot, India. are smoky dark or black, club cherry, loquat, The grubs feed under the bark shaped and attains 18-24 mm pear and plum as well as bore deep into the body length trees. wood. Plant turn pale and their growth are arrested. Attacked branches dry up and do not bear fruits 8 Sphenoptera perotetti G. Groundnut, This pest infests the The adult is a small jewel like (Groundnut stem borer) Sesame, gram etc groundnut crop in A.P., Bihar, beetle, 10-12 mm in length with Coleoptera: Buprestidae Delhi, Gujrat, Kerala, Tamil a striking metallic shine over a Nadu, M.P., Maharashtra and dark brown background. Full

Int. J. Life Sci. Scienti. Res., 3(6):1424-1432 November 2017 Karnataka. The grub of this grown grub is whitish in beetle bores in to the stem and appearance root 9 Aeolesthes holosericea Fabricius Cherry, mulberry Polyphagous defoliating pest The adults are dark brown, 38-45 (Cherry stem borer) apricot, crab apple, distributed in India, Sri mm long, having short mottled Coleoptera: Cerambycidae guava, peach, Lanka, Bangladesh, yellowish pubescence on the pear, plum and Myanmar, Malaysia and elytra. Antenna larger. Grubs are walnut etc. Thailand. yellowish color and are clothed Newly hatched grubs feed on with fine bristles bark and make zig-zag galleries. They bore inside and feed on sap wood and damaged 10 Apriona cinerea Cheverlot Destructive stem Pakistan, Afghanistan and The adult beetles are 35-40 mm (Apple stem borer) borer of apple, India (Kashmir, H.P. and long, grey in color and have Coleoptera: Cerambycidae peach, fig and U.P.). antennae larger than the body. other fruit trees Grubs bore through stem and affect plant vitality and productivity. Adult beetles feed on bark only 11 Batocera horsifieldi Hope Walnut Darjeeling, Kumaon hills, The grubs are 90-150 mm long (Long horned walnut beetle) Kulu valley and Simla hills. and pale yellow in color. The Coleoptera: Cerambycidae The young grubs feed on the beetles are 45-65 mm long, black inner side of the bark making in color with fine ashy or zig-zag tunnels yellow-grey pubescence 12 a. Batocera rufomaculata Serious pest of Norht-western part of Indian The full grown larva is a stout, DeGeer mango, fig, guava, sub-continent. yellowish-white, fleshy grub, b. B. rubus Linnaeus jackfruit, Damage is caused by the measure about 6 cm in length. (Mango stem borer) Coleoptera: mulberry, grubs, killing a branch or The adults are longicorn beetles, Ceramcycidae (Plate 3) pomegranate, entire tree large and pale grayish color, 5 walnut etc. cm length and 2 cm in breadth 13 Dorysthenes hugelii Root borer of Kumaon region of Himalayas. The grown grub is creamy-white Redtenbacher Apple and others As a result of the grubs with black head and mandibles, (Apple root borer) like apricot, feeding on roots, they are measure about 75-100 mm long. Coleoptera: Cerambycidae cherry, peach, severed from the base and die The adult beetles are chestnut in pear, walnut. color 14 Plocaederus ferruginea Cashew tree South India. The adult is a medium sized dark Linnaeus The grubs damage the brown beetle. The full grown (Cashew-tree borer) cambial tissue and hence the grub is measures 7.5 cm Coleoptera: Ceramycidae flow of sap is arrested 15 Sthenias grisator Fabricius Grapes, Serious pest throughout the In spring adults are active during (Grapevine girdler) rose-bushes, grape growing areas in the night. The full grown grub is Coleoptera: Cerambycidae (Plate mulberry etc. India. 10-12 mm long 4) Beetles girdling branches of trees from 15 cm to 3 m above the ground 16 Xylotrechus quadripes Chevrolat Coffee Southern India and Assam. The adult is a blackish-brown (Coffee stem borer) Myanmar, Sri Lanka, beetle, about 1.25 cm long with Coleoptera: Cerambycidae (Plate Thailand, Indonesia and prominent antennae. There is 5) Philippines characteristic pattern of yellow The larvae bore into the bands on the elytra. coffee stem, killing the young plants. 17 a. Aulacophora foveicollis Lucas Cucurbitaceous Asia, Australia, Southern Grubs measures about 12 mm in (Red pumpkin beetle) vegetables like Europe and Africa, length, creamy white with a b. A. atripennis Fabricius. Gourd, Tinda, North-west India slightly dark shield at the back. (Blue pumpkin beetle) Ghia tori, Damage is caused by grubs as The adult beetle is small, 5-8 Coleoptera: Chrysomellidae Cucumber, well as by beetles. Grubs mm long with dorsally brilliant (Plate 6) Pumpkin, and damages by boring into roots, orange red and ventral black melon stem and fruits. The adult are surface active during March-April when the creepers are very young

18 Dicladispa armigera Colivier Rice or paddy It is a very serious pest of Pest breeds actively from May to

Int. J. Life Sci. Scienti. Res., 3(6):1424-1432 November 2017 (Rice Hipsa) paddy at certain places in October and hibernate during Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae (Plate Punjab and Himachal winter. In May, the beetle lay 7) Pradesh. Apart from the eggs. On hatching, the young damage caused by larvae as grubs feed as leaf minor. The leaf-miners, the adults also attached leaves turn feed on green matter and membranous with blotches and produce parallel whitish finally die streaks on leaves 19 Galerucella birmanica Jacoby Serious pest of Widely distributed in The full grown grubs are about 6 (Singhara beetle) water nuts. Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar mm in length, the upper surface Coleoptera: Chrysomellidae and India. is black and lower surface is (Plate 8) Both the grubs and adult yellow. The beetles are about 6 beetles feed on leaves. Major mm long and 3 mm broad. They damage is caused by grubs. are yellowish brown to dark Pest is active throughout the brown with black eyes and large year hump is the middle of the body 20 Longitarsus nigripennis Black pepper India. The adult is a small shining, Motshulsky Both adult and the grubs yellow and blue flea beetle with (Pollu beetle) cause damage to berries. stout hind legs. The full grown Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Grubs boring into the berries grub is yellowish with a black and eating the contents head and it measures 5 mm in completely within 10 days. length Adults feed voraciously on tender leaves and make holes in them 21 a. Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze Almost all Europe, USSR, North and The adult beetle is metallic blue b. P.chotanica Duviv cruciferous plants South America, Australia, in color with a greenish hue. The c. P. birmanica Harold like mustard, raya, Japan and India. body is elongate narrow in front d. P. oncera Maulik taramira, toria and The adults mostly feed on the but broad distally. The beetle is e. P. downesi Baly vegetables like leaves by making round at the anal end. The male (Cabbage flea beetles) radish, turnip, innumerable round holes in is smaller (1.8 mm) than female Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae (Plate cabbage, the host plants. The stem, beetle (2.0 mm) 9) cauliflower and flowers and even pods may knoll-khol. also be attacked. The old, eaten away leaves dry up, while the young leaves are rendered unfit for consumption 22 a. Epilachna dodecastigma First two species Throughout India. Beetles of all three species are Wiedem. attack on Both the adults and grubs about 8-9 mm in length and 5-6 b. E. viginctioctopunctata Solanaceous plants cause damage by feeding on mm in width. E. dodecastigma Fabricius like brinjal, tomato the upper surface of leaves are deep copper-colored and c. E. demurilli and potato while have six black spots on each (Hadda beetles) E. demurilli attack elytron whose tip is more Coleoptera: Coccinellidae (Plate on cucurbitaceous rounded. E. viginctioctopunctata 10) vegetables. beetles are deep red and usually have 7-14 black spots on each elytron whose tip is somewhat rounded. E. demurilli beetles have a dull and light copper colored. Each of their elytron bears six black spots surrounded by yellowish rings. Grubs of all three species are about 6 mm long, yellowish in color and have six rows of long branched spines 23 Alcidodes porrectirostris Destructive pest of Himalayan region in Kumaon, The adult weevil is about 10 mm Marshall English Walnut. Kulu and Kashmir. long, pitch black when young (Walnut weevil) The adults feed on buds and and turn dark brown with age. Coleoptera: Curculionidae flowers but the grubs feed The grub is legless, with a inside the fruits and are pale-brown head, 15 mm in extremely destructive in length causing premature dropping

24 Cosmopolites sordidus Germar Banana South-east Asia (India), The adults are about 1.3 cm (Banana weevil) Australia, Hawaii Islands, long, shiny black with elongated

Int. J. Life Sci. Scienti. Res., 3(6):1424-1432 November 2017 Coleoptera: Curculionidae (Plate Tropical and south Africa and and slightly curved snout and 11) tropical America. longitudinal straight elytrae The damage done by the weevil is through the destruction of corm tissue 25 Diocalandra frumenti Fabricius Coconut palm, South India, Sri Lanka, The adults are small weevil, 6-8 (Coconut weevil) date palm, oil and Myanmar, Malaysia, mm in length, shiny blackish Coleoptera: Curculionidae (Plate nipa palms and Thailand, Indonesia and with four large reddish spots on 12) sorghum. Philippines. elytra. Life cycle completed in The grubs attack all parts of 10-12 weeks the coconut palm particularly the roots, the leaves, and fruit stalks. As a result there is premature fruit fall 26 Echinocnemus oryzae Marshall Rice Serious pest of rice in Pest is active only from (Paddy root weevil) southern India. It was first September and passes rest of Coleoptera:Curculionidae recorded in the northern parts period as pupa in the soil. in 1953 at Sirsa (Haryana). Weevil emerge in July with first Also found in Patiala district shower of rain and are seen of Punjab. sitting on rice plant and start to The grubs feed on root hairs lay the eggs. The grubs lead an of crop, affecting plant aquatic life and feed on the root growth. The infected crop hairs remains stunted and killed 27 Myllocerus lactivirens Marshall Almond, pear, Widely distributed in India. Weevil is small 3-4 mm long and (Almond weevil) apricot, ber, citrus, The weevils congregate on pale metallic green in color. The Coleoptera: Curculionidae falsa, loquat, ventral surface of leaves, full grown grubs are creamy mango, peach, nibble irregular holes and white, 4 mm long, stout body plum and gradually eat away the entire without legs pomegranate. leaf lamina. Leaving only the mid-ribs 28 Myllocerus undecimpurtulatus Cotton. Also feed Found throughout India. The weevils are grey and are 3-6 Faust on bajra, sorghum, Both adults and grubs cause mm long. The grubs are white, (Cotton Gray weevil) maize, guava, damage. The plants are legless, cylindrical, 8 mm in Coleoptera: Curculionidae (Plate arhar, groundnut attacked by the weevil which length. The weevil appears in 13) etc. are prominent above the April-May and lay eggs in soil. ground whereas the grubs They breed 3-4 times in a year which are feed on the underground parts. The adults feed on leaves, buds, flowers and young bolls cut prominent round holes 29 Pempherulus affinis Faust Cotton India, Myanmar, Thailand and Greyish black weevil emerges (Cotton stem weevil) Philippines. In india, it occurs from the stem killing the plants. Coleoptera: Curculionidae in Tamil Nadu, A.P., The adult is a dirty brown or Karnataka, Kerala, Bihar, grayish-black weevil, about 3 cm Odisha, Rajastan U.P., in length. The grub is slightly Gujrath and Assam. curved, creamy white with a The pest causes serious distinct head damage to Cambodia cotton in South India. The grubs feed on soft tissue of cotton stem. Plant mortality up to 25% 30 Prodiotes haematicus Chevr Cardamom Widely found on cardamom The adult is a brown weevil (Rhizome weevil) plants in various states of measure 12 mm in length Coleoptera: Curculionidae South India. Grubs make severe tunneling and feeding inside the rhizomes result in death of plant 31 Rhynchophora ferruginea Coconut palm and India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, The weevil is reddish-brown, Olivier date palm. Sri Lanka, Malaysia, cylindrical with a long curved (Red palm weevil) Philippines and New Guinea. snout. The male has tuft of hairs Coleoptera: Curculionidae (Plate The larvae bore and feed on along the dorsal surface of snout 14) the soft tissue and cause severe damage

Int. J. Life Sci. Scienti. Res., 3(6):1424-1432 November 2017 32 Sitophilus oryzae Linnaeus Rice, wheat, maize Throughout world. The full grown larva is 5 mm in (Rice weevil) and other stored Both adult and grub cause length and is plump, fleshy Coleoptera: Curculionidae (Plate grains damages. Heavy damage legless creature having white 15) cause in the monsoon. The body and a yellow-brwon head. weevil destroys more than The adult is a small they eat reddish-brwon beetle about 3 mm in length with a cylindrical body and a long, slender, curved rostrum 33 Sternochetus magniferae Mango It is widely distributed The adult is short stoutly built, Fabricius throughout the tropics. ovoid, dark brown weevil found (Mango stone weevil) Larvae feeding in pulp inside the stone of mango fruit or Coleoptera: Curculionidae (Plate sometimes heal over but fruit in its pulp 16) get spoiled when the weevil makes an exit through ripe or near ripe mangoes 34 Tanymecus indicus Faust Wheat, barley, Widely distributed in Indian The pest is active from June to (Ghujhia weevil) gram and mustard Sub-continent. Adult beetle December and passes rest of Coleoptera: Curculionidae cut the germinating seedlings year as a grub or pupa in soil. It at the ground levels has only one generation in a year 35 Trogoderma granariuam Everts Wheat and other India, Pakistan, England, Full grown larva is about 4 mm (Khapra beetle) grains like Germany, USA and Israel. in length and is brownish with Coleoptera: Dermestidae (Plate sorghum, barley, The greatest damage is done yellow brown transverse bands 17) gram, rice, maize in summer from July to across the body which has long etc. October. Grubs eat the grain hairy bristles. The adult is a near the embryo and proceed small dark-brown beetle, 2-3 inwards and reducing the mm long with retractile head and grain to a mere frass clubbed antennae 36 Nupserha bicolor postbrunnea Jute, Dhaincha and India and Bangladesh. Medium sized, bright colored Dutt mesta. The main damage is caused and cylindrical- bodied beetle. (Jute Stem girdler) by the adult beetle while There is only one generation in a Coleoptera: Lamiidae preparing sites for egg-laying year on the stem. It results breakage of fibre length at several places 37 Mylabris phalerata Pallas Flowers of Wide distribution. Prominent large beetle has six (Banded Blister beetle) Hibiscus Rosa- Active from July to altenating bright orange and Coleoptera: Meloidae (Plate 18) sinensis, Ruellia September. Adult devours the black bands, against the general indica and other plant completely dark background of the body. It plants. is 3 cm in length 38 Leucopholis coneophora Burm Coconut, tapioca, South India particularly in The beetles are chestnut colored (Coconut white grub) yam, colocasia, Kerala. and measures 16 mm in length. Coleoptera: Melonithidae (Plate sweet potato and The beetles defoliate the host Grubs are whitish colored 19) banana. plant. Grub continuous feeding on roots, vitality of plant reduced and color become yellowish 39 a. Adoretus pallens Arrow Ber and grapevine Distributed in Northern India Adult beetles are bright yellow b. A. nitidus Arrow and Pakistan. color and yellowish-brown shiny (Ber beetles) During night beetles make wings Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae round holes in the leaves and defoliate. Such tree does not bear any fruit 40 Holotrichia cansanguinea Blan. Groundnut. Also Gujarat, Haryana, H.P., The grubs are mostly found in (White grub) infest to sorghum, Rajasthan and Punjab. the upper 5-10 cm layer of soil. Coleoptera: Scarabaeridae maize, Chilli, The grubs eat away the When full grown, they are about Okra, Bringal and nodules, the fine rootlets and 35 mm long and are white, sugarcane. main root, ultimately killing having a brown head. The adults the plant. At night the beetle are dull brown and measure feed on foliage and may about 18 mm in length. Adults completely defoliate the plant formed in November remain in soil till next June 41 Holotrichia insularis Brenske Tamarind, Ber, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana The adults are brownish black (white grub) Gauva, jamun, and Punjab convex beetles. The full grown Coleoptera: Scarabaeridae mango etc. The nymph feed on rootlets grubs are white, fleshy, curved, resulting in gradual withering 38-44 mm long and 6-9 mm

Int. J. Life Sci. Scienti. Res., 3(6):1424-1432 November 2017 and drying up plants wide and are found in soil 42 Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus Coconut and other South-east Asia, the The stoutly built beetle has a (Rhinoceros beetle) Palms Philippines and southern pointed horn on its head, is Coleoptera: Scarabaeridae (Plate China, Mauritius. elongate and cylindrical 4-5 cm. 20) Adult stage is harmful feeds it has well developed wings and on the crown of the coconut can fly long distance tree 43 Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari Robusta and South-east Asia, Sri Lanka, The white legless, brown headed (Coffee-berry borer) Arabica Coffee Indonesia and Africa grubs feed by tunneling in the Coleoptera: Scolytidae (Plate 21) Adult makes holes around tissues. The adult female is ripped berries and make them larger (2.5 mm) than the male unfit for marketing (1.6 mm). Males are flightless 44 Xylosandrus compactus Eichhoff Coffee Sothern India Adult is a cylindrical dark-brown (Coffee shot-hole borer) Both adult and the larva beetle. Larva is whitish and Coleoptera: Scolytidae produce a large number of pin apodous holes in the bark. They make tunnel through the bark and cause wilting of the branch 45 Tribolium castaneum Herbst White flour. Also Worldwide The matured larvae are reddish (Rust red flour beetle) feed on dry fruits Both larvae and adult cause yellow color and hairy measures Coleoptera: Tanebrionidae (Plate and pulses. damage. The greatest damage 6 mm in length. The adult is a 22) is during the hot and humid small reddish-brown beetle monsoon season measures about 3.5 mm in length

Int. J. Life Sci. Scienti. Res., 3(6):1424-1432 November 2017

Fig. 1: Plate 1 to 21 of Agricultural crop pests of the world

CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES A review on present study indeed coleopteran beetles of [1] Hunt T, Bergsten J, Levkanicova Z, Papadopoulon A, John major agricultural crop pest includes 45 genera from 15 OS, et al. A Comprehensive phylogeny of beetles reveals different families. Most of beetles are pest of different the evolutionary origins of a Superradiation. Sci., 2007, crops viz., cereals, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, plantation 318 (5858): 1913-16. crops and stored grains etc. Family wise number of pest [2] Frances Smith. BEETLES. Associated with stored products in Canada An identification guide. Agriculture and species showed Curculionidae was dominated by 12 Agri-food Canada Canadian Government Publishing species followed by Chrysomelidae (10), Cerambycidae Centre Supply and Services, Ottawa, Canada, 1990. (9), Scarabaeridae (6), Coccinellidae (3), Apionidae, [3] David Rees. Insects of Stored Products. Manson (CSIRO) Bostrychidae, Brachidae, Buprestidae and Scolytidae Publishing, 150 Oxford Street, Collingwood VIC 3066, each with two species and other families like Australia, 2004. Dermestidae, Lamiidae, Meloidae, Melonithidae and [4] Patrice Bouchard. The Book of Beetles. The University of Tenebrionidae contribute each with single species. Chicago Press, Chicago-60637, 2014. [5] Kailash C, Devanshu G, Goel SC. On Scarab beetles ACKNOWLEDGMENT (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from Sidhi district of Madhya I am grateful to Director, BCUD, North Maharashtra Pradesh, India. Uttar Pradesh J. Zool., 2015; 35(3): University, Jalgaon (M.S.) for sanctioning and providing 235-243. me an opportunity to serve under VCRMS scheme. I am [6] Ghate HV. Insecta: Coleoptera: Chrysomelidea: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae. Zool Suv. Ind, Fauna of also thankful Principal for providing necessary laboratory Maharashtra, State Fauna Series, 2012, 20(2): 523-526. and library facilities during the research work. [7] Hegde VD and Vasanthakumar D. Darkling beetles rediscovery of pentthicoides seriatoporus Fairmaire, 1896

Int. J. Life Sci. Scienti. Res., 3(6):1424-1432 November 2017 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Tenebrioninae) from India. [13] Dhaliwal GS, Arora R. Principles of insect pest Newsletters of the Invertebrate conservation and management. 2nd ed. Kalyani Publishers, 2003. information network of South Asia (ICINSA), 2017; 32(9): [14] Atwal AS, Dhaliwal GS. Agricultural pests of South Asia 13-16. and their management. Kalyani publishers, Ludhiana. 4th [8] Banks HJ. Illustrated identification keys for Trogoderma granarium, T. glabrum, T. inclusum and T. variable ed, Kalyani Publishers, 2003. (Coleoptera:Dermestidae) and other Trogoderma [15] Zakladnoi GA, Ratanova VF. Stored grain pests and their associated with stored products. 1994; CSIRO Division of control. Russian Translations series 54, A. A. Balkema: Entomology Technical Paper No 32, CSIRO, Canberra, Rotterdam. The Netherlands, 1987. Australia. [16] Weier JA. Value of spatial analysis in pest management [9] Haines CP. Observation on Callosobruchus analis (F.) in from the perspective of a pest control operator. In Indonesia, Including a key to storage Callosobruchus spp. ‘Advances in stored products protection, Proceedings of (Col. Bruchidae). J. Stored Prod. Res. 1989; 25: 9-16. th [10] Roach AME. Review of the Australian species of the the 8 International Working Conference on stored product dermestid genus Anthrenocerus Arrow (Coleoptera: protection. Eds. P.F. Credland, D.M. Armitage, C. H. Bell, Dermestidae), Invertebrate Taxonomy. 2000; 14: 175-224. P. M. Coran, and E. Highley), York, UK, 2003; [11] Anderson DM. Larval beetles (Coleoptera) In ‘Insect and 1028-32. mite pests in food: An illustrated key’. (Ed. J. R. Gorham), International Journal of Life Sciences Scientific Research (IJLSSR) Open Access Policy USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 655. United States Authors/Contributors are responsible for originality, contents, correct Department of Agriculture: Washington DC, USA. 1987; references, and ethical issues. IJLSSR publishes all articles under Creative Commons 1: 95-136. Attribution- Non-Commercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC). [12] Dhaliwal GS, Arora R. An estimate of yield losses due to https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode insect pests in Indian agriculture. Ind. J. Ecol. 1996; 23: 70-73.

How to cite this article: Patole SS: Review on Beetles (Coleopteran): An Agricultural Major Crop Pests of the World. Int. J. Life Sci. Scienti. Res., 2017; 3(6):1424-1432. DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2017.3.6.1 Source of Financial Support: VCRMS Scheme, Conflict of interest: Nil Copyright © 2015-2017| IJLSSR by Society for Scientific Research is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International License Page 1432