The History of Modern /Spring, 2021/Dr. Mark Saad Saka/Sul Ross State University

Office: Lawrence Hall 208

Telephone 837-8304

Email—[email protected]; This is my official Sul Ross email, however, if the system ever went down due to a malware attack or cyber-meltdown, etc. please use [email protected]. I rarely check this email it is simply a backup so please use the sulross account unless necessary.

Office Hours: T, Th 10:00-10:45 M,W, F 10:00-11:45

Objective of the Course

This course is designed to introduce you to the sweeping epic of Mexican history. We will examine the political, economic, social, and cultural forces that have shaped Mexico since Independence in 1821.

Classroom Requirements:

Regular attendance and punctuality is expected. The lectures for this course will also be available on zoom for those who are either quarantined due to Covid exposure. unable to physically attend, or if the regular campus is closed for Covid or other reasons. I prefer that if you are on campus, in class instruction is a better option but in this current era, the zoom option will be available.

No cell-phones, no texting in class. If you violate this policy you will be asked to leave class.

Required Reading

• Terry Rugeley, Epic Mexico: A History rom Earliest Times, 2020, ISBN-13 : 978-0806167077

There will be four exams in this course including a mandatory final.

Each exam will consist of three essays. At the end of the course, your top four exams and final will be added together and added divided by five and this will constitute your grade. 90-100=A; 80-89=B; 70-79=C; 60-69=D; 0- 59=F.

Primary Learning Objectives

The graduating student in history will be able to:

1. The student will be able to develop an informed, critical, and articulate approach to the study of history. 2. The student will be able to demonstrate knowledge of historical events, movements, major turning points and personalities of the past. 3. The student will be able to demonstrate an ability to identify and relate the role that historical interpretations plays in the assessment of the past. 4. The student will be able to write effectively, logically, and persuasively about topics in history.

The Primary Learning Objectives (PLO) shall be measured by the administration of four exams, consisting of multiple choice questions which shall assess objectives one and two and two essays which shall assess objectives three and four.

The Americans with Disabilities Act

ADA Statement: Sul Ross State University is committed to equal access in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1973. Students with qualifying disabilities who seek accommodations must initiate a request for a meeting for accessibility services. Students seeking accessibility services must contact Rebecca Greathouse Wren, M.Ed., LPC-S, Counseling & Accessibility Services, Telephone: 432-837-8203, or E-mail: [email protected]. For more information see: https://www.sulross.edu/page/1384/accessibility-services

Marketability Skills of a History Major SLO 1—The history student will demonstrate historical research skills in a logically organized, written paper that is mechanically correct and supported by relevant documentation of historical content. Marketable skills---Students can identify useful resources from a pool of data. Students can select and organize data in a relevant manner. Students can make written presentations to various audiences. SLO 2—The history student will demonstrate the ability to write about topics in historiography and how those topics are interpreted. Marketable skills---Students can utilize data to persuade various audiences. Students can utilize data to generate and strengthen ideas. Students can decipher stances adopted by various individuals. SLO 3—The history student will demonstrate knowledge of American History, World History, and Non-American History. Marketable Skills---Students can meet deadlines in a successful manner. Students can discharge responsibilities in an adequate manner. Students can manage the absorption of data.

SRSU Library Services The Sul Ross Library offers FREE resources and services to the entire SRSU community. Access and borrow books, articles, and more by visiting the library’s website, library.sulross.edu. Off-campus access requires your Lobo ID and password. Check out materials using your photo ID. Librarians are a tremendous resource for your coursework and can be reached in person, by email ([email protected]), or phone (432-837-8123).

Course Outline

January 11 first class day/review syllabus and course. The Colonial Heritage of Mexico; the challenges of Independence; 1821-1836; The Texas Secession and War with the United States (background reading-chapters 1-3)

January 18-no class-M.L.K. Day

January 25- The Wars of and the French Intervention; The Restored Republic 1867-1876

Exam # 1 will be administered through Blackboard and will be due on Sunday evening January 31-12 midnight (exam one covers text chapter four)

February 1-The Porfiriato 1876-1910

February 15-The Porfiriato 1876-1910

Exam # 2—will be administered through Blackboard and will be due on Sunday evening February 21 at 12 midnight (exam # 2 covers chapter 5)

February 22-The Mexican Revolution 1910-1940

March 1-The Mexican Revolution 1910-1940

March 8-spring break, no class

March 15-The Mexican Revolution 1910-1940 Exam # 3—will be administered through Blackboard and will be due Sunday March 21 at 12 midnight (exam # 3 covers chapters six and seven)

March 22-Mexico 1940-1958

March 29-Mexico 1958-1968

April 1-Friday-last to drop course with a grade of W.

April 05-Mexico 1968-1982

April 12-Mexico 1982-1994

April 19-Mexico 1994-2000

April 26. Modern Mexico 2000-2020

Exam # 4 will be administered through Blackboard and will be due on Sunday evening May 2 at midnight (covers chapter eight in text).

Final Exam –Friday April 30-6:00 pm)

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Concepts to Identify for Exam # 1

1. How did the War for Independence shape Mexico's future upon independence? How did Mexico's political and intellectual leaders face the future and what were some of the major philosophical debates about the nature of the Mexican political economy?

2. Why did Mexico fail to maintain control over its Texas province and the Borderlands? What were the forces which encouraged American expansion into Texas and the Mexican Borderlands and what were Mexico's vulnerabilities to these pressures?

3. What were the major components of Mexican Liberalism and Conservatism in the 1840s through 1860s? Who were some of the major intellectual architects of Liberalism and what were their ideas? How did these ideas become enshrined in the Constitution of 1857? How did the Wars of La Reforma "tear Mexica apart"?

4. Why did France attempt to conquer Mexico? What role did Mexican Conservatives, European imperialists, and the Vatican play in this process? How and why did Maximilian manage to isolate both Mexican Liberals and Mexican Conservatives? Who was Benito Juarez and how did he help lead Mexico to victory against the French armies of Napoleon Ill? How did the United States assist him in this process?

5. What were some of the major events during the Restored Republic 1867-1876? Who were some of the major politicians if this time? Why did General Porfirio Diaz seek to unseat President Lerdo de Tejada and how did Texas and American elites play a role in Diaz's successful Revolution of Tuxtepec of 1876?

Terms to Identify

Agustin lturbide

Ramos Arispe

The Constitution of 1824

Centralism

Federalism

Lucas Aleman

Jose Maria Mora

Conservatism

General Guadalupe Victoria

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

President Gomez Farias The Seven Laws

The Imperial Colonization Law od 1823

Empresario Grants

The Colonization Law of 1830

The Treaty of Velasco

President James Polk

Manifest destiny

President Jose Joaquin Herrera

Ambassador John Slidell

General Zachary Taylor

General Winfield Scott

Colonel Stephen Kearny

The Battle for Monterrey

The Battle of Buena Vista

The Occupation of

The Revolt of Los Polkos

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

The Messila Treaty (The Gadsden Purchase)

The Revolution of Ayutla

Melchor Ocampo

Ignacio Comonfort

Benito Juarez

Miguel Lerdo de Tejada

The Constitution of 1857

El Ley Juarez

E Ley Lerdo

El Ley Iglesia

The Wars de la Reforma Pope Pius IX

Archbishop Pelagio Antonio Labastida

Emperor Napoleon III

Ferdinand Maximilian and Empress Carlotta

General Ignacio Zaragoza

General Porfirio Diaz

The Battle of Puebla (Cinco de Mayo)

The Restored Republic 1867-1876

The Veracruz-Mexico city Railroad

The Revolt of La Noria 1872

Presdient Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada

Charles Stillman

Juan Cortina

The Revolution of Tuxtepec 1876

Concepts to identify for Exam # 2

I. What role did railroads and the economic integration (agriculture, mining, and finance) with the United States and the world economy play in the Porfirian modernization model? What was the ideology of positivism and how did this world-view shape Mexico's elites on the need for "order and progress"? What was the goal of the Porfirian development model?

2. How did the Porfirian modernization affect various social classes in Mexico' such as the peasantry, the working class, and regional and national elites? How did the peasantry and the working classes resist such a brutal state and economic structure? How did the Porfirian state react to militant social movements?

3. Why did the Mexican state and economy fall into a decade of sustained crisis; 1900-1910? How did this affect various social classes? How did anarchism and nationalism emerge as ideologies of protest against the Porfirian regime? Why did regional elites turn on Porfirio Diaz?

4. Who was Francisco Madero and how did he overthrow Porfirio Diaz? What were his ideas and how did ideas appeal to broader sectors of Mexican society? What role did American petroleum elites play in supporting Madero? Terms to Identify

Porfirio Diaz The

Porfiriato 1876-1910

Positivism

Jose Limantour "Order and

Progress" "Beans or

Bullets"

The Rurales

Jose Guadalupe Posada

Luis Terrazas

Padre Mauricio Zavala

Juan Santiago

The Huastecan Peasant Rebellion 1876-1884

The Yaqui Wars

Santa Teresa de Cabora

Tomochic

"Boomers"

Anarchism

El Gran Circulo de Obreros Libres The Industrial Workers of the World

Ricardo and Enrique Flores Magon

La Regeneracion

Cananea, Sonora

Rio Blanco, Veracruz

The Mexican Liberal Party (PLM)

Francisco Madero

The Plan of San Luis Potosi Concepts to Identify for Exam # 3

1. Why did the Madero administration fail to understand the social forces unleashed by the Revolution against Porfirio Diaz? Why did the Zaptatista armies of southern Mexico continue their revolution? What other social forces that arrayed themselves against Madero; on both the left and the right side of Mexico's political spectrum, including the military? Finally, what role did the United States play in the downfall of Francisco Madero?

2. What social forces comprised the four major armies that turned in General Huerta? Who were the dominant leaders that led the armies and how did they come together to overthrow General Huerta? Following Huerta's downfall, why did these armies turn on each other and what role did the United States play in shaping the outcome of the revolution? Why did the labor unions associated with La Casa del Obrero Mundial side with the conservative forces and turn on Villa's Division del Norte? How did the American involvement in shaping the outcome of the new revolution battles impact Villa's decision to attack Columbus, New Mexico and how did the failed Punitive Expedition influence the Constitution of 1917?

3. How did the Constitution of 1917 represent a synthesis of the various social and political factions that struggled during the revolution? How did organized labor, the peasantry, the Mexican bourgeoisie shape the re-synthesis of Mexico's social classes? How did the administrations of Venestiano Carranza and Alvaro Obregon represent the political triumph of Mexico's conservative classes? What happened to Emiliano Zapata and Francisco Villa? How did the Church react to the anticlericalism of the revolution and how did this set the stage for the Cristero Rebellion of 1926-1929?

4. How did Plutarcho Calles create one-party state that ruled Mexico for seventy years? How did Lazaro Cardenas shift the Mexican Revolution to incorporate the progressive forces of the peasantry, the middle classes, workers, and harness revolutionary nationalism to confront the United States over the control of the oil resources of Mexico? Finally, how did the 1940 election of Avila Camacho represent an end to the Mexican Revolution?

Terms to Identify

Francisco Madero Emiliano Zapata, El Plan de Ayala, Otilio Montano, Pascual Orozco, Francisco "Pancho" Villa, Felix Diaz, Bernardo Reyes, The Tragic Ten Days, General Victoriano Huerta, Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson, Venestiano Carranza, Alvaro Obregon, El Division del Norte, President Woodrow Wilson, The Intervention at Veracruz, The Convention of Aguascalientes, Eulalio Gutierrez, La Casa del Obrero Mundial, The Battle of Celaya, Villa's raid on Columbus, New Mexico, General John Pershing and the Punitive Expedition, The Constitution of 1917, Article 3, Article 27, Article 123, Colonel Jesus Guajardo, President Venustiano Carranza, 1916-1920, President Alvaro Obregon, 1920-1924, the Bucarrelli Accords, President Plutarcho Calles, 1924-1928, Luis Morones, CROM, Viva Cristo Rey!, the Cristero Jose de Leon Toral and Madre Conchita, Ambassador Dwight Morrow, The Maximato, 1928-1934, El Partido Nacional Revolucionario (PNR), Presdent Lazaro Cardenas, 1934-1940, the ejido, El Banco de Credito de Trabajadores, Socialist Education, Vicente Lombardo Toledano, Confederacion de Trabajadores de Mexico (CGT), PEMEX, Sinarquismo, Partido de Acion Nacional (PAN), Indianismo, the 1940 election, Francisco Mugica, Availa Camacho, Diego Rivera, David Siquieros, Jose Vascelonos, La Raza Cosmica, Jose Clement Orozco, Frida Khalo, Gregorio Lopez, "El Indio"

Concepts to Identify for Exam # 4

1. How did the Mexican Revolutionary government evolve into a one-party state and ruling class during the decades from the 1940s through the 1970s? How did a succession of presidents shift the revolution away from its revolutionary principles associated with Lazaro Cardenas, the emphasis on the peasantry and agriculture and towards heavy industry and urbanization?

2. What were some of the achievements and successes of post-revolutionary Mexico? What do we mean by the Mexican Miracle? How did Mexico achieve tremendous success in a number of social and health indicators such as women's rights, literacy, infrastructure, the eradication of major scourges such as polio etc? How did the PRI operate as a political party and what were the strengths and weaknesses of the political system?

3. What happened to the Mexican Miracle? How did financial mismanagement and ensuing political corruption destroy the achievements of the successes? How did achievement sin the urban and industrial sector fail to generate balanced economic growth and how did the rural population explosion undercut the regime's land redistribution policies pursued during the revolution?

4. How does 1968 represent a turning point in modern Mexican history? How did the growing problems of the late 1960 and the presidency of Gustavo Ordaz lead to greater problems under the regime of Luis Echevarria and the 1970s? How did increasing balance of payment problems, recurring currency crises, and lack of sustained job growth send Mexico into an economic tailspin in the 1970s?

5. How did the presidential administration of Jose Lopez Portillo send Mexico into complete bankruptcy between 1976 and 1982?

Terms to Identify

Manuel Avila Camacho; 1940-1946

Miguel Aleman Valdes; 1946-1952 The

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

Adolfo Ruiz Cortines; 1952-1958

Adolfo Lopez Mateos; 1958-1964

Gustavo Diaz Ordaz 1964-1970

Luis Echavaria; 1970-1976

Jose Lopez Portillo; 1976-1982

The Bracero Program 2942-1964

The Dance of the Billionaires

The 1958 Railroad Worker's Strike

The Cuban Revolution/Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1968 Olympics in Mexico City Tlateloco 1968

Los Tecos

The 1976 Peso Devaluation

The 1982 Peso Collapse Bankruptcy

Concepts to Identify for Exam # 5

1. Between 1982 and 200, Mexican elites dismantled the Mexican Revolution in favor of neo-liberalism and economic integration with the United states through the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) as well as abandoning anti-clericalism, the ejido program, labor rights, etc. Why? How did this process take place, who were the major architects, and what impact did regional and international events shape this process?

2. Between 1982 and 2000, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) increasingly lost power, regionally, and finally in the pivotal 2000 election, the loss of the presidency to the National Action Party (PAN)? Please place into context, the *1988 election, the 1994 election, repeated currency crises, etc. Why? How? What role did economic liberalization play in this process? What role did mass media, urbanization, a younger and more educated population play in this historical process?

3. What are major challenges facing Mexico in the twenty-first century?

Terms to Identify for Exam # 5

Miguel de la Madrid; 1982-1988

Carlos Salinas de Gotari; 1988-1994

Ernesto Zedillo; 19940-2000

Vicente Fox; 2000-2006

Felipe Calderon; 2006-2012

Enrique Pena Nieto; 2012-2018

Cuahtemoc Cardenahwos

The 1985 earthquake

The 1988 election

The PRI

The National Action Party (PAN)

The Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD)

Technocrats

The Border Industrialization Initiative (BIP)

Maquiladores The North American Free Trade

Agreement (NAFTA)

Luis Donaldo Colossio

The 1994 election Chiapas Revolt

The 1994 peso collapse

The 2000 election

Vicente Fox 2000-2006

Felipe Calderon 2006-2012

Enrique Pena Nieto 2012-2018

Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador 2018-2024

The War on Drugs

United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA)