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A History of Rehabilitation and Exercise in the Chiropractic Profession

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A History of Rehabilitation and Exercise in the Chiropractic Profession Chiropractic History Volume 32, No.1 21 A History of Rehabilitation and Exercise in the Chiropractic Profession LINDA J. YOUNG, BS* When the chiropractic profession was born, exercise was considered that of a recreational activity such as taking a walk in the great outdoors. Neither medicine nor chiropractic utilized exercise in the modern sense in the care or treatment of injured or ailing patients until the onset of World War I. Wartime created the need for rehabilitative services which cemented physi- cal therapy into a profession within the medical culture especially after World War II. Though chiropractic chose to remain a distinct discipline, chiropractic treatment was a popular issue during the post war era. The use of exercise as a treatment modality for chiropractic patients increased significantly throughout history. Today, exercise, either as prevention or rehabilitation is instrumental in the health and well being of the human population and is supported in allopathic medicine, chiropractic medicine, and by the United States government through its public health initiative, Healthy People 2020. Introduction cise utilized in allopathic medicine and the Physical activity has been an integral influence of the United States government part of wellness since the beginning of in these historical events. It should be time. As we find ourselves in the age of noted that although physical activity and technology, most services come at the exercise have unique definitions, these touch of a button and there is a significant terms have been used interchangeably in increase in the number of Americans with a historical literature. sedentary lifestyle. Inactivity is having a significant, negative impact on the health Early References to Exercise in of the majority of Americans. Chiropractic Many chiropractic physicians employ D.D. Palmer founded chiropractic in late exercise as a complementary method in 1895.1(pp 71) The profession was new and treatment and rehabilitation. The author the treatment was not well received by the speculates that improper exercise, as well allopathic community. During the early as lack of exercise, increases vulnerability years of chiropractic, exercise was recog- to acute injury and recurring episodic back nized as a necessity for health and well be- pain, and therefore warrants discussion. In ing, as in the form of taking a walk in the this article, the author will provide an great outdoors, not as a structured activity abridged account of the history of exercise for the improvement in strength or mobil- in the chiropractic profession, along with ity. Exercise was perceived as effort put parallel findings of the evolution of exer- forth by an athlete and was not used in the treatment of a patient seeking chiropractic *Exercise Science Intern, Illinois State University & Advanced Chiropractic Clinic of care. Normal, Normal, Illinois, [email protected] Chiropractic History Volume 32, No.1 22 Dr. Palmer addresses the benefits of ex- this philosophy excluded exercise as a ercise in one of the earliest chiropractic treatment modality in the care of chiroprac- publications: tic patients in an effort to keep chiropractic The fundamental principle of nearly ‘pure.’ every branch of modern science has been Though it is evident that the Palmers the gradual metamorphosis of investigators who searched for the 'philosopher’s stone' were, and remain, a prominent name in chi- and the 'elixir of life.' The philosophers of ropractic, there were many others who in- the Middle Ages spent many long, weary fluenced the incorporation of other treat- hours of study and research chasing after ment options such as exercise into chiro- what proved to be a will-o’-the-wisp . practic practice. Those who were not op- Those of the twenty-first century will, no doubt, look back upon us in a similar man- posed to other methods of treatment to ner.2 complement chiropractic adjustment were Daily exercise short of fatigue, calm- classified as "mixers." Dr. Solon Langwor- ness of mind, moderate intellectual pow- thy is believed to be the first "mixer" in ers, a family life and a merry disposition 2 (emphasis added) chiropractic history. Dr. Langworthy pub- are aids to longevity. lished a chiropractic journal titled, Back- Though there is little written about exer- bone. This publication included articles of cise or rehabilitation in early chiropractic interest to the profession as well as adver- literature, there are several references to tisements for information on weight loss, activities of daily living, such as walking or how to become "strong," the use of electri- otherwise participating in physical activity. cal stimulation to increase muscle size, In fact, though D.D. Palmer supports among others. Evidence of the promotion physical activity in early chiropractic litera- of physical activity was evident in Lang- ture, he also discusses ill effects of strenu- worthy's publication, as well. For example, ous exercise. According to Dr. Palmer, The kidney is a highly vascular organ . a man named Arba Josef submitted the fol- . the disturbance to the blood supply lowing for publication in the Backbone, caused by straining and lifting is the Laziness is a disease. No normal, well cause of disease. Straining and lifting adjusted human being can be lazy. The lazy displaces bones, impinges and excites man is a sick man, and like all other forms nerves, thereby causes the kidneys to per- of disease, laziness entails trouble and trials form their functions either excessively or on everyone around as well as on the “lazy 5 deficiently; these abnormal amounts of dog” himself. function result in disease.2 (author’s emphasis) Langworthy was the founder of the While D.D. Palmer developed chiroprac- school which was instrumental in compet- tic technique, it was his son, B.J. Palmer ing with D.D. Palmer and is believed to be who further developed the chiropractic pro- “one of the most influential personalities in fession. B.J. Palmer graduated from his early chiropractic.”1(pp 402) father’s school in 1902.1(pp 114) B.J. Palmer referred to himself as the "Developer" of New Prominent Figures Augment chiropractic and transformed the Palmer Change in the Profession School of Chiropractic into the largest As chiropractic evolved beyond the health practitioner college in the nation.3 Palmers, and especially with new promi- B.J.’s philosophy was to keep chiropractic nent figures in the profession, different phi- “specific, pure, and unadulterated.”1(pp 114),3 losophies emerged, and the use of treat- This philosophy came to be known as ment modalities beyond the chiropractic “straight” chiropractic, excluding all other adjustment began to take hold. The profes- forms of therapy.3,4 It is speculated that sion expanded and more schools of chiro- Chiropractic History Volume 32, No.1 23 practic were built that included curricula to chiropractors came to believe that subluxa- support the alternate "mixer" philosophy. tions were not the sole causation of disease. In 1912, the National School of Chiroprac- Factors such as diet, exercise, and rest were tic (NSC) introduced training on physio- just as important--if not more important-- logical therapeutics into its set of courses. than the correction of vertebral subluxtion.6 These courses included hydrotherapy, mas- Changes in philosophies such as this sage, "remedies both internally and exter- sparked a continued battle between two nally applied," and "muscle techniques." separate organizations of chiropractors. Physiological therapeutics was the forerun- The International Chiropractors Associa- ner of modern physical therapy.3,4 William tion (ICA) and The National Chiropractic Charles Schulze, M.D., D.C., became Association (NCA), two separate organi- president and owner of the NSC in 1916.1 zations consisting of straights and mixers, (pp 107) Arthur L. Forster, M.D. along with respectively, battled for thirty years after Schulze pioneered physiological therapeu- World War II. The NCA, later named the tics within the chiropractic profession. American Chiropractic Association (ACA) These modalities included light, heat, cold, felt that chiropractic legitimately included electricity, and water. It is significant to the use of therapeutics and clinical proce- note that nutritional interventions and exer- dures. The ICA was concerned with main- cise regimes were used at NSC long before taining the profession’s distinct identity the formation of the physical therapy pro- from medicine. By the mid 1970’s, these fession.1(pp 107) two organizations called a truce and de- cided to work together in an effort to gain World War II Changes the Profession federally recognized accreditation of chiro- A paradigm shift unfolded in the early practic education.1(pp 181) 1940’s, nearly fifty years after the birth of chiropractic. Changes occurred in chiro- Chiropractic Methods Broaden practic in response to World War II. Many The changes in chiropractic approaches chiropractors were called to active duty continued at a rapid rate as exercise, and forcing the closure of several chiropractic other methods of treatment became incor- schools.1(pp 178) In 1944, Congress author- porated into formal chiropractic training as ized legislation that rejuvenated chiroprac- evidenced by references in textbooks used tic education and the enrollment in the re- in the curriculum at the Palmer School. As maining chiropractic schools. Though fed- an example, in 1946, the Palmer School of eral funding for chiropractic was minimal Chiropractic published a textbook titled compared to that of the millions of govern- Correlative Chiropractic Hygiene, written ment dollars for the construction of medi- by Dr. Donald Pharaoh. In his book, Dr. cal teaching hospitals, veterans of the war Pharaoh discusses exercise as it relates to were able to use their GI benefits to pay for posture, though he does not describe spe- tuition for a chiropractic education.1(pp 178) cific exercises that are appropriate for cor- This brought about promise for expansion rect posture. Pharaoh claimed that if a of chiropractic.
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