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El Conflicto De Haití

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El Conflicto De Haití LOS AUTORES LUIS ANDRÉS BÁRCENAS MEDINA (Madrid, 1968), es Comandante del Ejército de Tierra, perteneciente a la XLIX Promoción de la Academia Gene- ral Militar. Diplomado en Transmisiones, Guerra Electrónica y Estado Mayor de las Fuerzas Armadas ha servido en unidades del Ejército de Tierra, en el ámbito conjunto (Estado Mayor Conjunto) y en la OTAN y ha participado en operaciones en Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo y Afganistán. Es autor de varios artículos y estudios aparecidos en publicaciones civiles y militares en el ámbito de la estrategia y de la geopolítica. En el campo académico es Diplomado del Centro de Estudios Internacionales, conferenciante invi- tado de la escuela de negocios Instituto de Empresa de Madrid y ha sido profesor colaborador de la Universidad Carlos III en la materia “Conflictos en la Antigua Unión Soviética”. JOSÉ ÁNGEL LÓPEZ JIMÉNEZ es Doctor en Derecho Internacional Público y Relaciones Internacionales, Licenciado en Ciencias Políticas y Sociología, Licenciado en Geografía e Historia de la Universidad Complutense, Diplomado en Relaciones Internacionales en la Sociedad de Estudios Internacionales y Diplomado en Derecho Constitucional y Ciencia Política en el Centro de Estudios Constitucionales. Profesor asociado del área de Derecho Internacional Público de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Especialista en Europa Oriental en el ámbito de los conflictos nacionalistas/ secesionistas, en el antiguo espacio soviético y en la antigua Yugoslavia, así como en la PESC de la Unión Europea, temas abordados en numerosas publicaciones-artículos y libros. Miembro de diferentes tribunales de tesis doctorales se centró en la disolución de la Unión Soviética y el proceso independentista y de construcción estatal en Moldavia como objeto de investigación de su propia tesis. CONFLICTOS INTERNACIONALES CONTEMPORÁNEOS 14 MANUEL GONZÁLEZ HERNÁNDEZ ANA MANERO SALVADOR EL CONFLICTO DE HAITÍ INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS ESCUELA DE GUERRA INTERNACIONALES Y EUROPEOS DEL EJÉRCITO «FRANCISCO DE VITORIA» MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA CATÁLOGO GENERAL DE PUBLICACIONES OFICIALES http://www.publicacionesoficiales.boe.es Edita: INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS INTERNACIONALES Y EUROPEOS «FRANCISCO DE VITORIA» UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID NIPO: 075-11-049-4 (edición en papel) NIPO: 075-11-050-7 (edición en línea) ISBN: 978-84-9781-627-4 Depósito Legal: M-4879-2011 Imprime: Imprenta del Ministerio de Defensa Tirada: 1.500 ejemplares Fecha de edición: mayo 2011 En esta edición se ha utilizado papel libre de cloro obtenido a partir de bosques gestionados de forma sostenible certificada. Las opiniones emitidas en esta publicación son de exclusiva responsabilidad de los autores. Los derechos de explotación de esta obra están amparados por la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual. Ninguna de las partes de la misma puede ser reproducida, almacenada ni transmitida en ninguna forma ni por medio alguno, electrónico, mecánico o de grabación, incluido fotocopias, o por cual- quier otra forma, sin permiso previo, expreso y por escrito de los titulares del © Copyright. Al pueblo de Haití A Luis Dormido, Francisco Forne, Luis F. Torija y Eusebio Villatoro, militares españoles que dieron su vida por mejorar la de Haití ÍNDICE Páginas PRÓLOGO ...................................................................................... 11 INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................... 15 CAPÍTULO PRIMERO ................................................................... 17 LOS FACTORES FÍSICOS-ECONÓMICOS .................................. 17 1. Situación Geográfica ................................................................... 19 2. Factor Orográfico ........................................................................ 22 3. Factor Hidrográfico ..................................................................... 25 4. Factor Climatológico ................................................................... 26 5. Los Recursos ................................................................................ 28 5.1. La flora ................................................................................ 28 5.2. La fauna .............................................................................. 30 5.3. Agricultura, ganadería y pesca ............................................ 31 5.4. Recursos mineros ................................................................ 31 6. Factor Económico ....................................................................... 32 6.1. Situación en la economía mundial ...................................... 34 6.2. Ayuda externa ...................................................................... 35 6.3. La Cooperación Española ................................................... 38 6.4. La cooperación tras el terremoto de enero de 2010 ............ 39 CAPÍTULO II: EL FACTOR HUMANO. LA HISTORIA ............ 41 1. Factor Poblacional ....................................................................... 43 7 ÍNDICE 2. Factor Idiomático ........................................................................ 44 3. Factor Sanitario ........................................................................... 45 4. Educación .................................................................................... 45 5. Factor Histórico ........................................................................... 46 5.1. Génesis ................................................................................ 46 5.2. Nace una Nación ................................................................. 51 5.3. Los Duvalier y su herencia.................................................. 54 5.4. El siglo XXI de Haití .......................................................... 56 5.5. Situación social ................................................................... 60 5.6. Relaciones exteriores .......................................................... 60 5.7. 2010, el año que Haití tembló ............................................. 62 CAPÍTULO III: EL FACTOR RELIGIOSO ................................... 67 1. El vudú. Fundamentos Doctrinales ............................................. 70 2. Los Cimarrones ........................................................................... 74 3. El Vudú. Herramienta de Poder................................................... 77 4. François Duvalier. La Mano Que Mece La Cuna… ................... 79 4.1. Los Tonton Macoutes .......................................................... 82 5. Jean Claude Duvalier… «es la Mano que Domina el Mundo» ... 87 CAPÍTULO IV: LAS DICTADURAS HAITIANAS, LA FAMILIA DUVALIER Y EL PRIMER GOBIERNO DE ARISTIDE ............. 93 1. Introducción ................................................................................ 95 2. Las dictaduras en Haití: el clan Duvalier y los gobiernos de facto .. 96 3. Jean Bertrand Aristide: la esperanza frustrada ............................ 97 4. El despliegue de MINUH ............................................................ 102 CAPÍTULO V: EL HAITÍ POST-ARISTIDE ................................. 111 1. El Haití post-Aristide: un País con Graves Dificultades ............. 113 2. Las Misiones de paz tras MINUH .............................................. 115 2.1. UNSMIH ............................................................................. 115 2.2. UNTMIH ............................................................................. 121 2.3. MIPONUH .......................................................................... 123 2.4. MICAH ................................................................................ 128 8 ÍNDICE CAPÍTULO VI: EL RETORNO DE ARISTIDE Y LA REBELIÓN EN SU CONTRA ............................................................................. 131 1. El retorno de Aristide al poder .................................................... 133 2. Las revueltas contra Aristide ....................................................... 134 3. El despliegue de MINUSTAH .................................................... 141 4. Las elecciones de 2005-2006: ¿es posible la estabilidad en Haití? ............................................................................... 143 5. El terremoto del 12 de enero de 2010 y el retorno de Duvalier y Aristide ....................................................................................... 145 CAPÍTULO VII: 20 AÑOS DE LA ONU EN HAITÍ .................... 147 1. La ONU en Haití. Breve Reseña ................................................. 149 2. MINUSTAH. Haití Siglo XXI .................................................... 152 3. Análisis Sobre MINUSTAH ........................................................ 155 4. Las Elecciones ............................................................................ 158 5. 2010, Haití Tiembla ..................................................................... 162 5.1. Acciones internacionales ..................................................... 164 5.2. Acciones de la ONU ............................................................ 165 CAPÍTULO VIII: ESPAÑA EN HAITÍ. MISIÓN A LA ESPERANZA 167 1. Intervención Española ................................................................. 169 2. MINUSTAH. Misión de 2004 ..................................................... 170 2.1. La colaboración Hispano-Marroquí .................................... 173 2.2. Operación «Mar Caribe». La Armada en Haití ................... 174 2.3. Las elecciones ....................................................................
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