The Mosquitoes of Nepal: Their Identification, Distribution and Biology

SEPTEMBER1990 69

THE MOSQUITOES OF NEPAIk THEIR IDENTIFICATION, DISTRIBUTION AND BIOLOGJ?

RICHARD F. DARSI~ JR.~ AND SHREEDHARP. PRADHAF?

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Introduction ...... 70 Table 1. Systematic List of the Mosquitoes of Nepal ...... 71 Keys to the Adult Female Mosquitoes of Nepal ...... 72 Key to the Genera ...... 72 Key to the Genus Aedes ...... 73 Key to the GenusAnopheles ...... 75 Key to the Genus Amigeres ...... 78 Key to the Genus Cukx ...... 79 Key to the Genus Heizmannia ...... 81 Key to the Genus Mansonia ...... 82 Key to the Genus Mimomyia ...... 82 Key to the Genus Uranotaenia ...... 82 Keys to the Fourth Instar Larvae of the Mosquitoes of Nepal ...... 83 Key to the Genera ...... 83 Key to the GenusAedes...... 84 Key to the GenusAnopheles ...... 85 Key to the Genus Armigeres ...... 88 Key to the Genus C&x ...... 88 Key to the Genus Mansonia ...... 90 Key to the Genus Mimomyia ...... 91 Key to the Genus Uranotaenia ...... 91 Glossaryof Mosquito Morphology ...... 91 Distribution and Biology of the Mosquitoes of Nepal ...... 104 Introduction ...... 104 Genus Aedes ...... 104 Map of Nepal ...... 105 Genus Anopheles ...... 108 Genus Armigeres ...... 116 Genus Coquillettidia ...... 117 Genus Cuk ...... 118 Genus Culiseta ...... 123 Genus Heizmannia ...... 124 GenusMaZaya ...... 124 GenusMansonia ...... 124 GenusMimomyia ...... 125 Genus Otihopodomyia ...... 125 Genus Topomyia ...... 125 Genus Toxorhynchites...... 126 Genus Uranotaenia ...... 126 Acknowledgments...... 127 Literature Cited ...... 127

1The work was supportedin part by the Vector Biologyand Control Project under ContractNo. DPE5948C-00-5044-00 to M.S.C.I. for the Agency for International Development,Bureau of Scienceand Technology. Reprint requestsshould be sent to the senior author. 2ResearchEntomologist, International Center for PublicHealth Research,Univ. of South Carolina,P.O. Box 699, McClellanville,SC 29458. 3Medical Entomologistand Malaria Advisor, U.S. Agencyfor InternationalDevelopment, Kathmandu, Nepal. 70 MOSQUTO SYSIXMATICS VOL. 22, No. 2

ABSTRACT. Three mosquito-bornediseases are prevalent in Nepal, i.e., malaria, Japaneseencephalitis and filariasis.The former, transmittedby anophehnemosquitoes, has had health authorities concerned for many years, while the latter two, primarily spreadby culicine mosquitoes,have onIy recently received national attention. In order to understandthe epidemiologyand control of thesediseases, it is imperativethat the vectorsbe identified. This wasthe motivationfor the presentwork. Keysfor the identificationof anophelineshave existed for many years, but were in need of revision,while none had been composedfor cuhcinemosquitoes. There are now 130 speciesand subspeciesin 14 generaknown from Nepal. They are ail includedin keysto the adult femalesand fourth instarlarvae. Furthermore, the distributionand biology of eachtaxon is given aswell as a glossary whichwilI aid the user in comprehendingthe morphologicalcharacters in the keys.

INTRODUCTION additionsto the fauna were recordeduntil 1989,when we published13 new country records (Pradhan and Darsie In Nepal 3 mosquito-bornediseases are prevalentand 1989). We are reporting7 more herein,partially the result causemuch morbidity and mortality. They are malaria of new collectionsby one of us(SPP) in 1988. The species (Peters et al. 1955, Brydon et al. l%l, Johnson 1966, areA e&s pulchriventer;Ae. subalbopictus,An. frasilis, An. Pradhanet al. 1970,Shrestha and Parajuli 1980,Parajuli et &dim, Armiger~ &ham& Culsr injiLrczand CGpseud& al. 1981, Shrestha et al. 1988), Japaneseencephalitis vishnui. (JE)(Pradhan 1981, Khatri et al. 1983, Henderson et al. Over the years, varioustreatments of specificgenera, 1983) and filariasis(Kessel1966, Jung 1973). One of the subgeneraor speciesgroups, some of which mention motivationsfor this work has been the epidemiological Nepal, havebeen very usefulin constructingthe identifica- necessityto identifythe speciestransmitting these diseases tion keys. They are: Abercrombie (1977), Bram (1%7), in Nepal. Delfmado (X%6), Harbach (1988), Harrison (1980), Har- From 1958 to 1978 Nepal joined the world-wide effort risonand Scanlon (1975), Huang (1972,1977,1979),Knight first, to eradicate, then to adequately control, malaria. (1968), Mattingly (1957a, 1957b, 1959, l%l, 1965, 1970, During that time it was the only vector-borne disease 1971), Peyton (1977), Reid (1%2, 1968), Reinert (1973, receiving national attention. Thus entomologicalwork 1974, 1984), Sirivanakarn (1972, 1976, 1977a, 1977b), was confinedto the genusAnopheles. Identification was Thurman(1959), Tyson(1970) andZavortink (1968,197l). accomplishedby keyswhich we composedin 1%3 (Darsie Publicationsdealing with the mosquitofauna of India, and Pradhan,unpublished data). especiallythat of northern India, have been helpful in The other 2 diseases,JE and fdariasis,are transmitted interpreting the fmdings in Nepal. Some more recent principallyby culicinemosquitoes, although anophelines works are Wattal et al. (1958), RamachandraRao et al. do play a secondaryrole in their spread. It hasbeen only (1973), Bhat (1975), Das et al. (1987), Malhotra (1987) and in the past10 yearsthat interestin studyingand controlling NagpaI and Sharma (1987). these diseaseshas grown. With this increasedattention Table 1 contains a systematiclist of the mosquitoes has come the need for accurateidentification of the non- presentlyrecorded from Nepal, i.e., 130 taxa in 14 genera anophelinemosquitoes of Nepal. and 26 subgenera.Since the last publishedlist (Shrestha In thiswork, we have includedour original anopheline 1966),there havebeen added3 new genera,Coquillettidia, keyswith some additionsand revisions,plus keys for the Mimomyitr and Tripteroictesand 9 new subgenera,Vernzlfina: identification of the cuhcinemosquitoes. Ah mosquito CoquiIlettZa, Eumelanomyi~ Heizmanniu, Etorkzptiomyia, taxa known from Nepal are incorporatedin the keys. Mimomyia, Topomyia, Pseudofcalbia and Uranotaenia. A studyof the mosquitoesof Nepal beganonly recently. Furthermore, the subgeneraMochthogenes Edwardsand Puri (1955) and Peterset al. (1955) were the first to report Neocultx Dyar have been deleted. The former was syn- speciesofAnopheZes, while Petersand Dewar (1956) were onymizedunder Eumelanomyia and Cx. brevipalpis, for- the first to record certain cuiicine speciesoccurring in merlyassigned to Necxu.& wastransferred to Eumekuwz~a Nepal. Brydon et al. (l%l) increasedthe number of (Sirivanakarn1971,1972). The genusTripteroides is not on anophelinesto 31 speciesand Joshi et al. (1964) addedAn. the list, sincespecific determination has not yet been made kochi. In the following year, Joshi et al. (1965) made a (Chetwyn,unpublished data). major contribution by reporting 59 speciesof Culicinae, Certain specieshave been includedin the Nepal mos- including28 new countryrecords. An extensivereview of quito fauna through the courtesyof N. Burgess,Depart- the mosquitofauna of Nepal was publishedby Shrestha ment of Military Entomology,Royal Army Medical Col- (1966). He reported 97 species,including 36 anophelines lege,Mihbank, London, who cohectedmosquitoes in Nepal and 61 culicines. Similar records of Nepal anophelines from 1983to 1988. They are: Ae. khazani, An. indefinitus, were included by Ramachandra Rao (1981). No new An. nivipes,Ar. annulitarsis,Ar. aureolineatus,At. dentatus, SEPTEMBER1990 71

Table 1. Systematiclist of the mosquitoesof Nepal.

AnoplrelesMeigen A& Meigen CUk Linnaeus Subg.Anopheles Meigen Subg.Aedimorphus Theobald Subg.Culex Linnaeus ahomi Chowdhury caecus (Theobald) batraudi Edwards aitkenii James palli&xtiatus (Theobald) bitaeniorhynchus Giles annandalei Prashad pipersalatus (Giles) edwardsi Barraud ba&irostris van der Wulp punctifemoris (Ludlow) epidesmus (Theobald) barbumbrosus Strickland and vittatus (Bigot) fuscocephala Theobald Chowdhury Subg. Ouistophersiomyia Barraud gelidus Theobald bengalensisPuri annulirostis (Theobald) hutchinsoni Barraud fragilis (Theobald) 122 thomsoni (Theobald) infula Theobaldl gigas@gas Giles Subg.Finlaya Theobald jacksoni Edwards gigasvar. baileyi Edwards albolateralis (Theobald) mimeticus Noe gigasvar. simlensis (James) assamensis(Theobald) mimulus Edwards intenuptus Puri aureostriatus var. greenii (Theo- pseudovishnui Colless l lindesayi lindesayi Giles bald) quinquefasciatus Say lindesayi nilgircus Christopher chrysolineatus(Theobald) sinensis Theobald nigem*musG&s dissimilis (L&ester) theileri Theobald peditaeniatus (Leicester) gubematoris (Giles) tritaeniorhynchus Giles sinensis Wiedemann khazani Edwards3 vagans Wiedemann Subg. Cellia Theobald pseudotaeniatus (Giles) vishnui Theobald aconitus Doe&z pulchriventer (Giles) 1 whitei Barraud annularis van der Wulp Subg. Mucidus Theobald whitmorei (Giles) culicifacies Giles scatophagoides(Theobald) Subg. Culiciomyia Theobald dims Peyton and Harrison Subg. Neomelaniconion Newstead nigropunctatus Edwards dravidicus Christophersf lineatopennis (Ludlow) pallidothorax Theobald filipinae Manalang Subg. Stegomyia Theobald viridiventer Giles fluviatilis James albopictus (Skuse) Subg. Eumelanomyia Theobald indefinitus (Ludlow) 3 gardnerij imitator (Leicester) brevipalpis (Giles) jamesii Theobald subalbopictus Barraud l* 2 foliatus Brug jeyporiensis James unilineatus (Theobald) malayi (Leicester) karwari (James) w-albus (Theobald) Subg. Lophoceraomyia Theobald kochi Doe&z Subg. Vemallina Theobald infantulus Edwards maculatus Theobald indicus Theobald Subg. Lutzia Theobald majidi Young and Majid fin Theobald fiscanus Wiedemann minimus Theobald Subg.Amzigeres Theobald halifaxii Theobald nivipes (Theobald) 3 aureolineatus (Leicester) 3 CUr& Felt pallidus Theobald durhami Edwards1 Subg. Culiseta Felt philippinensis Ludlow kesseli Ramalmgam 3 niveitaeniata (Theobald) pseudojamesi Strickland and kuchingensisEdwards A&wm@z Theobald Chowdhury subalbatus (Coquillett) Subg.Etorleptiomyia Theobald pseudowillmori (Theobald) Subg. Leicesteria Theobald 3 luzonensis (Ludlow) splendidus Koidzumi annulitarsis (Leicester) 3 Subg. Mimomyia Theobald stephensiListon dentatus Barraud3 chamberlaini Ludlow 3 subpictus Grassi dolichocephalus (Leicester) 3 hybrida (Leicester) 3 I .- tessellatusTheobald magnus (Theobald) coquJIetiutur Dyar3 theobaldi Giles H- Ludlow Subg. Coquillettidia Dyar 3 turkhudi Liston Subg. Heizmannia Ludlow crassipes(van der Wulp) 3 vagus Doer&z himalayensis Edwards Mmrrovria Blanchard vamna Iyengar reidi Mattingly Subg.Mansonioides Theobald willmori (James) annulifera (Theobald)

1New countryrecord. aDepositedin the British Museum(Natural History). sSpeciesreported by Burgess(unpublished data). 72 MOSQUITOSYSIXMATICS VOL. 22, No. 2

Table 1. (continued)

indiana Edwards UmnoltaenicrLynch Arribalzaga campestris Leicester uniformis (Theobald) Subg.Pseudoficalbia Theobald edwardsi Barraud Orthoe Theobald luteola Edwards macfarlanei Edwards anopheloides Giles maculipleura Leicester sp. near testacea lU&ya Leicester recondita Edwards Ttiynchites Theobald genurostrisLeicester strickhzndiBarraud Subg.Toxorhynchites Theobald Topomyirr Leicester Subg.Uranotaenia Lynch Arribal- splendens (Wiedemann) Subg.Topomyia Leicester zaga aureoventer (Theobald) annandalei Barraud

Ar. dolichocephalus,Ar. kesseli,Ar. magnus, Cq. crassipes, We do not acceptits occurrencein Nepal. Mi. chamberlaini, Mi. hybrida. Anopheles (Anopheles) umbrosus Theobald. It was The systematiclist is followed by the keys to adult listedby Brydon et al. (l%l) and Shrestha(1966) but it is females and fourth instar larvae. The keys have been found primarily in southernThailand, Malaysiaand Indo- arrangedwith the generickey first followedby the specific nesia. Christophers (1933) and Harrison and Scanlon keysin alphabeticalorder by genus.It isgratifying to note (1975) reported a singlefemale from India (Assam) and that all adult females have been adequately described; the latter authorsconsidered the Nepal record question- however,immature stagesof 6 speciesare unknown. A able; therefore, we are deletingit pendingfurther study. glossaryof morphologicalterms usedin thiswork, includ- Arwpheks (CWiiz) pulcherrimus Theobald. It was ing illustrations,will be foundjust following the keys. mentionedby Shrestha(l966)but both he and Ramachan- There are a number of speciesfor which there is doubt dra Rao (1981) stated that it is a doubtful record in the that they occur in Nepal. They are: absenceof voucher specimens.It pertains to the Middle Anopheks (Anopheles) mangyanus (Banks). Brydon et East fauna and we do not acceptit. al. (1961) and Shrestha(1966) reported this speciesbut, Hw (Leicesferirr))fravusBrunetti. Specimensfrom sinceit is knownonly from the Philippines,the record must Morang District were identified as this speciesand re- be a misidentification.Reid (1968) suggestedthat it might ported by Shrestha(1966). Since we have not seen the be An. pampanai Buettiker and Beales while Harrison specimenswe are not including it in the Nepal fauna (1980) speculatedthat it wasa variant ofAn. minimus. We pendingfurther investigation. believe that it is not found in Nepal. CUrx (LQ-) m&u&&r~ (Theobald). Anope @rKJ~)ppseudosinsrtsis Baisas. Shrestha Genitalia of male specimenslabelled asthis specieswere (1966) recordedthis speciesfrom the Janakpurarea, but found to be Cr. infantulus Edwards (Sirivanakarn1977). becauseit is known only from the Philippinesand closely We are excludingit at presentawaiting further confirma- related to An. nigenimus, it probably was misidentified. tion.

KEYS TO THE ADULT FEMALE MOSQUITOES OF NEPAL

KJ3YTO THE GENERA’

1. Proboscislong, recurved;posterior border of wing emarginatejust beyondtip of vein Cu, ...... Toxorhynchites splendens Proboscisnot only slightlycurved, if at all; posteriorborder of wing evenly rounded or only slightlyemarginated ...... 2 2(l)* Scutellumevenly rounded,with setaeevenly distributed;maxillary palpi about as long as proboscis...... Anopheles Scutellumtrilobed, with setaein 3 distinctgroups; maxillary palpi shorter than proboscis...... 3

‘Adapted from Mattingly (1971). SEPTEIMBER1990 73 m Probosciswith flexible joint, swollennear tip, with long setae...... Malaya genurosms Proboscisonly slightlyswollen near tip, if at all, with neither flexible joint nor long setaeapically ...... 4 W). Scutumwith median longitudinalstripe of broad, white or silveryflat scales; prespiracularsetae present ...... Topomyia aureoventer Scutumwith other pattern; prespiracularsetae present or absent...... 5 W). Cell R, of wing alwaysshorter than vein R,,,; anal vein endingapically before fork of veinsCu, and Cu, ...... Uranotaenia Cell R, at least as long as vein R,,,; anal vein endingapically distal to fork of veins Cq and Cu, ...... 6 W)- Prespiraculararea with setaeor coveredwith scales...... 7 Prespiraculararea bare ...... 8 w Abdominal terga with basalpale bandsor patchesdorsally; subcostal vein with patch of setaeventrally near base ...... Culiseta niveitaeniata Abdominal terga entirely dark-scaled;subcostal vein without setaeventrally near * base ...... Tripteroides 5 8(6)* Mesopostnotumwith setae;scutum clothed with bright, metallic decumbentscales ...... Heizmannia Mesopostnotumwithout setae;scutum with another type of scales...... 9 Fore- and midtarsomeres1 distinctlylonger than other 4 tarsomerescombined, 9~8)l tarsomere4 on fore- and midlegsshort, about as long aswide...... Orthopodomyia anopheloides Fore- and midtarsomeres1 shorter than other 4 tarsomerescombined, tarsomere 4 of fore- and midlegsmuch longer than wide ...... 10 W) Postspiracularsetae present ...... 11 Postspiracularsetae absent ...... 13 ll(10). Dorsal surfaceof wingwith broad scales;abdomen bluntly rounded apically ...... Mansonia Dorsal surfaceof wing with narrow scales;abdomen more or lesspointed apically...... 12 12(11). Proboscisrather stout,laterally compressedand curved;occiput with broad decumbentscales ...... Armigeres Proboscisfairly slender,not compressednor notablycurved; occiput usually with at least somedecumbent scales narrow (exceptin subgenusStegomyia) ...... Aedes 13(10). Alula bare or with flat decumbentscales ...... Mimomyia Alula fringed with narrow scales...... 14 14(13). Pulvilli present;tarsal clawsunusually small ...... CUleX Pulvilli absent;tarsal clawsprominent ...... Coquillettidia crassipes

KEY TO THE ADULT FEMALES OF THE GENUSAEDES6

1. Hindtarsomereswithout pale-scaledbands ...... 2 At least some hindtarsomereswith basaland/or apicalpale-scaled bands ...... 8 2(l). Mid- and hindfemora,tibiae and tarsomerewith distinctanterior and posterior pale-scaledstripes ...... pallidosttiatus Mid- and hindlegswithout distinctpale-scaled stripe ...... 3 3(2). Scutumwith longitudinalstripes or large patch of yellow to goldenscales ...... 4 Scutumwith other pattern ...... 5 4(3). Scutumwith broad lateral stripesof yellow to goldenscales; abdominal sterna with dark and pale scales;lower mesanepimeralsetae present ...... lineatopennis Scutumwith large anterior patch of goldenscales; abdominal sterna largely clothedwith orangescales; lower mesanepimeralsetae absent ...... pulchriventer

‘No speciesof Tripteroideshave been determined(Chetwyn, unpublished data). 6Adaptedfrom Barraud (FBI), Huang (1977), Knight (1968), Reinert (1973,1984)and Tyson(1970). 74 MOSQUTO SYSI’EMATKS VOL. 22, No. 2

5(3)- Scutumwith 2 pairs of distinctsubmedian spots of broad white scales,1 pair on anterior promontory and other on scutalangle; mid- and hindfemora and tibiae speckled ...... punctifemoris Scutumwithout distinctwhite-scaled spots, with other pattern; mid- and hindfemora and tibiae not speckled,with other pattern of dark and pale scales...... 6 WI Abdominal terga III-IV, and occasionallyV, with subbasal,pale-scaled bands; scutumlargely coveredwith dark scales...... indicus Abdominal terga II-V dark-scaled,or with narrow basalpale bands;scutum with patchesof silveryor goldenscales ...... 7 v9- Scutumwith patch of silveryscales on anterior 0.66, sometimesdivided by median black-scaledstripe; hindfemur with apical0.33 entirely dark-scaled...... albolateralis Scutumwith dark scalesmixed with goldenscales dorsally, with patchesof broad, flat, silveryscales in front of wing root; hindfemurwith apicalring of silveryscales ...... dissimilis 8(l)- At least some hindtarsomereswith both basaland apicalpale-scaled bands ...... 9 Hindtarsomereswith basalpale-scaled bands on at least some segments...... 12 W)* Abdominal sternawith long scaletufts; postpronotumwithout scales...... khazani Abdominal sternawithout suchtufts; postpronotumwith scales...... 10 lO(9). Abdominal terga without basalpale-scaled bands ...... assamensis Abdominal terga II-VII with narrow to moderatelybroad, basalbands ...... 11 ll(10). Scutumwith goldenscales varying from large anterior patch to longitudinallines, backgroundof dark brown scales;fore- and midfemora broadly pale- scaledin basal0.5 ...... aureostriatus var. greenii Scutumwith white to creamy scalesforming lyre-shapedpattern; fore- and midfemora with narrow anterior longitudinallines of pale scales...... pseudotaeniatus 12(8). Probosciswith distinctpale-scaled band near middle ...... 13 Proboscisentirely dark-scaledor at most pale-scaledventrally ...... 18 13(12). Scutumwith distinctspots of pale scaleson dark-scaledbackground; femora with preapicalpale-scaled bands ...... vittatus Scutumwith other scalepattern; femora without preapicalpale bands...... 14 14(13). Abdomen mostlycovered with pale yellow scales;scutum with tufts of brown and white scalesmixed ...... scatophagoides Abdomen dark-scaledwith white to goldenscales in variouspatterns; scutum without scaletufts ...... 15 15(14). Scutumwith narrow median and submedianlongitudinal stripes of goldenscales; hindtarsomeres4,5 entirely dark-scaled...... chrysolineatus Scutumornamented with pattern of gray-whiteto silveryscales; at leasthindtarso- mere 4 with pale scales...... 16 16(15). Wings with spotsof pale scales;all femora and fore- and midtibiaewith many white-scaledbands ...... pipersalatus Wings without pale-scaledspots; femora and fore- and midtibiaewith at most subbasalwhite-scaled bands ...... 17 17(16). Hindtibia with pale-x&d band in basalOS; metameronwith white scales ...... thomsoni Hindtibia mostly dark-saled, without basalpale band; metameronbare ...... annulirostn s’ 18(12). Hindtarsomereswith narrow basalpale-scaled bands on at least some segments; fore- and midlegswith clawstoothed ...... 19 Hindtarsomereswith broad basalpale-scaled bands on at least some segments; fore- and midlegswith clawssimple ...... 20 19(18). Abdominal terga usuallywith median pale-scaledpatches, not forming complete transversebands; scutum with large pale-scaledpatch anteriorly ...... gubematoris Abdominal terga with completepale-scaled transverse bands; scutum with pale scalesat scutalangles ...... caecus SEI?YEMBER1990 75

20(18). Dorsocentralsetae present ...... 21 Dorsocentralsetae absent ...... 23 21(2O). Scutumwithout patch of broad flat white scalesover wing root ...... subalbopictus Scutumwith patch of broad flat white scalesover wing root ...... 22 22(21). Scutumwith smallpatch of white scaleson scutalangle; midfemur with scattered white scaleson anterior surface...... unilineatus Scutumwithout patch of white scalesat scutalangle; midfemur without scattered pale scaleson anterior surface...... albopictus 23(20). Scutumwith anteromedianwhite-scaled patch wider than long, reachingscutal fossaelaterally; somewhite scalesin antealar area broad, flat ...... gardnerii imitator Scutumwith anteromedianwhite-scaled patch longer than wide, not reachingto scutalfossae; all white scalesin antealar area narrow ...... w-albus

KEY TO THE ADULT FEMALES OF THE GENUSMVOPHELES’

1. Wing with 3 or fewer dark spotson costa,involving costa and vein R or wingsall dark-scaled(subgenus Anopheles) ...... 2 Wing with 4 or more dark spotson costa,involving costa and vein R, wing never all dark-scaled(subgenus CeZZia) ...... 15 2(l). Wings without definite pale-scaledmarkings ...... aitkenii ...... bengalensis ...... fragilis Wingswith some pale-scalemarkings ...... 3 3(2). Palpi entirely dark-scaled...... 4 Palpi with pale-scaledband ...... 8 4(3). Hindfemur with broad white-scaledband ...... 5 Hindfemur without broad white-scaledband ...... 6 5(4)* Hindfemur with pale scalesventrally on basal0.33; apicalportion of at least 3 wing veinspale (veinsR,, IA and at least one other) ...... lindesayi lindesayi Hindfemur not pale ventrally on basal0.33, at mostwith narrow circularpale band at base;apical portion of only wing veinsR, and lA pale-scaled...... lindesayi nilgiricus 6(4). Abdominal sternawith scatteredpale scales...... barbirostris Abdominal sternawithout pale scales...... 7 7(6). Pale fringe spot on wing oppositevein R, ...... barbumbrosus No pale fringe spot on wing oppositevein R, ...... ahomi 8(3). Hindfemoro-tibial joint with prominenttuft of black and white scales...... 9 Hindfemoro-tibial joint without sucha tuft ...... 10 90 Subcostalpale spot absenton wing...... annandalei Subcostalpale spot present ...... in tenuptus lO(8). Basal0.25 of costawith presector,humeral and prehumeralpale spotsinterrupting black scales...... 11 Basal0.25 of costacompletely dark-scaled or at most with scatteredpale scales (Hyrcanus Group) ...... 13 ll(10). Wing vein lA with pale scalesin apical0.5; midfemurwithout large pale-scaled spot dorsallynear apex ...... gigQsgisas Wing vein IA entirely dark-scaled;midfemur with large pale-scaledspot dorsally near apex...... 12

‘Adapted from Puri (1958) and Harrison and Scanlon(1975) and Rattanarithikuland Green (1987). 76 Mosaurro SYNDICS VOL. 22, No. 2

12(11). Pale spotsin wing fringe oppositeapices of vein R4+s, usuallyvein M, and sometimes other veins,but variable,in additionto the usuallarge pale spot betweenveins Cu, and A ...... gigasvar. simlensis Wing fringe dark oppositevein R4+ 5 and with no other pale spotsexcept the large one betweenveins Cu, and A ...... giga var. baileyi 13(10). Basaldark spot on wing vein Cu small,separated by its own lengthfrom middle dark spot on anal vein; apicalpale-scaled bands on hindtarsinarrow, tarsomere4 without basalpale band ...... sinensis Basaldark spot on vein Cu large, separatedfrom middle dark spot on anal vein by lessthan its own length;pale-scaled bands on hindtarsimoderately to very broad, tarsomere4 usuallywith basalpale band ...... 14 14(13). Pale band at apex of hindtarsomere3 and baseof 4 seldomlonger than length of hindtarsomere5; abdominaltergum VIII usuallywith narrow scales...... nigenimus Pale band at apex of hindtarsomere3 and baseof 4 longer than length of hind- tarsomere5; abdominaltergum VIII seldomwith scales...... peditaeniatus 15(l). Femora and tibiae speckledwith pale and dark scales...... 16 Femora and tibiae not speckled...... 29 16(15). Some or all of hindtarsomeres3-5 pale-scaled...... 17 Hindtarsomeres3-5 entirely dark-scaled...... 27 17(16). Hindtarsomere5 with basaldark-scaled band; abdominalsterna with row of conspicuousblack-scaled tufts; palpi with 4 distinctpale-scaled bands, includingapical band ...... kochi Hindtarsomere 5 completelypale-scaled; abdominal sterna without scaletufts; palpi with 3 distinctpale bands,including apical band ...... 18 lB(17). Hindtarsomere 5 and part of 4 completelypale-scaled ...... 19 Hindtarsomere 5, all of 4 and at leastpart of 3 completelypale-scaled ...... 24 19(18). Abdominal terga 11,111largely or posteriorlycovered with pale scales;dark scales usuallyon posterolateralcorners of terga IV-VIII ...... 20 Abdominal terga 11,111without scalesor with some pale falcate and/or few narrow spatulatescales on posteromedianarea; dark scalesusually only on posterolateral cornersof terga VII and/or VIII ...... 21 20( 19). Anterior surfaceof forecoxawith patch of dark scalesat base;vein R4+s with 3 dark spots,median spot occasionallyabsent or very long and nearly touchingsubbasal spot ...... (in part) dravidicus Anterior surfaceof forecoxa with patch of pale and dark scalesat base,at times entirely pale; vein R4 +5 with 2 dark spots,or with a median spot rarely present...... willmoti 21(19). Abdominal terga V-VII without scales,except infrequently VII with l-3 pale scales laterally; vein R, +3 forks distallyat level of proximal end of preapicaldark spot on vein R,, occasionallywithin proximal 0.33, vein R, long, usually more than 2.0 length of vein R2+3 ...... pseudowillmori Abdominal terga V-VII with numerouspale scales,but occasionallyonly on VII; vein R2+3 forks distallyat level of or apicalto proximal0.33 of preapical dark spot on vein R,; vein R, short,usually less than 2.0 length of vein R2+3 ...... 22 . 22(21). Vem R4 +5 with 3 dark spotson at least one wing ...... (in part) dravidicus Vein R4+5 with 2 dark spotson both wings ...... 23 23(22). Abdominal tergum IV without scalesor with few posteriorlyin middle; posterolateral cornersof terga VII and/or VIII, rarely alsotergum VI, with patch of dark scales...... maculatus Abdominal tergum IV sparselycovered with pale scaleson apical0.5-0.75; dark scalepatches usually on posterolateralcorners of terga IV-VII, sometimes also on III ...... (in ~artj dravidicus SEPTEMBER1990 77

24( 18). Hindtarsomere5, all of 4 and part of 3 pale-scaled...... theobaldi Hindtarsomeres3-5 completelypale-scaled ...... 25 25(24). Palpi speckled,apical and subapicalpale-scaled bands equal in length ...... splendidus Palpi unspeckled,apical and subapicalpale-scaled bands unequal ...... 26 26(25)* Abdominal terga VI&VIII coveredwith goldenscales; wing with basal0.25 and apical0.33 of costamostly pale-scaled ...... jamesii Abdominal terga VII,VIII with dark scalesonly; wingwith basal0.25 and apical 0.33 chiefly dark-scaled...... pseudojamesi 27(16). Palpi with 3 pale-scaledbands, usually speckled, and apical and subapicalpale bandsequal ...... stephensi Palpi with 4 pale-scaledbands, apical and subapicalpale bandsunequal ...... 28 28(27). Hindlegswith tibiotarsaljoint broadly and conspicuouslybanded with white scales ...... dirus Hindlegswithout suchtibiotarsal band ...... tessellatus 29(15). Some or all of hindtarsomeres3-5 pale-scaled...... 30 Hindtarsomeres3-5 not pale-scaled...... 35 30(29). Only hindtarsomere5 and part of 4 pale-scaled...... 31 Hindtarsomeres3-5 pale-scaled...... 32 31(30). Palpi with 3 pale-scaledbands ...... majidi Palpi with 4 pale-scaledbands ...... karwari 32(30). Wing vein Cu mainly dark-scaled,with dark spot at bifurcationof Cu, and Cu, ...... annularis Vein Cu mainly white-scaled,with no dark spot at bifurcationof Cu, and Cu, ...... 33 33(32). Apical part of hindtarsomere1 dark-scaled;abdominal sterna with scatteredbroad white scales;scales present on abdominalterga III-VII; scalesalso on mesokatepisternum;wing scalespaler, dark spotat apex of vein R4+s about as long as fringe scales...... pallidus Apical part of hindtarsomere1 with some pale scales;pale scaleson abdominal sternaV&VIII and occasionallyV; scalespresent on abdominalterga VI, VII and sometimesV; mesokatepistemumwithout scalepatch; wing scalesdarker, dark spot at apex of vein R, +5 about 2.0 length of fringe scales ...... 34 34(33). Presectordark spot on vein R usuallyextending basally at least to level of humeral dark spot on costa ...... nivipes Presectordark spot on vein R usuallynot extendingbasally to level of humeral dark spot on costa ...... philippinensis 35(29). Foretarsomereswith broad, pale-scaledbands ...... 36 Foretarsomeresentirely dark-scaled,or with very narrow pale bands ...... 38 36(35). Subapicaldark band on palpi short,usually 0.33 or lesslength of apicalpale band; probosciswith subapicalpale-scaled patch near tip ...... vagus Subapicaldark band on palpi usuallymore than 0.33 length of apical pale band; proboscisusually all dark-scaled...... 37 37(36). Subapicalpale band on palpi usually0.5 or more length of subapicaldark band; subapicaldark band commonly0.33-0.45 length of apicalpale band ...... indefnitus Subapicalpale band on palpi 0.33 or lesslength of iubapicaldark band; subapical dark band more than 0.5 length of apical pale band ...... subpictus 3&(35). Apical 0.6 of palpomere5 dark-scaled...... turkhudi Palpomere 5 pale-scaled ...... 39 39(38). Vein R with dark spot oppositehumeral crossvein,wing vein R4+5 mainly dark- scaled...... culicifacies Vein R oppositehumeral crossveinpale-scaled; wing vein R4 +5 mainly pale-scaled...... 40 78 MOSQUITOSYSTEMATICS VOL. 22, No. 2

4Q(39). Center of scutumwith pale scalesextending to scutellum;tarsomeres with distinct apical white bands;foretarsomere 1 with pale band 2.0 width of tarsomere...... jeyporiensis Scutumusually without scales,except on anterior promontory;foretarsomeres dark- scaledor with narrow bandsor patchesof pale (not white) scales.s...... *...... 41 41(40). Palpi usuallywith subapicalpale band much shorterthan apical pale band and subapical dark band 3.0 longer than subapicalpale band ...... fruviatilis Palpi with subapicalpale band subequalto apical pale band and subapicaldark band no more than 2.0 longer than subapicalpale band, usuallysubequal or smaller ...... 42 42(41). Proboscisentirely dark-scaled ...... 43 Distal 0.5 of probosciswith pale or flavescentscales on dorsaland ventral aspects or confinedto ventral patch ...... 45 43(42). Vein lA with 3 smalldark spots...... *.....*...... *...... jilipinae ...... aconitus Vein lA with smallbasal and long apical area of dark scales ...... 44 44(43). Foretarsomeres1-4 with small dorsoapicalpale patches;base of costawith presectorpale spot consistingof at least l-2 scales;vein Cu, with 2 dark spots...... minimus Foretarsomeresentirely dark-scaled;costa without presectorpale spot;vein Cul usuallywith 1 long dark-scaledarea ...... varuna 45(42). Fringe on wing with pale spot oppositevein lA; vein R, with pale spot near middle; vein lA with 3 dark-scaledspots ...... aconitus Fringe of wing without pale spot oppositevein lA; vein R, dark-scalednear middle; vein lA with 1 short and 1 long dark-scaledarea ...... 46 46(45). Foretarsomereswith small dorsoapicalpale patches;proboscis with flavescentscales restrictedto ventral patch;base of costawith presectorpale spot consisting of at least 2 scales;vein Cul with 2 dark-scaledspots ...... minimus Foretarsomeresentirely dark-scaled;proboscis with flavescentscales usually on dorsumas well asventer; baseof costawithout presectorpale spot;vein Cul usuallywith 1 long dark-scaledarea ...... varuna

KEY TO THE ADULT FEMALES OF THE GENUS&W7GERES*

1. Postspiraculararea with setaeand scales;palpi no longer than 0.33 length of proboscis;scutum normal, not compressednor producedover head (sub- genusAmtigeres) ...... 2 Postspiraculararea with dark and pale scalesonly; palpi longer than 0.33 length of proboscis;scutum normal or laterally compressed,but producedover head (subgenusLeicesteria) ...... ~...... 6 2(l). Sterna II-VI entirely pale-scaled ...... kuchingensis Sterna III-VI with dark-scaledapical bands ...... 3 3(2)* Scutumwith pair of submedianlongitudinal golden-scaled lines and curvedgolden supraalarlines; lateral pale-scaledpatches of abdominalterga extending onto dorsum ...... aureolineatus Scutumwithout goldenlines, without goldensupraalar scales; lateral pale-scaled patchesof abdominalterga not extendingonto dorsum ...... 4 4(3). Abdominal sternumII mostly dark-scaled,sterna II, IV dark-scaledwith basolateral pale patches,sternum V sometimeswith apical0.5 pale-scaled;scutum with lateral line of pale scalesinterrupted or absent...... durhami Abdominal sternumII pale-scaled,sterna III-V pale, with narrow to broad apical dark-scaledbands; scutum with distinctlateral line of pale scales...... 5

*Adapted from Thurman (1959) and Macdonald(1960). SEPTEMBER1990 79 w Hindfemur with pale-scaledlongitudinal stripe narrowingtoward apex;abdominal sternaIII-VI with broad dark-scaledapical bands ...... subalbatus Hindfemur with pale-scaledlongitudinal stripe broad to apex;abdominal sterna III- VI with narrow dark-scaledapical bands ...... kesseli Abdominal terga with medianbasal yellow-scaled markings ...... magnus Abdominal terga with other markings...... 7 Hindtarsi entirely dark-scaled...... derttatus Hindtarsi with pale-scaledbands ...... 8 Clypeuswith scales;palpi with pale scalesapically ...... annulitarsis Clypeusbare; palpi entirely dark-scaled ...... dolichocephalus

KEY TO THE SUBGENEBA OF THE GENUS m BASED ON THE ADULT FEMALES9

1. Four or more stronglower mesepimeralsetae present; relatively large species...... Lutzia Lower mesepimeralsetae absent, or if present,with only 1,2 weak setae;small to medium species ...... 2 2(l)* Pleuron with distinctscale patches at least on upper and lower mesokatepisternum and anterior mesepimeron...... cl&X Pleuron without distinctscale patches ...... 3 369. Acrostichalsetae well developed ...... (in part) Eumelanomyia Acrostichalsetae not well developedexcept at anterior promontory and rarely near prescutellarspace ...... 4 4w Lower mesepimeralseta absent;decumbent scales on occiputnarrow...... (in part) Eumelanomyia Lower mesepimeralseta present; decumbent scales on occiputbroad, if only on ocular line ...... 5 w Thoracic pleuron with broad dark integumentalband extendingfrom postpronotum to mesanepimeronor with prominentdark spots ...... Culiciomyia Thoracic pleuron concolorous,without broad dark integumentalband ...... (Lophoceraomyia) infantz&s

KEY TO THE ADULT FEMALES OF THE SUBGENUS CWJ!ZXlO

1. One or 2 lower mesepimeralsetae present; proboscis without distinctpale-scaled band; tarsomereswithout pale bandsat joints ...... 2 Lower mesepimeralsetae absent; proboscis with distinctpale-scaled band; tarso- mereswith basaland apicalpale bands ...... 6 Anterior surfaceof midfemur without median longitudinalpale-scaled stripe ...... 3 Anterior surfaceof midfemur with median longitudinalpale-scaled stripe ...... 5 Abdominal terga without basaltransverse, pale-scaled bands; pleuron with striking pattern of dark and pale integumentalstripes ...... fiscocephala Abdominal terga with basaltransverse pale-scaled bands; pleuron without striking pattern of dark and pale integumentalstripes ...... 4 w Integument of thoracicpleuron with dark stripe acrossmesokatepisternum and mesepimeron;scutal integument reddish brown ...... hutchinsoni Integument of thoracicpleuron without dark stripe;scutal integument yellowish or pale brown...... quinquefasciatus w Postspiraculararea and baseof prealar knob without pale-scaledpatches ...... vagans Postspiraculararea and baseof prealar knob with distinctpale-scaled patches ...... theileti

gAdaptedfrom Bram(1%7). loAdaptedfrom Sirivanakam (1976). 80 MOSQUITOSYSI ’EMA’I’I~~ VOL. 22, No. 2

Wing without pattern of pale-scaledspots or streaks ...... 7 Wing with pattern of pale-scaledspots or streakson at least 2 areasof costaand 1 area on other veins ...... 19 Abdominal terga II-VII largely clothedwith yellowishor goldenscales ...... epidesmus Abdominal terga dark-scaled,with or without pale-scaledbands ...... 8 Abdominal terga II-VI entirely dark-scaled,without pale bandsor apicolateral pale patches ...... (in part) whitei Abdominal terga II-VI with bandsor patchesof pale scales...... 9 Abdominal terga II-VI with apical or apical and basalpale-scaled bands ...... 10 Abdominal terga II-VI with basalpale-scaled bands only ...... 12 Wing with dark scaleson all veins;hindtarsomeres with pale bandsat baseslonger than those at apices...... sinensis Wing with mixed pale and dark scales;hindtarsomeres with apical and basalpale bandsabout samelength ...... 11 ll(10). Abdominal terga II-IV without completeapical bands of pale scales;abdominal terga not speckledwith pale scales...... infila Abdominal terga II-IV with broad apicalbands of pale scales;abdominal terga heavily speckledwith pale scales...... bitaeniorhynchus 12(9). Erect scalesin center of vertex of head whitish;anterior 0.7 of scutumcovered with white scales ...... 13 Erect scalesin center of vertex pale yellow, dingywhite or all dark; anterior 0.7 of scutumcovered with beige, yellow, goldenor dark scales...... 14 13(12). Anterior surfaceof fore- and midfemora without specklingof pale scales;white- scaledpatch on scutumdense, extending to wing root, dark-scaledposterior to that; wing veinsR,, R4+5 and Cu with narrow scales ...... gelidus Anterior surfaceof fore- and midfemora extensivelyspeckled with pale scales;pale- scaledpatch on scutumthinner, grayish-white,extending posterior to wing root in 4 lines;wing veinsR, R4+s and Cu with broad scales...... whitmorei 14(12). Midfemur with longitudinalstripe of bale scaleson anterior surface;postspiracular area with small patch of semi-erectscales on lower anterior aspect ...... 15 Midfemur entirely dark-scaledor specklingof pale scalesnot forming definite stripe; postspiraculararea without scaleson lower anterior aspect...... 16 15(14). Longitudinalpale-scaled stripe on anterior surfaceof midfemur broken into small spotsat middle; costalvein entirely dark-scaled...... barraudi Longitudinalpale-scaled stripe on anterior surfaceof midfemur complete;pale scales presenton baseof costaat least to humeral crossvein...... edwardsi 16(14). Anterior surfaceof fore- and midfemora with specklingof severalpale scalesat least on apicodorsalsurface ...... (in part) whitei Anterior surfaceof fore- and midfemora entirely dark-scaled...... 17 17(16). Erect scaleson vertex mostly dark; anterior surfaceof hindfemur pale-scaledwith narrow black-scaledring apically;scutum covered with dark copperygold scales...... tritaeniorhynchus Erect scaleson vertex pale yellow in center, dark-scaledposterolaterally; hindfemur marked otherwise;scutum with scalespaler ...... 18 18(17). Specklingof pale scalesusually present on femora and proboscis;scutum with scalesbrown and pale mixed in varyingdegrees; hindfemur without dark- scaledapical band, usuallywith dark subapicalband extendingbasally to form stripe ...... vishnui Femora and proboscisnever speckledwith pale scales;scutum with yellow to silveryscales; hindfemur with dark band apically,contrasting with pale- scaledareas ...... pseudovishnui SEPTEMBERWO 81

19(6). Basalmostpale-scaled costal spot involvesC, Sc, R, and sometimesRs and Cu; basalpale bandsof abdominalterga narrow, usuallyless than 0.25 length of segment...... mimulus Basahnostpale-scaled costal spot involvesonly veinsC and SC;basal pale bands of abdominalterga broad, at least0.25 length of segment...... 20 20(19). Scutalscales predominantly brownish; midtibia with longitudinalstripe of pale scales on anterior surface ...... jacksoni Scutalscales predominantly pale; midtibia without longitudinalpale stripe on anterior surface ...... mimeticus

KEY TO THE ADULT FEMALES OF THE SUBGENUS CZUCJOME+M l1

1. Integument of mesopleuronwith prominentdark spot dorsallyon mesepimeron; light brown spot on integumentdorsally on mesokatepisternum...... nigropunctatus Integument of mesopleuronwith brown stripe extendingfrom postpronotumto mesepimeron ...... 2 2(l)* Narrow scaleson vertex brown; cell R, of wing about 2.25 length of vein R,,,; abdominalsterna clothed with white scales...... pallidothorax Narrow scaleson vertex creamy;cell R, about 3.0 length of vein R,,,; abdominal sternacovered with light greenishscales ...... viridiventer

KEY TO THE ADULT FEMALES OF THE SUBGENUS E?JWZLANOMXtM l2

1. Acrostichalsetae and lower mesepimeralseta absent...... brevipalpis Acrostichalsetae and usuallylower mesepimeralseta present ...... 2 2(l). Decumbent scaleson anterior margin of vertex broad, white or gray, thosein central part broad and dark ...... malayi Decumbent scaleson vertex narrow, fine, mostlypale yellow ...... foliatus

KEY TO THE ADULT FEMALES OF THE SUBGENUS LUZZXl”

Abdominal terga V-VIII entirely pale-scaledor with very broad apicalpale-scaled bands;terga II-VI entirely dark-scaled,or with very narrow apical pale bands;median pale band of proboscisbroad, extendingto near apex .,...... fiscanus Abdominal terga entirely dark-scaledor with apical pale bandsnarrow, of about samewidth; median pale band on proboscisrestricted to basal0.6 ...... halifkxii

KEY TO THE ADULT FEMALES OF THE GENUS HEI- l4

Cell R, 2.0-2.5 length of vein R2+3;hindfemur with dark dorsalstripe reachingto base ...... reidi Cell R2 3.0-3.5 length of vein R2+3; hindfemurwith dark dorsalstripe not reaching to base ...... himalayensis

UAdapted from Barraud (1934) and Bram (1967). “Adapted from Sirivanakam(1972). 13Adapted from Bram (1967). 14Adaptedfrom Mattingly (1970). 82 MOSQUXTOSY~~EMATKS VOL. 22, No. 2

KEY TO THE ADULT FEMALES OF THE GENUS AUNSOW1s

1. Scutumwith at least 4 distinctpale-scaled spots; rather broad flat pale scaleson midlobe of scutellum...... annulifera Scutumwithout distinctpale spots,if present,only faint and lightly colored;midlobe of scutellumwith narrow scales ...... 2 2(l)* Scutumwith sublaterallongitudinal lines of greenishscales; basal pale-scaled bands on hindtarsomerescomplete; middle group of spineson abdominaltergum VIII separatedfrom lateral groups...... uniformis Scutumwith at most ill-defined spotsof pale scales;basal pale-scaled bands on hindtarsomeresincomplete; middle group of spineson abdominaltergum VIII continuouswith lateral spines...... indiana

KEY TO THE ADULT FEMALES OF THE GENUS AdZ2UOiU-Y.b4l6

1. Wing with numerousscattered yellow scales;cell R, at least 4.0 length of vein R, +3 (subgenusEtorleptiomyia) ...... luzonensis Wing scalesdark, exceptsometimes pale scalesat baseof vein SC;cell R, at most 2.0 length of vein R2+3 (subgenusMimomyia) ...... 2 2(l)- Hindtarsomereswithout pale-scaledbands, except occasionally at baseof tarsomere 1; dorsocentralsetae on scutumfew but stronglydeveloped ...... hybrida Hindtarsomereswith prominentpale-scaled bands at joints; dorsocentralsetae weak, more numerous...... chamberlaini

KEY TO THE ADULT FEMALES OF THE GENUS UfUNOTXElW¶ l7

1. Alula bare; erect scaleson dorsumof head usuallyabsent, when present,linear in shape,restricted to few on vertex and few on occiput;prealar area separatedfrom mesokatepisternumby suture(subgenus Uranotaenia) ...... 2 Alula with few dorsomarginalscales or erect scaleson dorsumof head expanded apically,numerous, covering most of vertex; prealar area not separated from mesokatepisternumby suture(subgenus Pseudofcalbia) ...... 6 2(l)- Hindtarsomereswith some pale scales...... 3 Hindtarsomeresentirely dark-scaled...... 4 w No pale scaleson wings;hindtarsomeres 4,5 and part of 3 with pale scales...... sp. near testacea Pale scalespresent on wings;hindtarsomere 5 entirely pale-scaled,2-4 with basalpale patchesonly ...... edwardsi 4w No pale or blue broad flat scalesalong lateral margin of scutum ...... annandalei Some pale or blue broad flat scalesalong lateral margin of scutum...... 5 Wb Abdominal terga II-IV, VI with lateral patchesof pale scales;scutum with mixed dark brown and ochraceousscales ...... macjarlanei Abdominal terga II-IV, VI without lateral patchesof pale scales;scutum covered with bronzy dark brown scales...... campestris 6(l)- Abdominal terga II-VII with bandsof yellow to ochraceousscales ...... 7 Abdominal terga entirely dark-scaled...... 8 V)* Integument of pleura uniformly light brown...... luteola Integument of pleura yellowish,marked with conspicuousdark brown patches...... stricklandi

15Adapted from Wharton (1%2). 16Adapted from Mattingly (1957a). 17Adapted from Barraud (1934) and Peyton (1977). SEPTEMBER 1990 83

W)* Approximatelydorsal 0.5 of thoracicpleural integumentdark, remainder straw- colored...... maculipleura Pleural integumentuniformly pale yellow, exceptfor postpronotumand small spot on upper mesokatepisternum...... recondita

KEYS TO THE FOURTH INSTAR LARVAE OF THE MOSQUITOES OF NEPAL

KEY TO THE GENERAI*

1. Respiratorysiphon absent; seta 1 usually pahnateon some abdominalterga ...... Anopheles Respiratorysiphon present; seta 1 on abdominalterga not pahnate...... 2

2(l)- Siphonshort, attenuated,with saw-toothedprocess near apex, adaptedfor piercing plant tissue ...... 3 Siphonnot so modified, with cylindricalshape, but if attenuatedapically, then without saw-toothedprocess ...... 4

X2). Setae 2,3-A about samelength as flagellum;saddle bearing 3 or 4 robustsetae ventrally ...... Mansonia Setae 2,3-A much shorterthan length of flagellum;saddle with at most 2 small, weak setae...... Coquillettidia crassipes

W). Seta 4-X (ventral brush) with singlepair of setae...... 5 Seta 4-X consistingof 3 or more pairs of fan-like setae ...... 7 w Setae 5,6-P normal, not fan-shaped;seta 6- and/or seta7-M usuallystout spine ...... TriptervidesI9 Setae 5,6-P fan-shaped,large; setae6,7-M not spine-like...... 6

V). Abdominal segmentsIV-VI with stellatesetae OR maxillaewith hornsOR siphon index at least 6.0 ...... Topomyia Abdominal segmentsIV-VI without stellatesetae; maxillae without horns;siphon index at most 4.0 ...... Malaya genurosbis

7w Siphonwithout pecten ...... 8 Siphonwith pecten ...... 10

S(7). Lateral palatalbrushes composed of few curvedstout rods; comb scalesabsent .... Toxorhynchitessplendens Lateral palatalbrushes usually composed of numerousthin, simple or pectinate fdaments;comb scalespresent ...... 9

9(S)* Abdominal segmentVIII with dorsalsclerotized plate; siphonindex 3.5 or more; seta 1-A much longer than width of antennaat point of attachment .. Orthopodomyia anopheloides Abdominal segmentVIII without dorsalplate; siphonindex 3.2 or less;seta 1-A no longer than width of antennaat point of attachment...... Armigeres lO(7). Siphonwith basalsubventral pair of setaeand row of hair-like pecten spines distally ...... Culiseta niveitaeniatus Siphonwith setaeattached distally, usually distal to pecten,pecten without hair- like spines...... 11 ll(10). Distal segmentof antennafreely articulated,setae 2,3-A attachedat joint ...... Mimomyia Antenna withoutjoint distally;setae 2,3-A attachedapically or subapically...... 12 12(11). Siphonwith 3 or more pairs of setae ...... CZlZtX Siphonwith singlepair of setae...... 13

l*Adapted from Mattingly (1971);the larvaeof Topomyiaaureoventer and Heizmanniareidi are unknown. lg No speciesof Tripterideshas yet been determined(Chetwyn, unpublished data). 84 MOSQUITOSYWEMATICS VOL. 22, No. 2

13( 12). Comb scalesusually attached to comb plate; head longer than wide; setae5,6-C often spine-like...... Uranotaenia Comb scalesnot borne on comb plate; head wider than long;setae 5,6-C normal, not spine-like ...... 14 14( 13). Seta 4-C well developed,multibranched, almost equal in size to seta7-C ...... Heizmannia himalayensis Seta 4-C small,variously branched, less than 0.5 length of seta 7-C, if 4-C longer, then head is subquadrate(Mucidus) or seta4-C closerto seta6-C than to seta5-C (Stegomyia) ...... Aedes

KEY TO THE FOURTH INSTAR LARVAE OF THE GENUS AEDIW”

1. Pecten with some apical spines,widely spaced...... 2 Pecten with spinesmore or lessevenly spaced...... 7

2(l). Siphonspiculate apically and sometimeswith patchesof aculeaedorsally and ventrally...... caecus Siphonsmooth ......

3(2)* Setae 5,6-C single;comb scales50 or more ...... scatophagoides Setae 5,6-C with 3 or more branches;comb scalesusually no more than 25 ...... 4

4(3). Siphonshort, index 3.0 or less;comb scales6-8 ...... 5 Siphonlong, index at least 5.0; comb scales14 or more ...... 6

S(4)* Setae 5,6-C 3-branched,with 1 branch noticeablylonger and stouter,others shorter,weaker ...... indicus Setae 5,6-C with branchesabout equal in length and thickness,usually with 4 or more branches...... lineatopennis

6(4). Comb scalesevenly fringed with subequalspicules; siphon index 5.0-5.6...... pipersalatus Comb scaleswith prominent apicalspine and smallbasolateral spicules; siphon index 7.0 or greater ...... pallidostriatus

7(l). Comb scaleswith prominent apical spine ...... 8 Comb scalesfringed apicallywith subequalspinules ...... 13

S(7). Seta 1-A with 4-6 branches,well developed;seta 1-X shorter than saddle...... vittatus Seta 1-A single,short, usuallystout; seta 1-X longer than saddle...... 9

9(S)* Seta 4-C long, almostas long as seta6-C ...... 10 Seta 4-C small,much shorter than seta6-C ...... 11 lO(9). Seta 4-X attachedto poorly developedgrid, basal-mostseta short,about 0.5 length of seta 1-X ...... gardnerii imitator Seta 4-X attachedto well developedgrid, basal-mostseta almost as long as seta 1-X ...... w-albus ll(9). Abdominal segmentswith some stellatesetae ...... unilineatus Abdominal segmentswithout stellatesetae ...... 12 12(11). Saddlecompletely encircling abdominal segment X, seta2-X usuallysingle ...... subalbopictus Saddlenot encirclingsegment X; seta 2-X usuallydouble ...... albopictus 13(7). Comb with fewer than 16 scales in singlerow ...... 14 Comb with 22 or more scalesin doublerow or triangularpatch ...... 16 14(13). Seta 6-C with 4-10 branches;comb scaleswith apicalspine more than 10 times length of subapicalspicules ...... albolateralis Seta 6-C with at most 3 branches;comb scaleswith apical spineonly 2-4 times length of subapicalspicules ...... 15

3oPartially adapted from Barraud (1934), Huang (1977),Knight (1968), Reinert (1973) and Tyson (1970). The larva of Ae. punctifmtis is unknown. SEPTEMBER 1990 85

15(14). Seta 6-C single,2.0 or more length of seta5-C; seta 10-W double;median fdamentsof lateral paIataIbrush pectinate ...... annulirostnk Seta 6-C double or triple, lessthan 2.0 length of seta5-C; seta lo-VII single; median filamentsof lateral palatalbrushes simple ...... thomsoni 16( 13). Siphonwith seta 1-S arisingwithin pecten...... 17 Siphonwith seta 1-S arisingdistal to pecten ...... 18 17( 16). Seta 1-A single;comb with 40 or more scales...... pseudotaeniatus Seta 1-A with 2-3 branches;comb with 27 or fewer scales...... chrysolineatus 18(16). Siphonindex 3.0-5.0;comb with 60 or more scales ...... 19 Siphonindex lessthan 3.0; comb with no more than 45 scales...... 20 19(18). Siphonindex about 3.0; seta7-C with 7-8 branches...... dissimilis Siphonindex 4.0 or more; seta7-C with 2-3 branches...... aureostriatus var. greenii 20( 18). Seta 1-C stout,apicahy blunt ...... 21 Seta 1-C fine, long, attenuatedapically ...... 22 21(20). Seta 2-X double...... assamensis Seta 2-X with 4 or more branches ...... khazani 22(20). Setae 4,5,6-C placedfar forward on dorsalapotome, in transverseline, usuallywith 3 or more branches ...... pulchriventer Setae 4,5,6-C placedabout in middle of dorsalapotome, not in transverseline, usuallysingle ...... gubernatoris

KEY TO THE FOURTH INSTAR LARVAE OF THE GENUSANOPWELESZ1

1. Setae 2-C more or lessclose together, distancebetween their alveoli lessthat that between thoseof setae2 and 3; seta 1-A singleor branched(subgenus Anopheles) ...... 2 Setae 2-C well separated,distance between their alveoli much more than that between thoseof setae2 and 3; seta 1-A single(subgenus CeZZia) ...... 17 2(l). Seta 1-A single,arising from dorsolateralsurface of antenna;most of setae5-7-C very short,sometimes single ...... 3 Seta 1-A branched,arising from mesalsurface of antenna;setae 5-7-C alwayslong and branched ...... 4 3(2)* Setae 9,10-M and 9,10-T single...... annandalei Setae 9,10-M and 9,10-T sparselyaciculate ...... interruptus 4(2)* Seta 3-C dentritic ...... 5 Seta 3-C single,double or with few short branches...... 10 5(4). Seta 1-P with 6-8 branches,arising from near base ...... 6 Seta 1-P simple,double or triple in outer 0.5 (HyrcanusGroup) ...... 8 6(5). Seta 3-C with 12-36 thin attenuatedbranches, usually spread out ...... barbumbrosus Seta 3-C with 19-95 thick branches,usually stiff, crowdedtogether ...... 7 7(6). Seta 2-C alwayssimple ...... barbirosms Seta 2-C aciculate ...... ahomi 8(5). Seta 4-M sinuate,with horizontallyspreading branches arising from base,small, 0.33 length of seta 3-M ...... peditaeniatus Seta 4-M with brancheserect, not sinuate,at least 0.5 length of seta 3-M ...... 9 9(8). Setae 5,7-VI with 6-11 branches;setae 8,9-C with 8-13 branches...... sinensis Setae 5,7-VI with 2-5 branches;setae 8,9-C with 12-24 branches...... nigenimus

21Adapted from Puri (l!%O), Harrison and Scanlon(1975) and Harrison (1980). The lawae of An. &avia!icus and An. pseudowillmon ’ are unknown. 86 MOSQUITOSYSIEMATICS VOL. 22, No. 2 lO(4). Seta 2-C with 2-5 branches,bases not so closetogether ...... 11 Seta 2-C simple,bases nearly touching ...... 13 ll(10). Seta 2-C usuahysingle, sometimes double or triple but with many aciculae especiahyin middle 0.3 ...... frasilis Seta 2-C with 2-9 branches,without aciculae...... 12 12(11). Seta 2-C with 2 branchesfrom near base ...... aitkenii Seta 2-C with 2-9 branchesfrom about middle ...... bengalensis 13(10). Setae l-II-VII and seta 3-T a weII developedpahnate ...... 14 Setae l-III-VII weII developedpalmates; seta 3-T not pahnate...... 15 14(13). Seta 1-P with about 10 branches;seta 6-111 plumose, with weII developedbranches ...... ZindesayiZindesayi Seta 1-P with 13-15 branches;seta 6-111 aciculate, without long branches...... lindesayi nilgiricus lS(13). Seta 6-V singIe ...... gigs var. baiZeyi Seta 6-V with 2-5 branches...... 16 16(15). Seta 3-C with 2-6 branches;seta 4-C simple,rarely double ...... grgas gisas Seta 3-C usuaIIysingle; seta 4-C with 2-5 branches...... @gas var. simlensis 17(l). Anterior tergal plateson abdominalterga III-VII very broad, with convexposterior border, extendingto about middle of segment,enclosing accessory tergal plate, at least on V-VII ...... 18 Anterior tergal plateson abdominalterga III-VII of moderate size,with concave posteriorborder, never enclosingaccessory tergal plate ...... 21 18(17). Seta 2-C simple;setae O-II-VII not attachedto anterior tergal plate ...... minimus ...... jluviatilis aa. Leaflets of pahnateswith shoulderof blade almosttruncate, filament arisingfrom center ...... jluviatilis 22 Leaflets of palmateswith shoulderof blade diagonallyslanted apicahy toward filament ...... minimus 22 Seta 2-C with 1 to many lateral aciculae;setae O-II-VII borne on or just at the margin of anterior tergal plate ...... 19 19(18). Seta 4-C singIe...... varuna Seta 4-C forked or branched...... 20 20(19). Seta 3-C with l-9 lateral aciculae,rarely smooth;leaflets of seta3-T with blunt apices ...... aconitus Seta 3-C simple or forked, without lateral aciculae;leaflets of seta3-T with apices fine, attenuated ...... jilipinae 21(17). Setae 2,3-C simple or fmely aciculate ...... 22 Setae 2,3-C with conspicuouslateral branches...... 32 22(21). Seta 1 only pahnateon abdominalterga III-VII; setae9,10-M and 9,10-T simple on both sides...... 23 Seta 1 pahnate on more or fewer abdominalterga than III-VII; setae9,10-M and 9,10-T simple,pectinate or plumose...... 24 23(22). Seta 1-P with 2-4 branches,not attachedto setal supportplate; seta3-T a weakly developedpalmate seta...... tessellatus Seta 1-P with 11-18 branches,attached to setal supportplate; seta 3-T not palmate ...... dirus 24(22). Seta 1 only pahnateon abdominalterga IV-VI, small;setae 9,10-M plumose ...... turkhudi Seta 1 palmate on more than abdominalterga IV-VI; setae9,10-M singleor pectinate ...... 25 25(24). Setae l-I-VII pahnate,those on I,11 often smaller;setae 9,10-M both single,occa- sionallybifid or plumose...... 26 Setae l-II-VII palmate, thoseon II often smaller;seta 9-M single,seta 10-M plumose ...... 31

22Provisional separation. SEFIEMBERWO 87

26(25). Setae 9,10-M and 9,10-T simple;leaflets of pahnatesetae with blunt filaments;seta 2-C faintly aciculate,about 4.0 length of seta3-C ...... kochi Some of setae9,10-M and 9,10-T plumose;leaflets of pahnatesetae with sharply pointed filaments;seta 2-C lessthan 4.0 length of seta3-C ...... 27 27(26). Seta 3-T not palmate;setae 9,10-P simpleor occasionally2,3-branched; setae 9,10-T plumose;seta 1-P not attachedto setal supportplate ...... 28 Seta 3-T palmate;seta 9-P plumose;setae 10-P and 9-T simple;seta 10-T plumose; seta 1-P attachedto setalsupport plate ...... 30 2S(27). Setae 3,4-C about 0.33 length of seta2-C; seta4-C locatedmesally close to seta2-C ...... vagus Setae 34-C more than 0.33 length of seta2-C; seta4-C not closeto seta2-C ...... 29 29(28). Seta 1-P usuallywith 13 or more branches;seta 4-M triple, seldomdouble; seta 1-I usuallywith 9 or more leaflets ...... indefinitus Seta 1-P usuallywith 12 or fewer branches;seta 4-M double,seldom triple; seta 1-I mostlywith fewer than 9 leaflets ...... subpictus 30(27). Setae 2-C about 0.5 length of dorsalapotome; leaflets of palmate setaewith filaments only about 0.25 length of blade...... majidi Setae 2-C not long, lessthan 0.5 length of dorsalapotome; leaflets of palmate setae with filamentsabout 0.5 or more length of blade ...... culicifacies 31(25). Seta 3-C alwaysand seta2-C usuallysimple; seta 4-I with 3-5 branches;seta 3-T never palmate ...... stephensi Setae 2,3-C finely aciculate;seta 4-I with 6-8 branches;seta 3-T palmate or not ...... (in part) maculatus ...... willmori ...... theobaldi 32(21). Seta 3-C with long branches,often about as long as stem...... 33 Seta 3-C with short branches,never more than 0.25 length of stem ...... 37 33(32). Seta 8-C singleor forked near tip ...... 34 Seta 8-C with 2-8 branchesfrom near base...... 35 34(33). Seta 1-I palmate;live larvae usuallyappear dark green, often with 2-3 silveryspots ...... annularis Seta 1-I with hair-like branches,not palmate;live larvae usuallydirty pale yellow, without conspicuousspots ...... jamesii 35(33). Seta 4-C with 2-5 branches;leaflets of pahnatesetae with filamentsabout 0.5 length of blade; setae l-3-P on commonsetal supportplate ...... pallidus Seta 4-C with 4-10 branches;leaflets of palmateswith filamentsabout 0.25 length of blade; setael-3-P not attachedto commonsetal support plate ...... 36 36(35). Leaflet of palmate setaewith filaments0.5 length of blade, lightly but evenly pigmented;sum of branchesof all setae8,9-C minusbranches of both setae3-C usually15 or more ...... nivipes Leaflets of palmate setaeusually with filaments0.33 length of blade, with mottled pattern distally;sum of branchesof all setae8,9-C minusbranches of both setae3-C usuallyless than 15 ...... philippinensis 37(32). Seta 3-C pinnate or plumose;seta 9-T single;seta 3-T well developedpalmate ...... jeyporiensis Seta 3-C with few scatteredbranches; setae 9,10-T plumose;seta 3-T not palmate, if so, poorly developed...... 38 38(37). Seta 2-C exceptionallylong, about 0.5 length of dorsalapotome; seta 11-P stout, somewhattruncate, with lateral spine-likebranches ...... pseudojamesi Seta 2-C much shorter than 0.5 length of dorsalapotome; seta 11-P hair-like, with 2-4 branches ...... 39 39(3S). Seta 8-C with 2-4 branches;seta 3-C often brancheddistally, with 3-7 short lateral branches;leaflets of palmateswith filamentsvery broad at base,with blunt apex, about 0.33 length of blade ...... splendidus Seta 8-C simple;seta 3-C with few fine lateral branches;leaflets of palmateswith fdamentsnot broad at base,may be blunt or sharp-pointedat apex ...... 40 88 MO~QUKO SY~~B~TICS VOL. 22, No. 2

40(39). Setae 6-V-VI with 6-16 long branches;leaflet of pahnateswith filamentsblunt ...... karwari Setae 6-V-VI with 3-5 branches;leaflets of palmateswith filamentssharp pointed ...... (in part) maculatus ...... willmori ...... theobaldi

KEY TO THE FOURTH INSTAR LARVAE OF THE GENUSARMIGERESa3

1. Abdominal segmentX with both dorsaland ventral sclerotizedplates ...... (in part) magnus Abdominal segmentX with dorsalsclerotized plate only ...... 2 2(l)* Comb scalesfan-shaped with subequalspicules apically ...... 3 Comb scaleswith large apical spine,fringed with tiny spiculesor smooth...... 4 3(2). Comb scales5,6 ...... (in part) magnus Comb scales18-25 ...... annulitarsis 4(2). Seta 1-X stout,simple, equal in length to saddle,inserted on saddle ...... kuchingensis Seta 1-X minute, about 8-branched,arising from integumentposterior to saddle ...... 5 5(4)* Seta 5-VIII small,with about 12 branches;setae 1,6-111,IV arising from setal supportplates ...... dolichocephalus Seta 5-VIII stout,single or double;setae 1,6-III-IV not borne on setal supportplates ...... 6 6(5). Most comb scaleswith prominentbare apicalspine and smallbasolateral spicules ...... dentatus Comb scalesfringed in apicalhalf with tiny spicules...... 7 7(6)* Setae 5-,6-C separatedby 2.0 more than distancebetween setae 4,6-C ...... 8 Setae 4-,5,6-C equidistant,forming equilateraltriangle ...... 9 8(7)- Seta l-VII short,not reachingbase of siphon;setae 2-P at least 2.0 length of seta 3-P ...... durhami Seta l-VII long, strong,reaching base of siphon;seta 2-P subequalto seta3-P ...... kesseli 9(7)* Comb scales6-18; seta5-C minute, double or triple ...... subalbatus Comb scales5 or 6; seta 5-C prominent,4- or 5-branched...... aureolineatus

KEY TO THE FOURTH INSTAR LARVAE OF THE SUBGENERA OF THE GENUS cI%LEx’4

1. Pecten extendingto near apex of siphon;lateral palatalbrushes composed of laminatedplates; seta 1-A short,single, inserted in proximal 0.5 of antenna ...... Lutzia 24 ...... (halifaxii, fuscanus) Pecten restrictedto basal0.5 of siphon;lateral palatalbrushes composed of filaments;seta 1-A usuallymulti-branched, inserted in distal0.3 (except in most speciesof Culiciomyia) ...... 2 2(l)* Seta 4-X with 4 pairs of fan-like setaeinserted on grid; seta 1-A attachednear middle of antenna;seta 3-P shorter than l-P, usually0.5 its length,mostly double ...... Culiciomyia Seta 4-X with 5 or more pairs of fan-like setaeinserted on grid; seta 1-A attached to distal0.33 of antenna;setae 1,3-P subequalin size or seta3-P shorter than seta 1-P ...... 3 3(2). Seta 3-P alwayssingle and subequalto seta 1-P ...... Culex Seta 3-P singleor branched,thinner and usuallyless than 0.5 length of seta 1-P ...... 4 4(3)* Seta 5-C shorter than seta 6-C ...... Eumelanomyia Seta 5-C as long as or longer than seta6-C ...... (Lophoceraomyia) infantulus

=Adapted from Thurman (1959) and Macdonald(1960). 3RAdapted from Bram (1%7); larvaeof Cx halifawii and Ck j&anus are similar and cannotbe separated. SEFTEZMBER1990 89

KEY TO THE FOURTH INSTAR LARVAE OF THE SUBGENUS CWJX25

1. Median labral plate of head capsuledistinct from dorsalapotome ...... 2 Median labral plate fusedwith dorsalapotome ...... 17 2(l)* Seta 1-C slender,distally attenuated, fdamentous ...... 3 Seta 1-C dark, stout,spiniiorm or foliform, pointed or blunt apically...... 5

3(2). Setae 5,6-C double;dorsomentum with 6 or 7 denticleson either side of median tooth ...... fuscocephala Setae 5,6-C with 3 or more branches;dorsomentum with lo-12 denticleson either side of median tooth ...... 4

4(3). Setae 2,3-A insertedapically on antennaor nearly so; siphonindex lessthan 5.0 ...... quinquefasciatus Setae 2,3-A inserteddistinctly subapically; siphon index 5.0 or more ...... vagans

S(2)* Individual comb scalesfan-shaped, bordered apicallyby subequalspicules or with median spiculeslightly longer than lateral spicules...... 6 At least some individualcomb scaleswith median spinedistinctly longer and broader than lateral spicules...... 11 Siphonfusiform, with strongsubapical spine dorsally; setae l-M,T long, multi- 6(S) l branched,1-M as long as seta3-M, 1-T about as long as seta 2-T ...... hutchinsoni Siphonusually cylindrical, tapering apically, without subapicalspine; setae l-M,T short,weak, usuallysingle to triple, shorterthan setae3-M and 2-T, respectively...... 7

W). Siphonexpanded medially, index3.0-4.0; siphonal setae in straightline ...... gelidus Siphonmore or lesscylindrical, index 5.0 or greater; at least 1 siphonalseta dorsally out of line ...... 8

W). Seta l-IV,V long, longer than its respectivesegment, as long as seta 6-IV,V, usually singleor double ...... 9 Seta 1-IV,V no longer than its respectivesegment, shorter than seta 6-IV,V, with 3-5 branches ...... 10

9w Setae 4-P and 7-I double or triple ...... (in part) whitei Setae4-P and 7-I single ...... mimulus lO(8). Spiracularapodeme of siphonwithout ventral prolongation;posterolateral spiracular lobe of spiracularapparatus small, dark brown ...... tritaeniorhynchus Spiracularapodeme with ventral prolongation;posterolateral spiracular lobe of spiracularapparatus large, blackish...... barraudi ...... edwardsi 11(S). Comb scales5-12; siphonlightly to stronglycurved dorsoapically ...... 12 Comb scales20 or more; siphonusually straight, gradually tapering distally ...... 13 12(11). Siphonsetae strong, 3-4 timeswidth of siphonat point of attachment,with 2-3 branches;seta l-IV-VI weak, not reachingapical border of its segment...... whitmorei Siphonsetae weaker, 2 times or lesswidth of siphonat point of attachment,4- to 6-branched;seta l-IV-VI long, reachingbeyond apical border of its segment...... pseudovishnui 13(11). Apical 0.5 of siphonwith prominentspines on ventfolateral margin...... jack-soni Siphonwithout suchspines ...... 14 14(l3). Comb scales35 or more, median apical spineusually weak; seta 1-111-Vlong, strong simple,as long as seta6-111-V ...... (in part) whitei Comb scales30 or fewer, with strongmedian apicalspine; seta 1-111-Vweak to moderatelystrong, shorter than seta6-111-V, usually with 2-4 branches...... 15

-Adapted from Sirivanakam(1976); the lawa of c3r epidesmusis unknown. 90 MOSQUITOSYSI ’EMATICS VOL. 22, No. 2

15(14). Seta 7-I double;siphon setae no longer than width of siphonat point of attachment ...... theileti Seta 7-I single;siphon setae longer than width of siphonat point of attachment ...... 16 16(15). Seta 4-P double;integument of thorax aculeate;siphon setae only slightlylonger than width of siphonat point of attachment,apical 4 pairs placedclose together...... vishnui Seta 4-P single;integument of thorax glabrous;siphon setae at least 2.0 width of siphonat point of attachment,apical 4 pairs more widely spaced ...... mimeticus 17(l). Seta 2,3-A located0.5 distancefrom attachmentof seta 1-A to apex of antenna; seta 4-P short,weak ...... sinensis Seta 2,3-A located near to apex of antenna;seta 4-P long, strong...... 18 18(17). Siphonindex 4.7-5.4 ...... cl&X sp. 1 Siphonindex 6.3-9.0 ...... 19 19(18). Seta 4-V with 5-8 branches;seta 4-VI with 3-5 branches;siphon usually with 8 sub- ventral setae ...... bitaeniorhynchus Seta 4-V with lo-12 branches;seta 4-VI with 6 or 7 branches;siphon with 6 sub- ventral setae ...... infila

KEY TO THE FOURTH INSTAR LARVAE OF THE SUBGENUS CZLICIOA4X!X’6

1. Siphonwith falsejoint, an irregular ring distalto middle due to lack of sclerotization ...... nigropunctatus Siphonwithout falsejoint ...... 2 2(l). Siphonswollen in middle; pectenspines 7-10 ...... pallidothorax Siphonnot swollen,tapering gradually from baseto apex;pecten spines14-18 ...... viridiventer

KEY TO THE FOURTH INSTAR LARVAE OF THE SUBGENUS EWUl?&lhrOMX?X”

1. Setae 2,3-A insertedapically; siphon index greater than 7.0, setaesmall, no longer than width of siphonat point of attachment ...... brevipalpis Setae 2,3-A insertedsubapically; siphon index about 6.0, setaelong, longer than width of siphonat point of attachment...... 2 2(l)* Some comb scaleswith apical spine,others fringed apicallywith subequalspicules; seta4-P strong,subequal to seta3-P ...... malayi Comb scalesall fringed with subequalspicules; seta 4-P weak, not as long nor as strongas seta 3-P ...... foliatus

KEY TO THE FOURTH INSTAR LARVAE OF THE GENUS A4YAKOMXa8

1. Basal 0.5 of antennadarkly pigmented,apical 0.5 light in color; precratal setaeon saddlesingle ...... annulifera Antenna with narrow dark band at baseand another at level of seta 1-A; precratal setaeon saddlemostly double ...... 2 2(l)* Saddlelength 2 times width; seta4-P with about 10 branches...... in diana Saddlelength lessthan 2 timeswidth; seta 4-P with about 4 branches...... uniformis

=Adapted from Barraud (1934) and Bram (1%7). 27Adaptedfrom Sirivanakam(1972). =Adapted from Wharton (1962). SEPTJZMBER1990 91

KEY TO THE FOURTH INSTAR LARVAE OF THE GENUS MlMOMKM=

1. Siphonattenuated, without saw-toothedprocess; flagellum of antennalong, about 0.75 length of base ...... hybrida Siphonnormal cylindricalshape; flagellum of antennaabout 0.25 length of base...... 2

2(l). Siphonindex 6.0-7.0;lobes of spiracularapparatus small, without long setae;pecten absent;seta 4-X with 6 pairs of setaltufts ...... luzonensis Siphonindex about 5.0; lobesof spiracularapparatus large, with long setae;pecten present;seta 4-X with 8 pairs of setaltufts ...... chamberlaini

KEY TO THE FOURTH INSTAR LARVAE OF THE GENUS uRANOT2WW430

1. Setae 5,6-C very stout,spike-like, attached posteriorly on head, 5-C approaching middle of head; grid of abdominalsegment X joined to saddle(subgenus Uranotaenia) ...... 2 Setae 5,6-C not stoutnor spike-like,usually attached far forward on head;grid of segmentX not joined to saddle(subgenus Pseudofcalbia) ...... 3

2(l)* Seta 1-A foliform; comb plate on abdominalsegment VIII continuousover dorsum ...... annandalei Seta 1-A hair-like; comb plateson VIII separateddorsally ...... macfarlanei ...... campestris

3(l)* Seta 1-C minute, often inapparent,inserted on rounded apicalprocess of median labral plate; comb scaleswith apicalpoint devoid of spicules...... maculipleura Seta 1-C prominent,blade-like or foliform, on lessprominent apical processof median labral plate; comb scaleswith apex fringed with spicules...... 4 w Seta 1-C blade-like, not wideningapically ...... stricklandi Seta 1-C foliform, wideningapically ...... recondita

GLOSSARY OF TERMS EMPLOYED IN THE KEYS TO THE MOSQUITOES OF NEPAL31

ADULT FEMALE STRUCTURES =

Acicula - minute spine-likeprocess. Basal- refers to the part of a structurenearest the body or Acrostichalsetae - setae located in the mid-longitudinal nearestthe center of the body. line of the scutum. Basaldark spot - area of the costalvein of the wing at its Alula - a lobe on the posteriorbasal portion of the wing base. between the upper calypter and the baseof the anal Base - the part of a structure attached to the body, or vein. nearestthe center of the body. Anal vein - the sixthlongitudinal vein of the wing;see wing Cell R2 - the cell of the wing enclosedby veinsR, and R,. illustration. Clavate - form of a structure which gradually thickens Antealar area- the part of the scutumlaterally just in front toward the distalend. of the wing root. Claw - the hook-like structure at the apicesof the legs. Anterior promontory- a broad medianarea at the extreme They canbe toothed or simple. They are also called anterior end of the scutum. UngUiS. Apex - the terminal end of a structure. Clypeus - sclerite of the facial area, situated below the Apical - refers to the apex or free end of a structure. basesof the antennaeand dorsal to the base of the Apicolateral - toward the apex and on the side of any proboscis. structure. Costa - the longitudinalvein on the anterior edge of the wing.

=Adapted from Mattingly (1957a). 30Adaptedfrom Barraud (1934) and Peyton(1977); larvae of Ur. edwurdsi, Ur. Zuteofaand U. sp. (near testacea)are unknown. 31References: Harbach and Knight (1980) and Nichols(1989). 3aSee Figs. 14. !I2 MOSQUTO SYSIEMATICS VOL. 22, No. 2

Costalvein - see costa. Prealararea - a knob-likestructure just above the mesol&e- Decumbentscales - thosewhich are lying flat againstthe pisternumand just anterior to the wing root. body surface. Preapical- refers to a locationjust before the apex of a Distal - part of a structurefarthest from the baseor body. structure. Dorsal - refers to the uppermostpart of a structure. Preapicaldark spot- area of dark scaleson the costalvein Dorsocentralsetae - the setaelocated on submediallongi- just behindits apex tudinal lines on either side of the acrostichalsetae. Prescutellararea - refers to the medial part of the scutum Dorsum - the upper surfaceof a structure. just anterior to the scutellum. Emarginate - havinga notch or indentation. Presectordark spot- refers to a spotof dark scaleson the Femora - plural of femur; see femur. anterior edge of the wingjust behind the sectorpale Femorotibialjoint - the part of the leg aroundthe unionof spot. the femur and tibia. Prespiraculararea - a smalltriangular area just anterior to Femur - the third divisionof the leg,attached basally to the the mesothoracicspiracular and just posteriorto the trochanterand apicallyto the tibia. postpronotum. Flagellomere- name for the segmentsof the flagellumof Prespiracularseta - seta occurring in the prespiracular the antenna. area. Fossa- a gentle depression;usually referring to the scutal Proboscis- the appendageon the front of the head which fossa,an anterolateral depressionof the scutum. containsthe mouthparts extended into stylets en- Hindtarsomere- refers to the tarsalsegments of the hind- casedin the labial sheath. leg. Pulvilli - plural of pulvillus. Integument- the exoskeletonof an insect,that is the outer Pulvillus- pad-like structuresattached to the terminusof covering, usuallypartially or entirely covered with the legs,one arisingbelow the baseof each claw. scalesor setaeor both in mosquitoes. Scale- a modified seta composedof a slenderstalk and a Integumental- adjectivalform of integument;see integu- flattened distalpart, usuallywidest apically. ment. Sclerite- a sclerotizedplate of the exoskeletonlimited by Lateral - refers to the sidesof a structure. sutures,or divisionsbetween sclerites. Linear - havinga form long andnarrow with parallelsides. Scutalangle - the angularprojection of the scutalmargin Maxillary palpus - appendageof the maxilla located on about in the middle of the scutum. either side of the baseof the proboscis. Scutal fossa- a depressionin the scutumin the antero- Medial - refers to the middle of a structure. lateral third of the sclerite. Median - sameas medial. Scutellum- the strap-like divisionof the dorsum of the Mesepimeral- adjectivalform of mesepimeron;see mese- mesothorax,just posteriorto the scutum. pimeron. Scutum- the largestsclerite of the dorsumof the mesotho- Mesepimeron- scleriteof the mesothoracicpleuron pos- rax, preceededby the antepronotaand followed by terior to the mesokatepisternum,rectangular in shape. the scutellum. Mesokatepisternum- a large, pear-shapedsclerite on the Seta - a projection from the integument,arising from an pleuron of the mesothorax(formerly called sterno- alveolusand usuallybecoming thinner apically. pleuron). Squama- see upper calypter. Mesomeron- a smalltriangular sclerite between the mid- Sterna - plural of sternum. and hiidcoxae. Sternum - the ventral scleriteof a body segment. Occiput- the posteriorpart of the dorsumof the headjust Subcosta- the subcostalor secondvein of the wing. posterior to the vertex but not distinctlyseparated Subcostalpale spot - spot of pale scalesat the junction of from it. costaland subcostalveins. Palpi - plural of palpus. Supraalararea - area of the scutumjust dorsalto the base Palpomere- name for the segmentsof the palpus. of the wing. Palpus - refers to the maxillary palpus; see maxillary Tarsi - plural of tarsus. PalPus* Tarsomere - name for any segmentof the tarsus. Pleuron - the lateral aspectof a thoracic segment,com- Tarsus- collectivename for the 5 tarsal segmentsof the posedof severalsclerites. leg. Postpronotum- a scleriteof the prothorax,just ventral to Terga - plural of tergum. the scutumand anterior to the mesothoracicspiracle. Tergum - refers to the dorsalsclerite of a body segment. Postspiraculararea - part of the anterior mesanepister- Tibia - segmentof the leg betweenthe femur and tarsus. num just posteriorto the mesothoracicspiracle. Tibiotarsaljoint - the junction of the tibia and tarsus. Postspiracularseta - seta occurringon the postspiracular Toothed - refersto a projectionfrom a structure,especially area. the tarsal claw. SEPTJZMBER1990 93

Transverse- term meaning extendingacross a structure Vein R2+3 - basalpart of the secondlongitudinal vein. from side to side, from the middle to the lateral Vertex - the anterior part of the dorsum of the head, borders. borderingthe occiputbehind, with no visibledivision Upper caIypter- lobe of the baseof the wing,basal to the betweenthem. alula. Wing root - the baseof the wingwhere it is attachedto the Vein - the longitudinalthickenings of the wing. thorax. Vein Cu - the frfh longitudinalor cubitalvein.

FOURTH INSTAR LARVA STRUCTURES 33

Abdomen - the third major body region, consistingof 10 Head - the first main body division,composed of 6 united segments. segments. Accessorytergal plate - in anophelinelarvae, small median Head capsule- the sclerotizedexoskeleton forming the or submediansclerites located posterior to the tergal integumentof the head. plate on some abdominalsegments. Lateral palatal brush - the pair of brushescomposed of Acicula - a small, slenderthorn-like spicule. numerous filaments, borne anterolaterally on the Alveoli - plural of alveolus. head (formerly called mouth brushes). Alveolus - a socketsurrounded by a ring, bearinga seta. Leaflet of pahuate seta - the flattened branchesof the Anal segment- the tenth segmentof the abdomen. palmate seta, composedof the blade and the fila- Antenna- the appendageof the headattached anterolater- ment. ally, lateral to the lateral palatal brushes,in some Maxilla - appendageof the mouthparts,usually bearing a genera consistingof 2 segments. lobe-like palpus,or sometimesa prominent “horn.” Articulating - refers to segmentsunited by moveable Median labral plate - dorsalsclerite of the labrum,usually joints. separatedfrom the dorsalapotome by the clypeola- Attenuated - becomingvery slendertoward apex. bral suture. Blade - the flat surfaceof a leaflet of a pahuateseta. Mesothorax- the secondsegment of the thorax. Comb plate - a sclerotizedplate located on the lateral Metathorax - the third segmentof the thorax. aspectof abdominalsegment VIII, to which comb Mouth brush- see lateral palatalbrush. scalesare attached. Pahnate- a setawith flattenedbranches, radiating from a Comb scale- specializedspicule on the lateral aspectof commonstem. abdominalsegment VIII forming a comb,of varying Pecten- a row of shortspines on the ventroalateralaspect forms. of the siphon. Concave- the border is curvedinward. Pectinate - havingbranches only on one side of a setal Convex- the border is curvedoutward like a sphere. stem, like the teeth of a comb. Dendritic - branchingresembling the branchingof a tree, Plumose- havingbranches on both sidesof a setal stem, havinga main stem and many irregular or dichoto- but not so many as in a pinnate seta. mousbranches. Precratal seta - seta of the ventral brush (seta 4-X) at- Denticle - a tooth-like projection. tached anterior to the grid, not actuallyattached to Dorsal apotome- the large scleriteon the dorsalaspect of the grid. the larval head (formerly called frontoclypeus). Prothorax - the fast segmentof the thorax. Dorsoexternal - externallyon the dorsalside of a structure. Saddle - a prominent sclerite in abdominal segmentX, Filamentof leaflet - the apicalprojection from the bladeof sometimescompletely encircling the segment. a leaflet of a palmate seta. Sclerotized- hardeningof the integumentto form rigid Filamentous- thread-like. structures. Flagellum - the second or apical portion of the larval Setalsupport plate - a smallsclerotized plate to whichone antenna,found in certain genera. or more setaeare attached. Foliform - leaf-like. Siphon- the appendageattached to abdominal segment Fusiform- swollenin the middle andtapering toward base VIII in culicinemosquitoes, used for respirationand and apex. bearingthe spiracularapparatus apically. Grid - the network of sclerotizedbars whichmake up the Siphonindex - the lengthdivided by the width at the base. supportfor the attachmentof the fan-like setaeof the Siphonalseta - seta attachedto the siphon. ventral brush. Spiculate- bearing spicules Spicule- a projectionon the integumentcontinuous with

3~ See Figs. 5-8. the cuticle. 94 MOSOUITOSY~MATICS VOL. 22, No. 2

Spine - a large, stout immovablespicule. Tergal plate - in anophelinelarvae a smallplate locatedin Spinule- a minute spine-likespicule. the dorsalmidline of abdominalsegments. Spiracularapparatus - a structure consistingof 5 valves Truncate - structurewhich is square at apex, not sharp which surround the spiracular openings;sessile in pointed. anophelinesand locatedat the apex of the siphonin Ventral brush - group of setal tufts located ventrally on culicines. abdominal segment X, composed of cratal setae Stellate - seta with numerousbranches radiating from a attachedto the grid and sometimesprecratal setae singlebase. not on the grid but attachedanterior to it (seta4-X).

ABBREVIATIONS OF ADULT FEMALE MORPHOLOGY

FIGURE 2

A - antenna Occ - occiput c-coxa P - proboscis CE - compoundeye Pe - pedicel Cl - claw Plp - palpomere Clp - dorsalapotome SC- scape Fe - femur Ta - tarsus Fl - flagellum TalJ - tarsomeres Fr - frons Ti - tibia Flm - flagellomere Tr - trochanter La - labellum V - vertex MPlp - maxillary palpus

FIGURE 3

IllustrationsA and B PrA - prescutellararea AcS - acrostichalsetae Ps - proepisternum Ap - antepronotum scu - scutum C-I - forecoxa SF - scutalfossa DS - dorsocentralsetae Stm - scutellum Mpn - mesopostnotum w-wing Ppn - postpronotum

Illustration C (Wing) A-analvein M4 - medial4cell A - anal cell m-cu - mediocubitalcrossvein C - costalvein R - radial vein C - Costa1cell R - radial cell Cu - cubitalvein R, - anteriormostbranch of radial vein CUl - anterior branch of R, - radial sectorvein Gil1 - cubital cell R, - anterior branch of radial sectorvein Cuz - posteriorbranch of cubitalvein R, - radial, cell cl41 - cubit al 1 cell R2+3 - connectorvein of radial sectorvein FS - fringe scales R, - medianbranch of radial sectorvein h - humeral crossvein R, - radial, cell M - medial vein R4+5 - posteriorbranch of radial sectorvein M - medial cell R, - radial5cell M 1+ 2 - anterior branch of medial vein r-m - radiomedialcrossvein M, - medial, cell SC- subcostalvein M3+4 - posteriorbranch of medial vein SC- subcostalcell SEPIEMBERWO 95

Illustration D (wmg spots) A - apicalpale spot Pd - preapicaldark spot Ad - apical dark spot Ph - prehumeralpale spot as - accessorysector pale spot Phd - prehumeraldark spot Bd - basaldark spot pi - pale interruption bs - border scales Ps - presectorpale spot f - fringe scales Psd - presectordark spot fs - fringe spot S - sectorpale spot H - humeral pale spot SC- subcostalpale spot Hd - humeral dark spot Sd - sectordark spot P - preapicalpale spot

FIGURE4

Ab-I - abdominalsegment I MtS - metathoracicspiracle Ap - antepronotum PA - postspiraculararea C-I - forecoxa PaS - prealar setae C-II - midcoxa PMe - pleural membrane C-III- hindcoxa Ppn - postpronotum Ce - cercus PpS - postpronotalsetae DS - dorsocentralsetae Ps - proepisternum Hl - halter PS - postspiracularsetae Mm - mesepimeron PsA - prespiraculararea Mem - metameron PsS- prespiracularsetae Mks - mesokatepisternum S - sternumof abdomen Mpn - mesopostnotum SaS- supraalarsetae MS - mesothoracicspiracle scu - scutum Msm - mesomeron SF - scutalfossa Mtm - metepimeron Stm - scutellum Mtn - metanotum Te - tergum of abdomen Mtpn - metapostnotum w-wing Mts - metepistemum

ABBREVIATIONS OF FOURTH INSTAR LARVAL MORPHOLOGY

FIGURES 5,6 AND 7

A - antenna Pt - pecten APP - anal papilla S - siphon ASL - anterior spiracularlobe Sa - saddle C - head SA - siphonacus CS - comb scales SaA - saddleacus G-grid SAd - spiracularapodeme IST - inner spiraculartooth SAp - spiracularapparatus LSL - anterolateralspiracular lobe SAW - saw M - mesothorax Sop - spiracularopening Mx-maxilla T - metathorax OST - outer spiraculartooth VII - abdominalsegment VII P - prothorax VIII - abdominalsegment VIII PP - pecten plate X - abdominalsegment X PSL - posterolateralspiracular lobe 2-S - seta 2 of siphon PSP - posteriorspiracular plate 96 MOSQUITO SYSIXMATICS VOL. 22. No. 2

proboscis .- - - ______

flagellomere n ----__ - _____ Y / HEAD k $\ maxillary palpus _ ----

compound eye -

occiput

antep.ronotum

THORAX scutum -

scutellum -

mesopostnotum

.. _____..-..-._ , , halter - #/ ’ - - --femur

ABDOMEN LEG

- - - tibia

\VII I cercus .. .- - - __ ---mm___w

Fig. 1. Diagram of adult female mosquito. SEPTJZMBER1990 97

CE A

,;L E

Fig. 2. Head and leg of adult female mosquito.A. Lateral view of anophelinehead. B. Lateral view of culicinehead. C. Dorsal view of culicinehead. D. Lateral view of leg. 98 MOSQUITOSYSIEMATKS VOL. 22, No. 2

Min C

l . -. --__

--_ - _ __------______--__--- C - --- ______-- is

f 6

Fig. 3. Thorax and wing of adult female mosquito. A. Anterior view of thorax. B. Dorsal view of thorax. C. Dorsal view of wing; longitudinalveins designated in Roman letters,cells in italics. D. Wing scalespots on anophelinewing. SEPTEMBERWO 99

\ Mtn

-Ab-I

Head -

I;Te II ;Te Ill ; Te IV- Te

VI-Te

\j VII-T,,

PMe

Fig. 4. Thorax and abdomenof adult female mosquito. A. Lateral view of thorax. B. Lateral view of abdomen. 100 MOSQUTO SY~MATICS VOL. 22. No. 2

0.5mm

Fig. 5. Fourth stageanopheliie larva; dorsalleft, ventral right. SEFTEMBER~~~O 101

13” * , 10 - 1 714 _ I

w 1.0 b1

Fig. 6. Fourth stageculicine larva; dorsalleft, ventral right. 102 MOSQUITOSY~~EMATICS VOL. 22, No. 2

AS1 ,,---

PS-

Yps 1

Fig. 7. Morphology of terminal abdominalsegments of mosquitolarvae. A. segmentsVII-X of Culiseta. B. Siphon and spiracularapparatus of Mansonia. C. Spiracularapparatus ofAnopheZes, dorsal view. D. Spiracularapparatus of Anopheles,lateral view. E. Dorsal view of spiracularapparatus of Cukx. SEFTEMBERWO 103

A -\ f \ --alveolus

Fig. 8. Examplesof kindsof setae found in mosquitolarvae. A. Unbranchedsmooth setae. B. Spiniform seta. C. Unbranchedaciculate seta. D. Spinulatespiniiorm seta. E. Forked seta. F. Branchedseta. G. Plumoseseta. H. Dendritic seta. I. Palmateseta, fully developed.J. Pahnateseta, 0.5 developed.K. Comb-tippedfilament. L. Fanlike seta of ventral brush. 104 Mos~urro S~sre~~ncs VOL. 22, No. 2

DISTRIBUTION AND BIOLOGY OF THE MOSQUITOES OF NEPAL

INTRODUCTION Pradhan,SRS - S.R. Shrestha,TS - T. Shrestha,WP - W. Peters.Specimens referred to in the Nepal distributionare This sectiondeals with the distributionand biology of to be found in one of 5 collections: SmithsonianInstitu- the mosquito speciesknown to occur in Nepal. Every tion, Washington;British Museum (Natural History), effort hasbeen made to accumulateall known recordson London; Nepal Malaria Eradication Organizationor the the geographicaldistribution of eachspecies within Nepal private collection of S.P. Pradhan,Kathmandu; and the and to include a general extent of its distributionoutside InternationalCenter for PublicHealth Research,Univer- that country. The distributionaldata sourceshave been sity of South Carolina, McClellanville. the personal collections of the authors, especiallythe More detailsfor thosespecies cited from the literature junior author, collectionsby staff membersof the Nepal may be obtained by consultingthe reference. For 19 Malaria EradicationOrganization (NMEO), recordsfrom species,taxonomic notes are given which discusstheir the literature, reportsof specimenscollected by the staff of taxonomicstatus. In mostcases it wasnecessary to explain the Department of Military Entomology, Royal Army changeswhich have been madein the names,the validityof Medical College, London and specimensin the British varioustaxa or supraspecificcategory assignments. Museum (Natural History) (BMNH) and the Museum The detailsgiven under biologybriefly review the larval Support Center, National Museum of Natural History, breeding habitat and adult habits and behavior where SmithsonianInstitution, Washington, DC. known. Our biological notes include many interesting The datalisted under eachspecies are asfollows: Zone facts on the behavior of the different mosquito species in capitalletters, Development District, and localitywhere sincethe fauna is sodiverse. However, they are primarily known,date of collectionwith the month givenin Roman from other countrieswithin the speciesrange’ where it has numerals (in some casesonly the month and year are been studied. known), andspecimens collected, i.e., 9 - adult female, CY To aid in findingthe geographicalcitations in Nepal, see - adult male,Ad - adult, P - pupa,L - larva,RA - associated the map,Figure 9. A term often mentionedin the diitribu- rearing. The fmal initials are thoseof the collectors.The tionaldata for Nepal is “terai.” It refers to the lowlandbelt ones listed in the distribution data are: BBP - B.B. borderingIndia on the south. The “inner terai” is defined Pradhan,DBS - D.B. Shrestha,GLS - G.L. Shrestha,GPJ as valleysat low elevationjust north of the first range of - G.P. Joshi,KPU - K.P. Upadhya, RFD - R.F. Darsie, mountains,the Churia Range. RGV - R.G. Vaidya, SBS - S.B. Shrestha,SPP - S.P.

GENUSAEDES

AEDES(XEDlMOlUWtX) G4ECU.S (THEOBALD) Distribution in Nepal. GANDAKI, Kaski, Pokhara,VI-56,6L, SPP. First record for Nepal. Joshiet al. (1965). Other reports from Nepal - Shrestha(1966), Reinert (1973). Distribution outsideNepal. Widely distributedin the Oriental Region from India eastto the Philippinesand south to Indonesia. Biology. Larvae havebeen found in temporary poolsof fresh turbid water amongbamboo or in forestedareas, also in hoof prints and artificial containersin partial shadeor full sun. Adults feed on domesticanimals and man (Reinert 1973).

AEDES (.IMORPmS) PALLIDoS7RUTuS (THEOBALD) Distribution in Nepal. JANAKPUR, Mahottari, Pipara,VII-7-84,2?, SPP;MAHAKALI, Kanchanpur,Haldu Khal, VII-3-86,149, ti; Musepani,VIII-13-87,16?,7& SPP; KOSI, Morang, Lohandra, VII-1287,179, SPP. First record for Nepal. Pradhanand Darsie (1989). Distribution outside Nepal. From Pakistaneast to China and southto Malaysia. Biology. Larvae have been found in groundpools, rice paddies,ditches and borrow pits. Adults feed on cattle and man. Femaleshave been found naturallyinfected with larvae of Bmgia malayi (Reinert 1973).

AEDES (AEDIMORPHUS) PIPE-TUS (GILES) Distribution in Nepal. MAHAKALI, Kanchanpur,Badaipur, VIII-1487,3?; Musepani,VIII-25-87,89, g, SPP. First record for Nepal. Pradhan and Darsie (1989). Distribution outsideNepal. From Pakistaneast to Kampuchea. Biology. Larvae havebeen collectedfrom groundpools, ditches and forest pools.Adults havebeen capturedfeeding SEYIEMBER1990 105

c”

Z-

Fig. 9. Map of Nepal showingZones and Districts. 106 MOSQUITOSY~MATICS VOL. 22, No. 2

on carabaoat night,in animal-baitedtraps or attractedto man diurnallyoutdoors. Larvae of Bmgia mahyi have been recoveredfrom females (Reinert 1973).

AEDES (AWlMORPS)’ PUN -0ZUS (LUDLOW) Distribution in Nepal. SETI, Kailali, Kailali, Geeta Gate, IX-lo-83,2?, SPP; MAHAKALI, Kanchanpur,Haldu Khal, VIII-387,229; Musepani,VIII-X3-87,79, SPP. First record for Nepal. Pradhanand Darsie (1989). Distribution outside Nepal. India, Bangladeshand the Philippines. Biology. Immaturesunknown. Adults havebeen taken feedingon cattle at night,were attractedto humansand seen restingon vegetationnear human dwellings.Adults are abundantduring June and July (Reinert 1973).

AEDES (AEDIMORPS)’ mATUS (BIGOT) Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Dharan, VIII-61,1?, 18, SPP; NARAYANI, Makwanpur, Pokhara, I-V-55, 39, S (Peters and Dewar 1956); MAHAKAL I, Kanchanpur,Musepani, IX-lo-88,19, SPP. First record for Nepal. Peters and Dewar (1956). Other reports from Nepal - Joshiet al. (1%5), Shrestha(1966). Distribution outsideNepal. Widely distributedin Oriental, Middle Eastern,Mediterranean andEthiopian Regions. Biology. Immature stageshave been found mainlyin rock poolsand holes, especially where soil anddead leaves were present. Adult femalesfeed freely on man. Taxonomicnote. The specieswas transferred from subgenusStegomyia to SubgenusAedimorphusby Huang (1977).

AEDES (CHRIlSTOP~RSIOhiYlA) ANNUUROSTR&S (THEOBALD) Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Dharan, VI-61,1?, SPP;NARAYANI, Makwanpur,Hetaura, I-V-55, Ad, L, P (Peters and Dewar 1956). First record for Nepal. Peters and Dewar (1956). Other reports from Nepal - Joshiet al. (1%5), Shrestha(1966). Distribution outsideNepal. India, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Biology. Immatures have been taken from smalltree holes and stumpholes in secondarydeciduous forest. Adult biology unknown(Abercrombie 1977).

AEDES (CHlUSTOPHERSIOAW54) THOMSONI (THEOBALD) Distribution in Nepal. SETI, Kailali, Kailali, Geeta Gate, IX-10-83, 19, SPP. First record for Nepal. Pradhan and Darsie (1989). Distribution outside Nepal. Pakistan,India and Thailand. Biology. Larvae havebeen collectedfrom tree holesduring the monsoonseason. Adult femalesfed on pigsand were also attractedto humansin the daytime (Abercrombie 1977).

AEDES (FmYA) AL.BOLATERALJS (THEOBALD) Distribution in Nepal. BAGMATI, Kathmandu,Guheswari, VII-60,19; Lalitpur, Godavari, VII-63,5L, VI-23-82, 19, SPP;NAIUYANI, Bara, forest,VII-U-84,49, SPP;Makwanpur, Hetaura, I-V-55,9 (Peters andDewar 1956). First record for Nepal. Peters and Dewar (1956). Other reports from Nepal - Joshiet al. (1%5), Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. India and Sri Lanka east to China and southto Indonesia. Biology. Larvae inhabit tree holes and bamboo stumps.Adult biologyunknown (Barraud 1934).

AEDES (FRVLAYA) ASSAMENSIS (THEOBALD) Distribution in Nepal. NARAYANI, Makwanpur,Nayagaon, I-V-55,19 (Peters and Dewar 1956). First record for Nepal. Peters and Dewar (1956). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Joshiet al. (1%5), Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. India east to China and southto Java. Biology. Larvae have been found in tree holes (Barraud 1934).

AEDES (FI1vLAYA) AUUEOSTRLQTUS VAR. GREENII (THEOBALD) Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Dharan, III-61,3L, SSP. First record for Nepal. Joshiet al. (1965). Other reports from Nepal - Shrestha(1966). Distribution outsideNepal. India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Indonesia. Biology. Larvae were taken from tree holes and bamboo nodes. Adults were common in forested areas(Barraud 1934).

AEDES (FINLAYA) CHRYSO~TUS (THEOBALD) Distribution in Nepal. BAGMATI, Lalitpur, Godavari, VII-63,6L, SSP. First record for Nepal. Joshiet al. (1965). Other reports from Nepal - Shrestha(1966). Distribution outsideNepal. India and Sri Lanka eastto Vietnam and southto Indonesia. SE~MBER 1990 107

Biology. Larvae have been reported from tree holes,rock holesin mountainstreams, bamboo stumps,roof gutters and leaf ax&. Nepal specimenswere collectedfrom a cistern.Adult femalesattack man in forestedareas (Knight 1968).

AEDES (FmYA) DISSllKlzTS (LEICESTER) Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Morang, Baukajhora,IX-61,19,1d; Sunsari,Dharan, VIII-61,39, SSP. First record for Nepal. Joshiet al. (1965). Other reports from Nepal - Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. India, China and Malaysia. Biology. Larvae have been taken from tree holes. Adult femalesfeed in forested areas (Barraud 1934).

AEDES (FINLAYA) GUBERhMTORIS (GILES) Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari, Dharan, VIII-61,2?, SPP; BAGMATI, Kathmandu,Wholchowk, VIII-63,19, SSP. First record for Nepal. Joshiet al. (1965). Other reports from Nepal - Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. India and Sri Lanka. Biology. Larvae have been found in tree holes and rock pools(Barraud 1934).

AEDES (FINLAYA) KHAZANI EDWARDS Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Dharan, IX-X-84,19 (Burgess,unpublished data). First record for Nepal. Burgess (unpublished data). Distribution outside Nepal. India east to Indochina. Biology. Larvae have been found in tree holes (Barraud 1934).

AEDES (FmYA) PSEVDOT~h’UTuS (GILES) Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari, Dharan, VIII-61,29, SPP; BAGMATI, Kathmandu, Sunderijal, X-58,2L, SPP; Lalitpur, Godavari, VII-63,12?,5cf, lOL, SPP. First record for Nepal. Joshiet al. (1%5). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. India, Sri Lanka and Burma. Biology. Larvae have been found in tree holes,rock pools,cisterns and artificial containers(Barraud 1934).

AEDES (FmYA) PULCmmR (GILES) Distribution in Nepal. KARNALI, Jumla,Neure, VI-6-88,7L, SPP,TS andKPU; JANAKPUR, Sindhuh,Ranibas, XI-3-88,19, SPP. NEW COUNTRY RECORD Distribution outside Nepal. India and Tibet. Biology. Larvae havebeen taken from a groundpool near NayougardRiver at 3,000m. It is a commonmosquito in the higherHimalayan Mountains. It hasbeen collectedin rock holes,mud pools,barrels, tree stumpholes in sunny and shadedhabitats. Femaleshave been capturedfrom humanbait at dusk(Bhat 1975).

AEDES (3fUCZDU.S) SGQTOPHAWIDES (THEOBALD) Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Morang, Baukajhora,VII-61,3?; Fimraha,VII-61,3?, SPP;Sunsari, Tarahara, XI-26- 87,1?, SPP,RFD; MAHAKALI, Musepani,VIII-13-87,1?; IX-lo-88,2?; SETI, Kailah,Kailali, 1X-10-83,1?, SPP. First record for Nepal. Joshi et al. (1965). Other reports from Nepal - Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. Pakistaneast to China and Vietnam. Biology. Larvae of the subgenusMucidus are predatory, feeding mainly on other mosquitolarvae. They inhabit temporary groundpools, rice paddiesand ditches.Adult femaleshave been observedattacking man (Tyson 1970).

AEDES (NEOMELANICONION) LJNEATOPEMS (LUbLOW) Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Morang, Baukajhora,VIII-61,19,3d; Sunsari,Tarahara, VII-6-81,29; XI-12-84,1?; XI-26-87,2?, SPP, RFD; NARAYANI, Bara, Nizgarh,VI-63,1?, SPP;JANAKPUR, Dhanukha,Sohani, VII-13- 88,19, SPP; MAHAKAL I, Kanchanpur,Musepani, VIII-13-87,ld; IX-lo-88,29, SPP. First record for Nepal. Joshiet al. (1%5). Other reports from Nepal - Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. Widely distributedin the Oriental Region and Queensland,Australia. Biology. Immatures’ habitatsare variousfresh water groundpools. Adult femalesare capableof massmigrations and are a considerablepest to man (Mattingly l%l). Taxonomic note. This species was previously listed as being commonly found in subsaharan Africa (e.g., Lmthicum et al. 1985) but Huang (1985) described a new species, mcintoshi, which replacesthe lineatopennis”‘ of Africa. 108 MOSQUITOSYSTEMATICS VOL. 22, No. 2

AEDES (SZEGOm) ALBOPICTUS (SKUSE) Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Dharan, VIII-61,5?; X-61,5L, SPP;Morang, Biratnagar,XI-25-87,1?, RFD; BAGMATI, Kathmandu,Wholchowk, VIII-63, 39, s; Swayambhunath,IX-63, 29, SPP; MAHAKALI, Kan- chanpur,Musepani, VIII-25-87, 19; Khutepani, 111-10-89,lL, SPP; JANAKPUR, SindhuIi,Ranibas, IV-21-88, 15L, SPP; NARAYANI, Makwanpur, Hetaura, I-V-55, Ad (Peters and Dewar 1956). First record for Nepal. Peters and Dewar (1956). Other reports from Nepal - Joshiet aI. (1%5), Shrestha(1966), Huang (1979). Distribution outside Nepal. Widely distributedin Oriental and AustralasianRegions. Biology. Larvae occur in tree holes in forested areas,also ram barrels and artificial containers. Adult females are aggressivelyanthropophagic and are importantvectors of dengueviruses (Gould et al. 1968,Huang 1972).

AEDES (STEGOMIZA) GARDNERIIlMITATOR (LEICESTER) Distribution in Nepal. NARAYANI, Makwanpur,Hetaura, I-V-55, Ad (Peters and Dewar 1956). First record for Nepal. Peters and Dewar (1956) [asAe. w-albus]. Other reports from Nepal - Mattingly (1%5), Huang (1979). Distribution outsideNepal. India eastto Hong Kong and southto Malaysia. Biology. Larvae occurin log and tree holesand cut bamboonodes. Adults were taken in secondaryforest. They will feed on man in their natural habitat (Mattingly 1965).

AEDES (STEGOibMX) SURALBOPIC7US BARRAUD Distribution in Nepal. NARAYANI, Makwanpur, Hetaura, ld (BMNH, Townsendin litt. 1989). NEW COUNTRY RECORD Distribution outsideNepal. India. Biology. Larvae have been found in tree holesand bamboo stumps(Huang 1979).

AEDES (S~GO~) tIlMUNMTU,S (THEOBALD) Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Dharan, VIII-61,19, SPP; BAGMATI, Kathmandu,Balaju, X-58,4L, SPP. First record for Nepal. Joshiet al. (1965). Other reports from Nepal - Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. India, Pakistanand East and West Africa. Biology. Larvae have been taken from tree holes (Barraud 1934).

AEDES (SmWlUlZ4) W-A.L.BUS (THEOBALD) Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Dharan, VIII-61,29, SPP; NARAYANI, Bara, forestedarea, VII-14-84,2?; Makwanpur, Hetaura, VIII-29-87,2?; MAHAKALI, Kanchanpur,Musepani, 1X-10-88,5?, SPP. First record for Nepal. Joshiet al. (1965). Other reports from Nepal - Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. Pakistaneast to Vietnam. Biology. This speciesis primarily a forestmosquito, breeding in smalItree holes(Huang 1977). Adults in Nepal were cohectedfrom humanbait in forested areas.

AEDES (KERZbiLUU ) INDICUS (THEOBALD) Distribution in Nepal. SETI, Kailaii, Geeta Gate, IX-30-87,1?, SPP. First record in Nepal. Pradhan and Darsie (1989). Distribution outside Nepal. Pakistan,India, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Biology. Numerouslarvae have been taken from fresh,colored or turbidwater in smallor largeshallow ground pools with abundantgrass in shadedareas. Although adult femalesprefer to feed on cattle, they are daytimebiters of humans. However, the Nepal specimenwas taken at night attractedto humanbait. Taxonomic note. This specieswas originally placed in Neomackaya, a new subgenuscreated by Theobald for indicus, then into subgenusAedes, back to Neomaclegya and finally in its present assignment(Reinert 1974). This speciesis the only representativeof the subgenusin Nepal.

GENUSANOPHZXES

ANOPIIELE (XNOP~S) AHOMI CHOWDHURY Distribution in Nepal. Unknown. First record for Nepal. Reid (1962). Other reports from Nepal - Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. India. Biology. Unknown, but presumablysimilar to An. barbiros& its closerelative. SEFTEMBER~~~O 109

Taxonomicnote. Reid (1%2) reported seeingspecimens from Nepal which he believed could be ahomi so we are provisionallylisting it in the Nepal fauna. Further confirmationis indicated.

ANoPmLm (ANOPHELES) AITCUENIIJAMES Distribution in Nepal. Reported from BAGMATI, Kathmandu;JANAKPUR, Ramechhap;NARAYANI, Bara by Brydon et al (l%l), no locality given. First record for Nepal. Brydon et al. (l%l). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Shrestha(1966), RamachandraRao(1981). Distribution outside Nepal. India and Sri Lanka east to China and the Philippinesand southto New Guinea. Biology. Generally foundat higher elevations.Larvae inhabitshaded, small pools and seepages,also taken from hill streams,irrigation canals,rock pools and swamps.Adults usuallydo not feed on humans(Ramachandra Rao 1981).

ANOPHELES (.ANOP~LES)ANNAND~I PRASHAD Distribution in Nepal. Reported from GANDAKI, Gurkha; NARAYANI, Makwanpurby Brydon et al. (1961), no locality given. First recordfor Nepal. Brydonet al. (1961). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Shrestha(1966), RamachandroRao (1981). Distribution outside Nepal. India, Sri Lanka and Indonesia. Biology. Larvae have been found in tree holes. Adult biology unknown(Ramachandra Rao 1981).

ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) BARBIROSllzTS VAN DER WULP Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Tarahara, XI-29-87,4L, SPP, RFD; Shrestha(1966) reported it presentin all terai and inner terai areas. First recordfor Nepal. Brydonet al. (l%l). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Shrestha(1966), RamachandraRao(1981). Distribution outside Nepal. Pakistaneast to China and Vietnam and southto Timor. Biology. Immature stageshave been collectedfrom a wide variety of habitats: river and stream margins,flowing ditches,temporary and permanentground pools, rice fields,marshes, seepages, mostly with floating or emergent vegetation,usually in full sun. Adult femalesare mostlyzoophiic but in the absenceof their normal hostthey will feed on man. It is a recognizedvector of humanfilariasis in Indonesiaand hasbeen found naturallyinfected with JE virusin West Bengal (RamachandraRao 1981).

ANOP=S (XNOPHiELES) BARBVMBROSUS STRICKLAND AND CHOWDHURY Distribution in Nepal. NARAYANI, Makwanpur,Hetaura, 195519, WP (Reid 1%2). First record for Nepal. Reid (1%2). Distribution outside Nepal. India eastto Taiwan and southto Indonesia. Biology. This speciesis a forest mosquitopreferring clear, coolwater containingdead leaves. Immatureshave been foundin streampools, rock pools,stream margins, seepage springs, stump holes and rice fieldswith abundantvegetation. Little is known of adult biology (Harrison and Scanlon1975).

ANOPWELES (ANOPHELES) BENGALENSIS PURI Distribution in Nepal. SETI, Kailali, Malaketi, I-19-65, 19, RGV, KOSI, Morang, Khokse, IV-13-65, 29, BBP; SAGARMATHA, Okaldhunga,IV-3-88,1?, SPP. First record for Nepal. Shresthaet al. (1966). Distribution outside Nepal. Eastern India to the Ryukyu Islandsand the Philippinesand southto Malaysia. Biology. Larvae inhabit shadedstream pools and rock pools containingdead leavesin forestsand bamboo groves. There is no record of adult femalesfeeding on man (Harrison and Scanlon1975).

ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) FRAGNS (THEOBALD) Distribution in Nepal. NARAYANI, Makwanpur,2c? (BMNH, Townsendin litt. 1989). NEW COUNTRY RECORD Distribution outside Nepal. Thailand, Malaysia,the Philippinesand Indonesia. Biology.Larvae havebeen foundin streams,pools and occasionally swamps in or near forests.Adult biology unknown (Harrison and Scanlon1975).

ANOP~LES (ANOPHELES) GIGAS GIGAS GILES Distribution in Nepal. KARNALI, Jumla,Neure, IV-6-88,8L, SPP. First record for Nepal. Brydon et al. (1961). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Shrestha(1966). Distribution outsideNepal. Pakistan,India and Sri Lanka. Biology. Immatureshave been taken from poolsalong mountain streams, seepages, ponds and springswith periph- eral vegetation. It occursat higher elevations. Little is known about adult behavior (RamachandraRao 1981). 110 Mos~urro SYWW~CS VOL. 22, No. 2

ANOP- (ANOP-) GIGASVAR. -EDWARDS Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Morang, Baukajhora,III-3-63,1?, GLS; LUMBINI, PaIpa, Kirtipur, XI-12-67,1?, GLS; KARNALI, Jumla, Neure, VI-6-88,14L, SPP; JANAKPUR, SindhuIi,Khutepani, III-9-89,39, SPP. First record for Nepal. Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. India, Tibet, Burma, Bangladesh,Indochina and Taiwan. Biology.Prevalent at higheraltitudes, the larvaeoccur in deeppools, rock poolsand springs. Adult behaviorunknown (RamachandraRao 1981).

ANOPHELES (WVOP-) GIGAS VAR SZMLENSIS (JAMES) Distribution in Nepal. BAGMATI, Kathmandu, Tupek, 111-3-61,39; LaIitpur, Godavari, 111-23-61,18, DBS; NARAYANI, Chitwan,Jayanangala, XII-664,ld; JANAKPUR, Sarlahi, Fenehara,IX-9-74, 10, RGV, KAR- NALI, Jumla, Neure, VI-6-88,6L, SPP. First record for Nepal. Shrestha(1966). Other reports from Nepal - RamachandraRao (1981). Distribution outside Nepal. India, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. Biology.Larvae occurat higherelevations in rice paddies,shallow swamps, seepage pools, snow-water pools, and rock holeswith clean or polluted water. Adult femaleshave been taken from humanbait (RamachandraRao 1981).

ANOPIlELES (ANopHELEs) INTERRclPTus PURI Distribution in Nepal. GANDAKI, Lamjung,Ghanpokhara, XII-59,2L, SPP;KOSI, Bhojpur,Keurinepani, X-7-63, 6L, RFD. First record for Nepal. Joshiet al. (l%S) [as A n. unnandaleiinterruptus Puri]. Other reportsfrom Nepal - Shrestha (1966), RamachandraRao (1981). Distribution outside Nepal. India, Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Indochina,China and Malaysia. Biology. This speciesinhabits tree holes. It has alsobeen collectedfrom root holes. Adult females do attackman (Harrison and Scanlon1975). In Nepal it wascollected from a large tree hole at a heightof 2 m and an elevation of 812 m.

ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) LINDESAH-ESAH GILES Distribution in Nepal. JANAKPUR, Khutepani,IX-9-88,1?; Ranibas,X&5-88,1?, SPP. It hasbeen collectedacross the countryin the terai forest and in the mountains(Shrestha 1966). First record for Nepal. Peters et al. (1955). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Brydon et al. (l%l), Shrestha(1966) and RamachandraRao (1981). Distribution outsideNepal. Pakistan,India, Burma and USSR. Biology.The speciesoccurs at higherelevations. Larvae have been takenin streambed pools,rice paddies,rock pools, andseepage pools in cleanwater under shade.Females have been observedfeeding on birdsand man (Ramachan- dra Rao 1981).

ANOPHELES (ANOP~S) LINDESAYINILGIRICUS CHRISTOPHERS Distribution in Nepal. MAHAKALI, Darchula,Darchula, IX-65,1?, RGV, MECHI, Jhapa,Suryanagar, IX-78,1?, SRS. First record for Nepal. Shrestha(1966). Distribution outsideNepal. India. Biology. Larvae havebeen collectedin hill streams,ground pools and rock pools. This subspeciesusually occurs at higher elevations. Adult biology is little known (RamachandraRao 1981).

ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) NIGEWS GILES Distribution in Nepal. GANDAKI, Gorkha, Tumlintar, II-61,29, SPP; NARAYANI, Bara, Nizgarh, X11-12-63,49, GPJ; SETI, KaiIaIi, MaIaketi, IX-28-64,29, RGV; KOSI, Sunsari,Tarahara, XI-26-87,2?, SPP, RFD. First record for Nepal. Pant et al. (1962). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Shrestha(1966), RamachandraRao (1981). Distribution outsideNepal. Pakistan,India and Sri Lanka eastto Vietnam and China and southto Indonesia. Biology. Immatures have been taken from large swamps,large stream pools, rice fields with some floating or emergentvegetation, open sunlightand cleanwater for they have no tolerancefor pollution. Adult femaleshave been found indoorsand outdoorsfeeding on humans,although they are thoughtto be primarily zoophihc(Har- rison and ScanIon1975).

ANOPHELES (XNOP~LES) PEDKMENL4TuS (LEICESTER) Distribution in Nepal. NAIWYANI, Hetaura, 19, ld (BMNH, Townsendin Iitt. 1989);widely distributedin the terai and inner terai (Shrestha1966). SEPTEMBERW~O 111

First recordfor Nepal. Shrestha(1966). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Harrison andScanlon (1975), RamachandraRao (1981). Distribution outside Nepal. India and Sri Lanka east to Indochinaand China and southto Indonesia. Biology.Larvae occurprimarily in rice fieldsbut havebeen observedin manyother habitats,such as ditches, marshes, seepagepools, ponds, stream margins and shallow wells. Larvaerequire unshaded,shallow, warm waterwith some vegetation. Although adult femalesdo attackman, they prefer bovinesas hosts (Harrison and Scanlon1975).

ANOP- (ANOPHELES) SINENSIS WIEDEMANN Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Tarahara, XI-29-87,1?, 5L, SPP, RFD. It is widely distributedin terai and hilly areas(Shrestha 1966). First record for Nepal. Brydon et al. (l%l). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Shrestha(1966), RamachandraRao (1981). Distribution outsideNepal. India, Burma, Thailand, Indochina,China, Taiwan, Japan,Malaysia and Indonesia. Biology.This speciesoccurs chiefly in openrice-growing areas. Larvae havebeen found in rice fields,stream margins, ditches,shallow ponds and seepages.These will have fresh water with grassesand direct sunlight. It is primarily a zoophilicmosquito (Harrison and Scanlon1975).

ANOPHELES (- ) ACONITUS DOENITZ Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Tarahara, XI-29-87,3?, 14L, SPP, RFD. First record for Nepal. Peters et al. (1955). Other reports from Nepal - Brydon et al. (l%l), Shrestha(1966), Harrison (1980), RamachandraRao (1981). Distribution outside Nepal. India and Sri Lanka east to Indochinaand southto Indonesia. Biology. The larvae inhabit rice fieldswhen the plantsare at least0.5 m high. These habitatshave algae and other aquaticplants. Larvae have a predilectionfor water hyacinth. They alsolike river bed poolsand swamps.Adult femalesare predominantlyzoophilic but will attackman and the speciesis an importantvector of malariaparasites in Indonesia(Ramachandra Rao 1981).

ANOPHELES (CELLCQ) ANMZARISVAN DERWULP Distribution in Nepal. This speciesis abundantin the cultivatedareas of the terai and inner terai. First record for Nepal. Puri (1955). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Peterset al. (1955), Brydon et al. (1961), Shrestha (1966), RamachandraRao (1981). Distribution outside Nepal. Afghanistan,Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka east to China and the Philippines. Biology. Larvae of this speciesare mainly found in still water with abundantvegetation. Tanks, borrow pits,canals, wasteirrigation water and marginsof rivers are favored. Rice fields are not generallyused. The peak of adult female daily feedingvaries from 1700to 2100 hours,i.e., earlier duringthe winter monthsand later in the summer months (Reisen and Aslamkhan 1978). The reader is referred to RamachandraRao (1981) for a thorough discussionof adult biology. This specieshas been found naturallyinfected with malaria parasitesin the terai of Nepal (Shresthaand Parajuli 1980).

ANOPIiELE (CELLU) CTEKIFACLES GILES Distribution in Nepal. This mosquitois commonin the terai and inner terai areasof the country. First record for Nepal. Puri (1955). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Peters et al. (1955), Brydon et al. (l%l), Shrestha (1966), Harrison (1980), RamachandraRao (1981). Distribution outside Nepal. From China and Indochinawestward to the Middle East. Biology. Larvae have been found in all typesof breedingsites except tree holes,leaf axilsand artificial containers. Favorite sitesare irrigation channels,wells, wasteirrigation water, tanksand borrow pits. The water is clear or slightlyturbid, fresh, stagnantor flowing, sunnyand without growth of algae or plants. Daily feedingby adult femalespeaked just after sunsetin the winter months,while in the summer,it occurredbetween 2100 and o400 hours (Reisen and Aslamkhan1978). More detailson larval and adult biology are given by RamachandraRao (1981). It is a major vector of malariain the lowlandsof India anda suspectedvector in the cultivatedterai of Nepal (Shresthaet al. 1988). Taxonomicnote. Three siblingspecies of An. cuZic&facieshave been describedby Miles (1981) and Subbaraoet al. (1983). Subbaraoet al. (1988) reported that speciesA is the probablevector of malaria in India.

ANOPHELES (CELLJA) DIRUS PEYTON AND HARRISON Distribution in Nepal. MECHI, Jhapa,Suryanagar, IX-78,1?, SRS. First record for Nepal. Shrestha(1966) [asAn. balabacensis Baisas] Distribution outside Nepal. India and Thailand. Biology. The speciesinhabits the foothill forestsand their fringes. Larvae inhabitsmall, shallow, shaded, grassy de- 112 MOSQUITOSYSTEMATICS VOL. 22, No. 2

pressionsthat may be turbid or slightlypolluted. Also larger semipermanentforest poolsare used. Adult females feed readily on man mostly late at night. It is an excellentvector of malaria parasites. Taxonomicnote. It hasbeen determinedthat dims is a complexof siblingspecies, based on chromosomaland cross mating experiments(Baimai 1981,Hii 1984). Which siblingspecies occurs in Nepal hasnot been ascertained.

ANOPWELES (CELLU) DRAKtDICUS CHRISTOPHERS Distribution in Nepal. JANAKFTJR, Sindhuli,Ranibas, X1-5-88,7?, SBS;MAHAKALI, Kanchanpur,Musepani, IX-lo-88,5?, SPP. NEW COUNTRY RECORD Distribution outsideNepal. India, Burma and Thailand. Biology. Immature stagesunknown. Adult biology hasnot been studied. Taxonomic note. This specieswas resurrected from synonymyunder An. maculatus by Rattanirithikul and Green (1987).

ANOPHELES (CELLH) FmIhME MANALANG Distribution in Nepal. GANDAKI, Lamjung, Dharampani,Kaymen, X11-12-59,1?, SPP. First record for Nepal. Pradhan and Brydon (1960). Distribution outsideNepal. Philippines. Biology.Larvae are foundin impoundedspring water, flowingirrigation ditches, rivers, clear or muddystreams, pools and lakes, shadedor unshadedand usuallywith considerablevegetation. Adult femalesare attractedto humans (Harrison 1980). Taxonomicnote. The record from Nepal is quite removedfrom the known distributionof this speciesand Harrison (1980) statedthat it may be misidentified. The specimenis locatedin the collectionof the National Institute of CommunicableDiseases, New Delhi, India, where it wassent for confirmation. We are provisionallyretaining it in the Nepal fauna pendingfurther study.

ANOPHELES (CELLU) FLWZ4ZTLIS JAMES Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Tarahara, X1-29-87, lL, SPP, RID; NARAYANI, Makwanpur, Hetaura, 29, 18 (BMNH, Townsendin litt. 1989). It is found in all terai and inner terai districtsand up the mountainvalleys to at least 1,344m (Shrestha(1966). First record for Nepal. Puri (1955). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Peters et al. (1955), Brydon et al. (1961), Shrestha (1966), RamachandraRao (1981). Distribution outsideNepal. From Arabian Peninsulaeast to China and Taiwan. Biology. Larvae prefer flowingwater, i.e., streams,field channels,irrigation ditches,especially with grassymargins. They havebeen found in wells duringmonths with heavymonsoon rains. A thoroughdiscussion of adult biology canbe found in RamachandraRao (1981). This speciesis one of the mostefficient vectorsof malaria in the Indian subcontinent.It is one of the principalvectors in the foothills,lower mountainsand high mountainvalleys up to 1,344m in Nepal.

ANOPHELES (CELLM) RVDEFIIVITUS (LUDLOW) Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Dharan, IX-X-85,29; IX-X-86,6L, Tarahara, IX-X-86,29; Morang, Sonapur, IX-X-88,2?, 1L (Burgess,unpublished data). First record for Nepal. Burgess(unpublished data). Distribution outsideNepal. Malaysia,Taiwan, the Philippinesand Mariana Islands. Biology. Larvae havebeen typicallyfound in grassyfresh water pools,ponds and ditches.Adult femalesfeed mainly on bovines(Reid 1968).

ANOPHELES (CELLU) JAMESI THEOBALD Distribution in Nepal. JANAKPUR, Sindhuli,Khutepani, IX-3-88,19,18; IX-9-88,29, SPP; Ranibas,XI-5-88,2?, SBS. First record for Nepal. Brydon et al. (1961). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Shrestha(1966), RamachandraRao (1981). Distribution outside Nepal. India and Sri Lanka east to China and Indochina and southto Malaysia. Biology. Larvae occur mainly in tanksand fallow and growingrice fields, alsoin wasteirrigation water where it is closelyassociated with An. annularis. Adults are found restingin housesand cattle sheds(Ramachandra Rao 1981). SEPTEMBERW~O 113

ANOPHEI.ES (CELLLQ) Jii!ZHORLENSIS’ JAMES Distribution in Nepal. It is distributedgenerally throughout the terai, inner terai and low hills. First record for Nepal. Brydon et al. (l%l). Other reports from Nepal - Shrestha(1966), Harrison (1980). Distribution outside Nepal. From India to southernChina, Taiwan and Indochina. Biology. Larvae havebeen taken from slowflowing streams,river margins,ditches with grassymargins, irrigation canals,rice fields and seepagesin the foothillsin partial to heavyshade and particularlywhere bottomswere silty. Femaleshave been collectedcommonly inside houses. The speciesis an importantvector of malaria in Indochina. It has alsobeen found infectedwith Wuchereriabancmfti (Harrison 1980). Taxonomicnote. Formerly 2 varietieswere known from Nepal, the type variety and var. candidiensisKoidzumi; in fact the latter wasthe more common. However, Harrison (1980), after exhaustivestudy of the taxon throughout its range, hasconcluded that it is a singlevariable speciesand the abovevarieties have no taxonomicvalidity.

ANOPHELE (-) KARWm (JAMES) Distribution in Nepal. JANAKPUR, Sindhuli, Ranibas, XI-S-88, 59, SPP. It has been found as far west as Makwanpur districtin the terai forests(Shrestha (1966). First recordfor Nepal. Brydonet al. (l%l). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Shrestha(1966), Ramachandra Rao (1981). Distribution outside Nepal. Widely distributedin the Oriental Region and southto New Guinea. Biology.The immaturesinhabit clear, shadedstreams, spring pools, seepages and swamps. Adult femalesattack man (RamachandraRao 1981).

ANOPHELES (CELLU) KOCHI DONITZ Distribution in Nepal. MECHI, Jhapa,Kemabarhi, IX-27-63,5?; Dhemaldhura,IX-27-63,2?, GPJ. First record for Nepal. Joshiet al. (1964). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Shrestha(1966), RamachandraRao (1981). Distribution outside Nepal. India eastto China and the Philippinesand southto Indonesia. Biology. Larvae occurin shallowmuddy water in groundpools, hoof prints and fallow rice fields,usually in full sun. Adult femalesprefer to feed on bovinesbut will attackman on occasion(Ramachandra Rao 1981).

ANOPHELES (CELUA) AUCULATUS THEOBALD Distribution in Nepal. It occursmore commonlyin the mountainsah over the country and much lessabundant in the lowlandareas (Shrestha1966). First record for Nepal. Puri (1955). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Peterset al. (1955), Brydon et al. (l%l), Shrestha (1966), RamachandraRao (1981), Rattanarithiiul and Green (1987). Distribution outside Nepal. Pakistan,India and Sri Lanka eastto Taiwan and southto Indonesia. Biology. The speciesis found mainly in or near the hilly areaswhere larvae occur in springs,seepages and small streamswith at leastpartial sun. They are more numerouswhere trees havebeen recentlycleared. Adult females readily enter housesand attackman althoughthey prefer bovines.It is an important vector of malaria in Malaysia (RamachandraRao 1981). Taxonomicnote. Four membersof the MaculatusComplex, as definedby Rattanarithikuland Green (1987) occur in Nepal, i.e., maculatus,willmori, pseudowillmoti and dravidicus.The last is a new countryrecord. The latter 3 were collectedas adultsat the sametime from 2 locationsin the terai.

ANOPmLES (CELLhi) hL4lIDIYOUNG AND MAJID Distribution in Nepal. JANAKPUR, Sindhuh,Bardiagoth, IV-28-90,2?, SPP;NARAYANI, Makwanpur,Hetaura, 10 (BMNH, Townsendin litt. 1989). It hasbeen collectedin the terai districtsof Nawalparasi,Makwanpur and Dhanusha(Shrestha 1966). First record for Nepal. Peterset al. (1955). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Shrestha(1966), RamachandroRao (1981). Distribution outsideNepal. India and Burma. Biology. Larvae are found in slowflowing streams with grassyedges, also in open drainsand fallow rice fields. Adult femaleshave been collectedin housesand cattle sheds(Ramachandra Rao 1981).

ANOPlmLES (CEU) MllvIMuS THEOBALD Distribution in Nepal. This speciesis confinedto the forest and forest fringe in the terai and inner terai belts across the whole country (Shrestha1966). First record for Nepal. Puri (1955). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Peterset al. (1955), Brydon et al. (l%l), Shrestha (X%6), Harrison (1980), RamachandraRao (1981). Distribution outside Nepal. From India east to China, Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands. Biology. Larvae Iike marginsof streams,rock pools,seepage pools, springs, stream pools and fallow rice fieldswith flowingwater. They need unpollutedwater in shadedareas with marginalemergent grasses (Harrison 1980). For 114 MOSQUITOSYSEMATICS VOL. 22, No. 2

adult biology the reader is referred to RamachandraRao (1981). Anopheles minimus hasbeen a primary vector of malaria in Nepal. Destruction of its habitat by deforestation,incursions by humans,resultant pollution and increasedrice culturehave decreasedits numbers,so that it no longer is a major vector. This is also occurringin other countriesin its range (Harrison 1980).

ANOPI%ELES (CELLM) NIHPES (THEOBALD) Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Dhankuta, Mu&&at, IX-X-85, 19; Sunsari,Dharan, IX-X-85, 19; IX-X-87, 29; Tarahara, IX-X-85,1?, IX-X-86,1?; Itahara, IX-X-85,19; Morang, Khanar, IX-X-85,19, IX-X-86,19, IX-X-87, 29; Dhubai, IX-X-85,19; Biratnagar,IX-X-85,29 (Burgess,unpublished data). First record for Nepal. Burgess(unpublished data). Distribution outside Nepal. Malaysia,Thailand possibly,Burma and India. Biology. Larvae are sympatricwithAn. philippinensis in clean,still or slowmoving water with vegetation,such as rice fields, pondsand irrigation canals. Females are largely zoophihc(Reid 1968). Taxonomic note. Hybridization experimentsby Klein et al. (1984) demonstratedthat nivipes is distinctfrom An. philippinensis.

ANOPHELES (CELLU) P-US THEOBALD Distribution in Nepal. Widely distributedin the lowlandsbut never abundant(Shrestha 1966). First record for Nepal. Brydonet al. (1961). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Shrestha(1966), RamachandraRao (1981). Distribution outside Nepal. Pakistan,India and Sri Lanka eastto Indochina and southto Malaysia. Biology. Larvae prefer stagnantwater in ditches,ponds and shallowpools in streambeds with vegetation. Adult femaleshave been collectedindoors feeding on humans. It wasfound infectedwith malaria parasitesand is considereda secondaryvector in Bihar State, India (RamachandraRao 1981).

ANOPHELES (CELLL4) PmPmNSIS LUDLOW Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Morang, Khokse,X-12-63,1?, BBP; NARAYANI, Bara, Nizghard,III-27-69,1d, GPJ; JANAKPUR, Sindhuli,Khutepani, II-9-89,1?, 18, SBS. It hasbeen cohectedin the terai from Rupandehieast to JhapaDistrict (Shrestha1966). First record for Nepal. Brydon et al. (l%l). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Shrestha(1966), RamachandraRao(1981). Distribution outside Nepal. India east to China and the Philippinesand southto Indonesia. Biology. Larvae inhabit pondswith denseaquatic vegetation, also tanks, pools in river beds. Adult females are predominantlyzoophilic but a proportionfeed on man. There is convincingevidence that this speciesserves as a vector of malaria parasites,but not in all parts of its range (RamachandraRao 1981).

ANOPHELES (CELLM) PSEtIDOJAMESI STRICKLAND AND CHOWDHURY Distribution in Nepal. It is rare in Nepal, havingbeen capturedin the districtsof Rupandehi,Nawalparasi, Jhapa and Ilam (Shrestha1966). First record for Nepal. Brydon et al. (l%l). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Shrestha(1966), RamachandraRao (1981) [as ramwyi]. Distribution outside Nepal. India and Sri Lanka eastto Indochinaand southto Indonesia. Biology. Larvae occur in rain water pools,tanks and swampswith heavyvegetation. Adults are found in housesand cattle shedsin small numbers(Ramachandra Rao 1981). Taxonomic note. Nurul Huda and Harrison (1985) resurrectedthe name as the proper designationfor a taxon previouslycalled ramsayi Covell. They ascertainedthat the issueof the journal in which the original description of ramsayi appeared(Indian Journalof Medical Science,April 1927)was actually printed after thejournal in which that of pseudojamesi was published(Indian Medical Gazette, May 1927). Therefore pseudojamesi clearly has priority over ramsayi.

ANOPHELES (CELLLA) PSEUDOMLLMORI (THEOBALD) Distribution in Nepal. MAHAKALI, Kanchanpur,Musepani, IX-lo-88,9?, SPP;JANAKPUR, Sindhuli,Ranibas, XI-3-88,49, SBS; KOSI, Sunsari,Tarahara, XI-26-87,2?, SPP, RFD. First record for Nepal. Rattanarithikuland Green (1987). Distribution outside Nepal. India, Thailand, China and Vietnam. Biology. Immatures unkown; presumably biology is similar to that of An. macukafus.

ANOPHELES (CELU4) SPLENDIDUS KOIDZUMI Distribution in Nepal. JANAKPUR, Sindhuli,Ranibas, XI-3-88,109, SPP;NARAYANI, Makwanpur,Hetaura, 29 (BMNH, Townsendin litt. 1989). Common acrossthe countryin the foothillsof the terai region and extendingup SEFTEMBERWM 115

the mountainvalleys to an altitude of 1,980m (Shrestha1966). First record for Nepal. Puri (1955). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Peters et al. (1953, Brydon et al. (l%l), Shrestha (1966), RamachandraRao (1981). Distribution outside Nepal. Afghanistan,Pakistan and India east to China and Taiwan. Biology. Larvae havebeen taken from hill streams.It is primarily a cattle feeder but doesattack man (Ramachandra Rao 1981).

ANOPHELES (CELLH) SZEPHENSI LISTON Distribution in Nepal. It has been collectedinfrequently in the districtsof Tanahu, Makwanpur, Mahottari and Morang (Shrestha1966). First record for Nepal. Brydon et al. (l%l). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Shrestha(VW), RamachandraRao (1981). Distribution outside Nepal. Middle East, Afghanistan,Pakistan, India, Burma, Thailand and China. Biology. This species,which is more prevalentduring the coolermonths of the year, hasinvaded urban areas and uses domesticbreeding sites such as wells, cisterns, roof gutters,artificial containersand gardenpools. In rural areas a wider rangeof habitatsis used. Streams,canals, tanks, ponds, irrigation wells and seepagesare occupied.Adult biologyis summarizedby RamachandraRao (1981, pp. 474-479). This speciesis a major vector of malariain India, Pakistan,Iran and Iraq, but hasnot been incriminatedin Nepal.

ANOPHELES (CEm) SUBPICTVS GRASS1 Distribution in Nepal. NARAYANI, Makwanpur,Hetaura, 19 (BMNH, Townsendin litt. 1989). This speciesis very commonin a variety of habitatsin all parts of the countryexcept the very high mountains. First record for Nepal. Puri (1955). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Peters et al. (1955), Brydon et al. (l%l), Shrestha (1966), RamachandraRao (1981). Distribution outside Nepal. From Iran and Afghanistan eastto China,Mariana Islandsand the Philippinesand south to New Guinea. Biology. Immatures are found in practicallyevery type of habitatthat isnot highlypolluted. Examplesare wells,borrow pits,irrigation channels, lake margins,ponds, tanks, ground pools, fallow and growingrice fields and cisterns. They can be shadedor unshadedand with or without vegetation. Adults are commonin housesand cattlesheds. The femalesfeed mostly on domesticanimals. It bites man but not in great numbers(Ramachandra Rao 1981).

ANOPHELES (CELL&l) 7ESSEUTuS THEOBALD Distribution in Nepal. JANAKPUR, Sindhuli,Ranibas, XI-5-88,8?, s, SBS. It is widely distributedin the terai, inner terai and lower mountains,but never very abundant(Shrestha 1966). First record for Nepal. Brydon et al. (1961). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Shrestha(1966), Ramachandra Rao (1981). Distribution outside Nepal. From India and Sri Lanka east to South China, Taiwan and the Philippinesand south to New Guinea. Biology. Larvae havebeen encounteredin rice fieldsand irrigation canalsin both full sunand shade. Occasionally they occur in wells. Adults havebeen collectedfrom houses,mixed dwellingsand cattle sheds. The populations are never very large (RamachandraRao 1981). Fairly large numberswere observedresting outdoors in the inner terai of Nepal in the month of April.

ANOPHELES (CEUM) ZUEORALDI GILES Distribution in Nepal. It hasbeen taken only in the districtsof Kaski, Makwanpur and Bara (Shrestha1964). First record for Nepal. Brydonet al. (1961). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Shrestha(1966), RamachandraRao (1981). Distribution outside Nepal. Pakistan,India and Burma. Biology. Little is known about habitatsof the immaturesor adult behavior.

ANOP-S (CELLU) TURKHUDI LISTON Distribution in Nepal. Shrestha(1966) reports it from the districtsof Kabhre, Ramechhapp,Makwanpur, Chitwan and Bara. First record for Nepal. Brydonet al. (l%l). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Shrestha(1966), Ramachandra Rao (1981). Distribution outside Nepal. India, Pakistan,Middle East, North and East Africa. Biology. Larvae occurin shallowground pools among green algae,also in river-bed pools. Adults frequent houses and cattle sheds. This speciesis found at higher elevationsas well. It is not a commonmosquito (Ramachandra Rao 1981). 116 MOSQUITOSYSIEMATICS VOL. 22, No. 2

ANOPIIELE (CELLM) VAGUS DOENlTZ Distribution in Nepal. Thk speciesis widely distributedin the lowlandareas and in the mountains(Shrestha 1966). First record for Nepal. Peters et al. (1955). Other reports from Nepal - Brydon et al. (l%l), Shrestha(1966), RamachandraRao (1981). Distribution outside Nepal. Oriental Region to New Guinea. Biology. Immatureshave been observediu muddypools, borrow pits, ponds,rain pools,hoof prints and cart tracks in fuII sun. Adult femalesare stronglyzoophilic and attractedto cattle shedsin large numbers;however, they will invadehuman dwellings(Ramachandra Rao 1981).

ANOPW (CELLhi) VARW IWNGAR Distribution in Nepal. Widely distributedin the terai and inner terai (Shrestha1966). First recordforNepa1.Peters et aI (1955). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Brydonet al. (l%l), Shrestha(1966), Harrison (1980), RamachandraRao (1981). Distribution outside Nepal. India, Burma and Sri Lanka. Biology. Larvae have been found in both stagnantand flowing water. Breeding populationsare highestwhen the water table is lowest,just before the beginningof the monsoonrains. Collectionshave been made from pondsand wells,small streams,tanks and irrigation canals. Femalesfeed on both man and bovines. The proportionvaries in different areas;the anthropophihcindex is high in somelocalities. It is considereda secondaryvector of malaria parasitesin parts of India (RamachandraRao 1981).

ANOPHELZS (-) FKQLMORI (JAMES) Distribution in Nepal. MAHAKALI, Kanchanpur,Musepani, IX-lo-88,8?, SPP;JANAKPUR, Sindhuli,Ranibas, XI-5-88,4?, SBS. First record for Nepal. Peters et al. (1955) [asmaculahrs var. wilZmoti].Other reports from Nepal - Brydon et al. (l%l), Shrestha(1966), Pradhanet al. (1970), RamachandraRao (1981), Rattanarithikuland Green (1987). Distribution outsideNepal. Pakistan,India, Burma and Thailand. Biology. Immature stagesoccur in streambed pools,rice fields,rock holes and roadside ditches (Rattanarithikul and Green 1987). Pradhanet al. (1970) studiedadult female behavior in a high mountainvalley in Nepal. All adults were captured at the peridomiciliaryposition. Several were found infected with malaria parasites(8 of 1,283 dissected).The altitude in this valley was3,170 m and this is the highestknown record of malaria transmission.

GENUSARh4IGERES

ARMGERES (ARMIGERES) AUREOl!JNEdTUS (LEICESTER) Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,GhopaI, IX-X-84,lL (Burgess,unpublished data). First record for Nepal. Burgess(unpublished data). Distribution outside Nepal. India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Indochina,China and Borneo. Biology. Larvae have been taken in coconutshells (Barraud 1934).

ARWGl!ZRES (ARMIGERES) D- EDWARDS Distribution in Nepal. NARAYANI, Makwanpur,Hetaura, I-90,19, SPP; KOSI, Sunsari,Bhotepur, IX-X-83,2?; Manglabre, IX-X-83,29; Morang, Dhubai, IX-X-85,29 (Burgess,unpublished data). NEW COUNTRY RECORD Distribution outside Nepal. India, Thailand, Indochina,Malaysia and Indonesia. Biology. Larvae have been found in tree holes,tree stumpsand muddygrassy pools (Thurman 1959).

ARMGEm (XRMGHZES) KZ?SSEL.IRAMALINGAM Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Dhankuta, Mulghat, IX-X-86, l? (Burgess,unpublished data). First record for Nepal. Burgess(unpublished data). Distribution outsideNepal. India, Bangladesh,Thailand, Laos, Malaysia and Indonesia. Biology. Larvae havebeen found in artificial containers,coconut shells, bamboo stumps,leaf axilsand rotting fruit. It toleratesvery high pollutionbut also is foundin cleanwater. The adultsreadily bite man. It is a semidomestic speciesbut also occursin forests(Ramalingam 1987).

ARMIGERES (ARMTGERES) KUCYUNGENSIS EDWARDS Distribution in Nepal. LUMBINI, Rupandehi,Bhairahawa, IV-7-88,1& SPP; NARAYANJ Makwanpur, Hetam, VI-VII-55,2?; Nayagaon,I-V-55, l? (Peters and Dewar 1956). SE~MBER 1990 117

First record for Nepal. Peters and Dewar (1956). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Joshiet al. (1%5), Shrestha(1966). Distribution outsideNepal. India east to Vietnam and southto Malaysia. Biology.Larvae occurin bamboointernodes (Barraud 1934). Adultswere collectedin Nepal at humanbait andinside houses.Daytime restingon bushesand flowers near humandwellings was observed. It isa persistentdaytime biter of humans.

ARMGl!CRES(~GEREs)S- WS (COQUILLE’IT) Distribution in Nepal. BAGMATI, Kathmandu,Siphal, XII-60,1?; Kalimati, VI-lo-86,2c?, V&15-88,1& VII-9-88, Z; Kabhre, Sipatinghora,VI-59,1?, SPP; KOSI, Sunsari,Dharan, VI-61,6?, VII-6-81,18, SPP; NARAYANI, Makwanpur,Hetaura, VII-7-87, ti, SPP; LUMBINI, Rupandehi,Bhairahawa, IV-7-88,21c?, SPP. First record for Nepal. Joshiet al. (1%5). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Shrestha(1966). Distribution outsideNepal. Pakistaneast to China, Japan,Korea and the Philippinesand southto Malaysia. Biology. Larvae of thisspecies are commonin tree holes,bamboo stumps, artificial containers,often in very polluted water (Barraud 1934). Taxonomicnote. Shrestha(1966) listed&. obtzubans(Walker) aspart of the Nepal mosquitofauna. This name was listedas a synonymof subalbatzu by Thurman (1959), but there is great uncertaintyabout the statusof obtwbans becausethe holotype hasbeen lost. Knight and Stone (1977) refer to it as a “nomen dubium” and we do not recognizeit here.

ARiUlGERES (LEICES~) ANMKITARSIS (LEICESTER) Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Dharan, IX-X-84,69 (Burgess,unpublished data). First record for Nepal. Burgess(unpublished data). Distribution outsideNepal. India, Thailand, Indochina,Taiwan, Malaysia and Indonesia. Biology. Eggs are laid by the female on her hindlegsand she holdsthem there for a time before depositingthem in the breedingsite. Eggsare placedin smallholes made by beetle larvae in youngbamboo shoots, usually below 3 m in height. Liquid in the nodesis exudedby the plant (Macdonald 1960).

ARMIGERES @EIC?WWW) DENTAlUS BARRAUD Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Dharan, IX-X-84,2?; IX-X-85,29 (Burgess,unpublished data). First record for Nepal. Burgess(unpublished data). Distribution outsideNepal. India, Thailand and Malaysia. Biology. Presumablyfemales of this specieslay their eggson their hindlegsand hold them for some time before depositingthem in the breedingsite. Youngbamboo shoots recently attackedby beetle larvaewhich make the holes mostly near groundlevel are the preferred habitats(Macdonald 1960).

ARiWGERES (LEICESTERU) DOLICHOCEPHALVS (LEICESTER) Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Dharan, IX-X-84,2? (Burgess,unpublished data). First record for Nepal. Burgess(unpublished data). Distribution outsideNepal. India, Thailand, Indochina,Malaysia and Indonesia. Biology. Essentiallythe sameas for Ar. annulitarsis (Macdonald 1960).

ARMIGERES (LEIcI%JS~U) MAGNUS (THEOBALD) Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Dharan, IX-X-84,2? (Burgess,unpublished data). First record for Nepal. Burgess(unpublished data). Distribution outsideNepal. India and Sri Lanka eastto China,Taiwan and the Philippinesand southto Indonesia. Biology. Femaleslay their eggson the hindtarsiand hold them for sometime before depositingthem. The site is an open bamboo stumpcontaining liquid with high organiccontent. It has alsobeen reported breeding in pitcher plants(Macdonald 1960).

GENUS COQUILLE77YIDLA

COQVlUETTlDU (COQVZUE~U) CRASSIPES (VAN DER WULP) Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Dharan, IX-X-85,29; IX-X-87,2?; Itahari, IX-X-85,2?; Morang, Khanar,IX- X-87,29 (Burgess,unpublished data). First record for Nepal. Burgess(unpublished data). Distribution outside Nepal. India andSri Lanka eastto China,Ryukyu Islands and the Philippinesand south to New Guinea, Australia and the SouthPacific Islands. 118 MOSQUITOSYSIEMA ’~~~~ VOL. 22, No. 2

Biology. The larvae have siphonsmodified for penetratingthe roots of aquaticplants from whichthey obtain air for respiration. They occurin permanentand semipermanentponds containing such aquatic plants as Fistia spp.and Eichomia spp. Adults havebeen collectedin human-baitedtraps (Toma andMiyagi 1986). Little isknown of adult biology.

GENUS CU.-L&X

C!2ZEX(m RARRAUDIEDWARDS Distribution in Nepal. BAGMATI, Kathmandu,Balaju, VIII-59, lL, SPP; NARAYANI, Makwanpur, Hetaura, I- V-55, L (Peters and Dewar 1956). First record for Nepal. Peters and Dewar (1956). Other reports from Nepal - Joshiet al. (1%5), Shrestha(1966), Bram (1%7), Sirivanakarn(1976). Distribution outside Nepal. India, Sri Lanka, Thailand and PapuaNew Guinea. Biology. Larvae havebeen collectedin rice fieldsand shaded jungle pools. Bram (1%7) hadcollections from a stream and roadsidepond. It occursat higher elevationsand femalesare attractedto man. CULEX(cI%LEx) BZ7IHENIORHnVC~S GILES Distribution in Nepal. BAGMATI, Kathmandu,Balaju, VII-58,5L, Kuriagaon,VI-59,5L; Lalitpur, Harisiddi, VII- 63,49,18; Kahmati, VIII-6-86,2?, SPP; KOSI, Morang, Baukajhora,XII-61,lL; Tarahara, XI-26-87,37?,27d, 28L, SPP,RID; LUMBINI, Kapilvastu,Kopuwa, IX-62,1?, SPP;NARAYANI, Chitwan,Rapti Vahey, IV-63,19, 18; VI-63,1?, 18, SPP;Makwanpur, Hetaura, I-V-55,39, ti; Bhimpedi,I-V-55,2?, X (Peters and Dewar 1956); KARNALI, Mugu, Chhaina,VI-12-88,1?, SPP;JANAKPUR, Sindhuli,Khutepani, IX-3-88,2?, s; I-3-88,119, 2& 29L, SPP. First Record for Nepal. Peters and Dewar (1956). Other reports from Nepal - Joshiet al. (1%5), Shrestha(1966). Distribution outsideNepal. Widely distributedin the Oriental Region,extending west to East andWest Africa, east to Micronesia,north to Korea and southto Australia. Biology. The speciesis found in rural areasin permanentand semipermanent marshes, ditches, rice fields,river beds and canals. The water is fresh, filled with filamentousalgae, which are obligatorycomponents of their breeding habitats,and in fuIl sun(Sirivanakarn 1976, Harbach 1988). In Nepal larvaehave been collectedin fallow rice fields, residualpools in a river bed, and an irrigationditch all with abundantalgal growth. Adults were capturedinside houses,a tent and a cattle shed.

CULEX (CULEX) EDWmSI BARRAUD Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Tarahara, XI-27-87,4?, 4L, SPP, RID. First record for Nepal. Pradhan and Darsie (1989). Distribution outside Nepal. India, Sri Lanka, New Guinea and Australia. Biology. Usually taken at higher elevations,above 1,200m, but we trapped it at the fringe of the forest of tropical hardwoodsand in a piggeryat 300 m. Larvae havebeen takenfrom streampools and grassypools. Little is known about its breeding or adult biology (Sirivanakarn1976). Taxonomicnote. Bram (1967) synonymizedthis species under Cx. banaudi sincethe 2 speciesseemed to be sosimilar in all stages.However, Sirivanakarn(1976) noted severaldifferences which promptedhim to resurrectedwardsi as a valid species. CULEX (cvur(=x) EPmEShRJtS(THEOBALD) Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Morang, Baukajhora,VI-61,1?; NARAYANI, Bara, Nizgarh,VI-63,19; BAGMATI, Kathmandu,Kalimati, VIII-63,1?; MAHAKALI, Kanchanpur,Haldu KhaI, VIII-3-86,159, SPP. First record for Nepal. Joshiet al. (1965). Other reports from Nepal - Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. Pakistanand India. Biology. The immature stagesare unknownbut we have a collectionof 14 larvae from JANAKPUR, Sindhuh, Khutepani,111-10-89, SPP, from a freshwater seepagearea, which we believemay be the larvaeof thisspecies. They definitelybelong to the BitaeniorhynchusGroup asthe larvalhead does not havethe median1abra.I plate separated from the dorsalapotome. Further collectingand individualrearing will be conductedto confirm our suspicion. They have been includedin the larval key as C&a sp. 1. Adults in Nepal have been capturedinside houses and in a pit-shelter,while thosein Pakistancame to bovine bait (Reisen 1978). SEPTEMBER1990 119

= (cr/zEx) FuscocEpwALA THEOBALD Distributioniu Nepal. BAGMATI, Lalitpur,Pharpii VIII-58, w1,Taudaha, XII-58,lL; Kathmandu,SwayambIm.nath, XI-58,lL; KaIimati, VIII-63,1?, SPP; KOSI, Sunsari,Tarahara, XI-26-87,529,42L, SPP, RFD; NARAYANI, Makwanpur, Hetaura, I-V-55, L (Peters and Dewar 1956). First record for Nepal. Peters and Dewar (1956). Other reports from Nepal - Joshiet al. (1%5), Shrestha(1966), Bram (1%7), Sirivanakarn(1976). Distribution outsideNepal. Pakistan,India, Sri Lanka eastto Okinawaand the Philippinesand southto Indonesia. Biology. Immature stageshave been cohectedin rice fields,ground pools, foot prints and marshes.In Nepal larvae have been dippedfrom shallowpools in swampyground and irrigation ditches.Adults are locallyvery abundant. We found it to be the most commonspecies in piggeriesin the month of November. Femalesprefer bovinesand pigsas hostsbut do attack man. Japaneseencephalitis has been isolatedfrom this mosquitoin Thailand (Gould et al. 1974) and is a suspectedvector in Nepal. CULEX (CULEX) GELlDUS THEOBALD Distribution in Nepal. BAGMATI, Kathmandu,Guheswari, VIII-58, lL, SPP;KOSI, Morang, Murgatola,X-61,39; Baukajhora,111-62, 4L, Tarahara, XI-26-87, 4L, SPP, RFD; NARAYANI, Bara, Nizgarh, VI-63, 19, ti, SPP; Makwanpur, Hetaura, I-V-55, Ad (Peters and Dewar 1956). First record for Nepal. Petersand Dewar (1956). Other reports from Nepal - Joshiet al. (1%5), Shrestha(1966), Bram (1967). Distribution outsideNepal. Widespreadin the Oriental Region from Pakistanto China and the Philippines,south to Indonesiaand New Guinea. Biology. The speciesis associatedclosely with man and hisdomestic animals. Immatureslive in puddles,pools, rice fieldsand marshydepressions having abundant vegetation. Their preferred hostsare bovinesand swine,but they readily attack man (Sirivanakarn1976). This is a suspectedvector of Japaneseencephalitis and was the most abundantmosquito collected in SunsariDistrict duringSept./Ott. 1985(Leake et al., unpublisheddata). This virus hasbeen isolatedfrom Cx geZidusin Thailand (Gould et al. 1%2). = (m HuTcFI;INSOM BARRAUD Distribution in Nepal. BAGMATI, Kathmandu,Kalimati, VII-12-87, 19, SPP. First record for Nepal. Pradhan and Darsie (1989). Distribution outside Nepal. Pakistaneast to Vietnam and southto Singapore. Biology. Larvae occursin ponds,wells, ditches, rock poolsand artificialcontainers. Little is knownof adult biology (Sirivanakarn1976). -mJ=a INrmLA THEOBALD Distribution in Nepal. BAGMATI, Kathmandu,Kalimati, VIII-12-87,1?; JANAKPUR, Sindhuli, Khutepani,IX- 3-88,29; IX-g-88,1?, SPP; KOSI, Sunsari,Tarahara, XI-29-87,4L, SPP, RFD. NEW COUNTRY RECORD Distribution outside Nepal. India and Sri Lanka eastto the Philippinesand southto Indonesia. Biology. Larval habitatsare apparentlyrestricted to large algae-filledponds. It is sympatricwith Cx. bitaeniorhyn- thus. Adult femaleshave been capturedfeeding on man and other animals(Sirivanakarn 1976). Taxonomicnote. Sirivanakarn(1973) recognizeda number of formswithin the taxon, & bitaeniorhynchus. Those designatedas tenax Theobald, domesticus Leicester, ambiguus Theobald, taeniarostris Theobald, sarawaki Theobald,and infiZa were lumpedand treated asa singIespecies, which by priority wasgiven the nameinfula (Siri- vanakarn 1976). We have a collectionof adult femaleswhich fit the descriptionof ambiguus and can be easily separatedfrom the other membersof the BitaeniorhynchusGroup. However, we are keepingit as a synonymof infiZa pendingfurther study.

CULEX (CULEX’) JACKSOM EDWARDS Distribution in Nepal. BAGMATI, Lahtpur, Lubhugaon,XII-58, 1L; Godavari, VII-63, 39, SPP; JANAKPUR, SindhuIi,Khutepani, IX-g-88,1?; Ranibas,XI-5-88,129, SBS. First record for Nepal. Joshiet al. (1965). Others reports from Nepal - Shrestha(1966). Distribution outsideNepal. India and Sri Lanka eastand north to China,Hong Kong,Taiwan, Korea and Maritime USSR. Biology. Larvae havebeen taken from ground pools,irrigation ditches,fallow rice fields and seepagepools. Adult biology is unknown(Sirivanakarn 1976). Taxonomicnote. Joshiet al. (1965) consideredCx. fiscifircatus Edwardsas a valid species.However, Sirivanakarn 120 Moswrro S~srmunxs VOL. 22, No. 2

(1976) synonymizedit underjuclcsoni based on the similarityof the male genitalia. He consideredthe difference in the number of spineson the siphonto be an intraspecificvariation. cm;Ex(cI%LEx) MlMEmCVZZ NOE Distribution in Nepal. BAGMATI, Lalitpur, Taudaha, VII-58, lL, Godavari, VII-63, 49, SPP; KOSI, Sunsari, Tarahara, XI-29-87, lL, SPP, RFD; KARNALI, Jumla,Neure, VI-6-88,2L, SPP;JANAKPUR, Khutepani,1-12- 88,lL; 11-10-89,lL, SPP;Ranibas, XI-5-88,19,5c?, SBS; NARAYANI, Makwanpur,Hetaura, I-V-55, L, Bhimpedi, I-V-55,2?, 2d, L (Peters and Dewar 1956). First record for Nepal. Peters and Dewar (1956). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Joshiet al. (1%5), Shrestha(1966), Sirivanakam(1976). Distribution outsideNepal. From Spain,France and Italy eastto Japanand Korea. Biology. This is a commonspecies in the Mediterranean Region but uncommonin the Oriental Region. It is usually found at higher elevationsinhabiting stream beds,rock pools, shallowground pools,seepages and ditches where algae are usuallypresent. Adult biology is not well known (Sirivanakarn1976).

CULEX (m MLUVZUS EDWARDS Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Tarahara, XI-29-87, lL, SPP, RFD; JANAKPUR, Sindhuli,Ranibas, XI-5- 88,29, SBS; NARAYANI, Makwanpur,Hetaura, I-V-55,19,16, L (Peters and Dewar 1956). First record for Nepal. Peters and Dewar (1956). Other reports from Nepal - Joshiet al. (1%5), Shrestha(1966), Bram (1967). Distribution outsideNepal. India and Sri Lanka eastto China and the Philippinesand southto PapuaNew Guinea and Australia. Biology. Larvae havebeen encounteredin groundpools, ponds, wells, shaded jungle pools,marshy depressions and streampools in full sun or shaded. Adults are not known to be attractedto man (Sirivanakarn1976).

CULEX (CULEX) PSEUDOJXWNUI COLLESS Distribution in Nepal. BAGMATI, Kathmandu,Kalimati, VIII-6-86,29; VIII-19-86,19; VIII-12-87,19; VIII-13-87, 19; MAHAKALI, Kanchanpur, Haldu Khal, VIII-3-86, 19; VIII-19-86, 29; Musepani, VIII-13-87, 19, SPP; JANAKPUR, Sindhuli,Khutepani, 1X-9-88, 5?,III-lo-89,2L, SPP; Ranibas,X1-5-88, 39, SBS; KOSI, Sunsari, Tarahara, XI-29-87,48L, SPP, RFD. NEW COUNTRY RECORD Distribution outside Nepal. Pakistaneast to Japanand the Philippinesand southto Indonesia. Biology. Immatures were collected from varioustypes of fresh water ground pools, rice fields and stream pools. Reuben (1971b) reported that larvae were not encounteredin rice fields until the plantswere 0.3 m in height. Femalesoccasionally attack man but prefer bovines,birds and pigs (Sirivanakam 1976). Biting rhythm of females showeda peak about 19002000 hourswith a secondarypeak at 0500 hours (Reisen and Aslamkhan1978). Taxonomic note. This specieswas described by Colless(1957). Reuben (1%9) and Sirivanakarn(1975) elucidated the speciesof the Vishnui Complex,to whichpseudovishnuibelongs. Reuben’s keys and descriptionshave been employedin this studyto identify membersof the complexin Nepal. The other speciesof the complexfound in Nepal are tritaeniorhynchusand vishnui.

CULEY(cm;Ex) QUlNQUEF~C%iRJS SAY Distribution in Nepal. BAGMATI, Lalitpur, Taudaha,X-58,lL; XII-58,lL; Kathmandu,X-58,5L; X11-58,& Dilli Bazar, XI-58, 1L; Kalimati, VIII-63, 19; KOSI, Sunsari,Dharan, 111-62,4L; Tarahara, XI-28-82, 109, SPP; NARAYANI, Makwanpur, Chisapani,VIII-7-82,19, SPP; Hetaura, I-V-55,3?, 18, L (Peters and Dewar 1956); JANAKPUR, Sindhuli,Khutepani, IX-g-88,2?, SPP. First record for Nepal. Peters and Dewar (1956). Other reports from Nepal - Joshiet al. (1%5), Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. Cosmotropical. Biology. This is a commondomestic species, abundant in humandwellings and animal shelters. Immature stagesare found in any type of habitat from fresh and clear to brackish,turbid and pollutedwaters. It is commonin ground pools,ditches, drains, sewage, latrines, septic tanks and artificialcontainers. Females feed on man at nightindoors and outdoors,which is their preferred hosts in the Indonepal subcontinent(Sirivanakarn 1976, Reisen and Boreham 1979). The speciesis the principalvector of Wuchereriabancrofi in Nepal, which is within the endemic zone of filariasis(Jung 1973).

CWEX (m) SINENSIS THEOBALD Distribution in Nepal. BAGMATI, Kathmandu,Tupek, VIII-60,19; Kathmandu,VII-63,19; Kahmati, VIII-63,2?, SPP. SEPTJZMBER1990 121

First record for Nepal. Joshiet al. (1965). Other reports from Nepal - Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. India and Sri Lanka east to Korea, Japanand the Philippinesand southto Indonesia. Biology. Immatures havebeen found in fresh water groundpools, ponds, ditches, rice fields and streampools with abundantvegetation, including algae. Adults seemto be peridomesticbut their feedinghabits are poorly known (Sirivanakarn1976). -(cI%LEx 72YZCZEW THEOBALD Distribution in Nepal. BAGMATI, Lahtpur, Taudaha,XII-58,6L; Swayambhunath,XII-58 1L. First record for Nepal. Joshiet al. (1%5). Other reports from Nepal - Shrestha(1966), Sirivanakarn(1976). Distribution outside Nepal. SouthernPalearctic, Ethiopian andNorthern Oriental Regionseast to SouthernChina and Northern Burma. Biology. This speciesis restrictedto the higher elevationsin the Oriental Region. Larvae breed in permanentand temporary bodiesof fresh or foul water. They are commonIyfound in slowmoving streams,irrigation ditches, groundpools, ponds, springs and cisterns.In Africa femalesfeed mainly on cattle but are known to enter houses and bite man. This specieshas been found naturallyinfected with Sindbisand West Nile viruses(McIntosh et al. 1%7).

- (CXZEX) 7’7WXENTO-CmS GILES Distribution in Nepal. NARAYANI, Bara, Nizgarh, VI-63, 19; Chitwan, Rapti Valley, VI-63, 69; BAGMATI, Kathmandu,Kalimati, VII-63,79,1d, 6L, VII-lo-82,2?; Kathmandu,VIII-63,3?, SPP;KOSI, Sunsari,Tarahara, XI-29-87,4?, 31L, SPP, RID. First record for Nepal. Joshiet al. (1965). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. Widely distributedin Oriental Region, west to Middle East, Afrotropical Region, Mediterranean Region, north and east to Maritime USSR, Japanand Korea and southto Indonesia. Biology. It is a commonrural speciesin rice fields, shallowmarshes, pools, ponds and ditchescontaining fresh or pollutedwater with grassor aquaticvegetation in partial shadeor full sun. This speciesbecomes dominant in rice paddieswhen plantsreach 0.3 m in height. Adults are found in cattle shedsand piggeries.They alsofeed on man andbirds (Sirivanakarn 1976). This speciesexhibits physiological and ecologicalplasticity throughout its rangefor it toleratesextremely variable environmentalconditions, i.e., from the temperate climate of Japanand Korea to the tropical climateof Thailand andIndia. Culextitaeniorhynchus is a major vector of Japaneseencephalitis virus in many parts of the Oriental Region,including Nepal (Hammon et al. 1949,Hale et al. 1957,Buescher et al. 1959, Reuben et al. 1971a,1971b; Leake et al. 1986).

CWEX(CW!ZX) VAWSWIEDEMANN Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Dharan, X-61,18; KARNALI, Jumla,Neure, VI-6-88,3L, SPP. First record for Nepal. Joshiet al. (1965). Other reports from Nepal - Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. Widespreadin northeasternPalearctic Region and in India, China, Hong Kong, Japan and Korea. Biology. It is typicallyfound in groundpools in higher elevations.Larvae have been taken from groundand stream pools,lake marginsand ponds,usually containing algae. Little is known about aduhbiology (Sirivanakam1976). Reisen et al. (1982) capturedadults resting in the forest.

CCK.i?X (CULEX) KCWlW7 THEOBALD Distribution in Nepal. BAGMATI, Kathmandu,BaIaju, VIII-58, 2L; Kahmati, VIII-63, 19, SPP; NARAYANI, Chitwan, Rapti Valley, IV-63, 19, SPP; Makwanpur, Hetaura, I-V-55, Ad, L (Peters and Dewar 1956); KOSI, Sunsari,Tarahara, XI-29-87,2L, SPP, RFD. First record for Nepal. Peters and Dewar (1956). Other reports from Nepal - Joshiet al. (1%5), Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. India andSri Lanka eastto southernChina, Ryukyu Islands and the Philippinesand south to Indonesia. Biology. Typical larval habitatsare grassyditches, pools, ponds, animal tracks, swampy ground and fallow rice fields. In growingrice paddies,it is replacedby larvae of c3=.pseudovishnui and Cx. tritaeniothynchus when rice plants reacha heightof 0.3 m. The naturalhosts of the femalesare pigsand birds but man and cattle are readily attacked also. Japaneseencephalitis virus hasbeen isolatedfrom this species(Reuben 1971a,1971b; Sirivanakarn 1976). cL%LEx (cur;Ex) IKW7221 BARRAUD Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Tarahara, XI-26-87,1?, lL, SPP,RFD; NARAYANI, Makwanpur, Hetaura, I-V-55,2?, 18, P, L (Peters and Dewar 1956). 122 MOSQUITOSYSI ’EMATICS VOL. 22, No. 2

First record for Nepal. Peters and Dewar (1956). Other reports from Nepal - Joshiet aI. (1%5), Sbrestha(I%), Bram (1967). Distribution outside Nepal. India, Bangladesh,Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines,Malaysia and Indonesia. Biology. This specieslikes fresh water poolsin dry streambeds containing decaying leaves in partial or heavyshade. Larvae also have been collected in marshy ground or rice fields. Nothing is known about adult biology (Sirivanakarn1976). crnLEx(m mO= (GILES)

Distribution in Nepal. BAGMATI, Kathmandu,KaIimati, VIII-63, 19,l MAHAKALI, Kanchanpur,Haldu Khal, VIII-3-86,2?; VIII-19-&l?, 18; Baidaipur,VIII-14-87,9?, SPP. First record for Nepal. Joshiet al. (1965). Other reports from Nepal - Shrestha(1966). Distribution outsideNepal. Pakistan,India andSri Lanka eastand north to China,Japan, Korea andMaritime USSR and southto the Philippinesand New Guinea. Biology. Immatures occur in fresh water shallowpools, ponds, puddles and ditchescontaining a good growth of grasses.It is sympatricwith membersof the Vishnui Complexand is never very abundant. Femalesuse bovines and man ashosts (Sirivanakarn 1976). w (CI33UOm) NIGROPUNCTATUS EDWARDS Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Tarahara, XI-2687,1d, SPP, RFD. First record for Nepal. Pradhan and Darsie (1989). Distribution outside Nepal. India and Sri Lanka east to Hainan Island, Ryukyu Islandsand Taiwan and southto Indonesia,the Philippinesand Micronesia. Biology. Larvae are found mainly in rice fieldsand grassy ground pools, also hoof prints,seepage pools and ditches. Femalesprefer bids as hosts. There is no record of it feedingon man (Bram 1967). CW.EX (CUUUOR.iXW) PALLIDOl2!?ORAXTHEOBALD Distribution in Nepal. JANAKPUR, Sindhuli,Khutepani, I-12-88,19; 11X-9-89,5?,SPP; NARAYANI, Makwanpur, Hetaura, I-V-55,19, ld, L (Peters and Dewar 1956). First record for Nepal. Petersand Dewar (1956). Other reports from Nepal - Joshiet al. (1%5), Shrestha(1966), Bram (1967). Distribution outsideNepal. Pakistan,India and Sri Lanka eastto China,Japan, Taiwan and the Philippinesand south to New Guinea. Biology. Larvae havebeen collectedin rock holes,rice fields,jungle streams,hoof prints,tree holes and artificial containers. Little is known of adult behaviorbut somehave been observedfeeding on man (Bram 1967).

CULEX (aUOhiYIX) KIRlDlWWllZR (GILES) Distribution in Nepal. KARNALI, Jumla, Neure, VI-6-88, 25L (altitude 3,000 m); JANAKPUR, Sindhuii, Khutepani,111-9-S&1?, SPP; MBCHI, ? District, DahawangaharyHills, II-OS, 19, ld (Barraud 1934). First record for Nepal. Barraud (1934). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Joshiet al. (1%5), Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. India, Bangladeshand Vietnam. Biology.Larvae have been found in tree holes,ground pools near rivers,rock holes,muddy pools, spring and seepage poolsand domesticcontainers. They tolerate turbidityand pollution. This speciesis usuallyencountered at higher elevations(Bhat 1975,Sirivanakarn 1977a).

CVLEX (EmLANOMYZ4) B-UIS (GILES) Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Morang, Baukajhora,IX-61, 19; Sunsari,Dharan, 111-62,4L, SPP; NARAYANI, Makwanpur, Chisapani,VI-VII-55,2L (Peters and Dewar 1956). First record for Nepal. Peters and Dewar (1956). Other reports from Nepal - Joshiet al. (1%5), Shrestha(1966). Distribution outsideNepal. India and Sri Lanka eastto China, Taiwan and the Philippinesand southto Indonesia and the BismarckArchipelago. Biology.Larval habitats are mainlytree holesand bamboo nodes. They alsohave been takenfrom artificial containers and coconutshells. Adult femalesare not attractedto man (Sirivanakam1972).

=(E WUELANO~) FOLUTUS BRUG Distribution in Nepal. JANAKPUR, Sindhuii,Khutepani, I-9-88,18; I-12-88,2?, SPP;NARAYANI, Makwanpur, Hetaura, I-V-55,8 (Peters and Dewar 1956). First record for Nepal. Petersand Dewar (1956) [ascastrensis var.foZiatus]. Other reportsfrom Nepal - Joshiet al. (1%5), Shrestha(X%6), Bram (1967). SEPTE~ERW~O 123

Distribution outsideNepal. India and Sri Lanka eastto Hong Kong, Taiwan and the Philippinesand southto Indo- nesia. Biology. Immatures occur in smallpools in streammargins under heavyshade. Adults havebeen collectedresting in the forest near larval habitatsbut do not attackman (Sirivanakarn1972). w (EW On) A&UAW (LEICESTER) Distribution in Nepal. NARAYANI, Bara, Nizgarh, VI-63,19, SPP; Makwanpur,Hetaura, I-V-55, P (Peters and Dewar 1956);JANAKPUR, Sindhuli,Ranibas, XI-5-88,1?, SPP. First record for Nepal. Petersand Dewar (1956). Other reports from Nepal - Joshiet al. (1%5), Shrestha(1966), Bram (1%7). Distribution outside Nepal. India and Sri Lanka east to China and Hong Kong and southto Indonesia. Biology. This speciesis one of the most commonof the subgenusEumelanomyia in SoutheastAsia. Larvae occur principallyin groundpools and streampools in heavyshade. They have alsobeen collectedin rock pools,ponds, ditchesand crab holes. Adult biology is unknown(Sirivanakarn 1972).

CUWX (LOFHOCERAOMIIA) llW?-US EDWARDS Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Tarahara, XI-29-87,5L, SPP,RFD; JANAKPUR, Sindhuli,XI-5-88,5?, SPP; NARAYANI, Makwanpur, Hetaura, I-V-55,5& L (Peters and Dewar 1956). First record for Nepal. Petersand Dewar (1956). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Joshiet al. (1%5), Shrestha(1966), Bram (1%7), Sirivanakarn(1977). Distribution outside Nepal. India and Sri Lanka east to China, Japanand the Philippinesand southto Indonesia. Biology. The immature stageshave been found in smallground pools, ditches, ponds, wells, foot prints,natural and artificial containersand marginsof streams.Adults have been collectedresting on dampvegetation and stream banks(Sirivanakarn 1977b). Miyagi (1973) colonizedthis species.

CULEX(LuIzL4) FUSES WIEDEMANN Distribution in Nepal. BAGMATI, Kathmandu,VIII-60,2?; Chauni,VIII-63,ld; Kalimati, VI-63,1?, VIII-63,39; VIII-12-87,1?, 18, SPP; KOSI, Sunsari,Dharan, VI-61,1?, 18; Tarahara, XI-29-87, lL, lRA, SPP, RFD; LUM- BINI, Kapilvastu,Taulihawa, IX-62,3?, SPP. First record for Nepal. Joshiet al (1%5). Other reports from Nepal - Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. Pakistan,India and Sri Lanka northeastto China, Japan,Korea and Maritime USSR, and southto Indonesiaand the Philippines. Biology. Larvae are predatory and are often associatedwith & quinquefasciatus larvae which serve as food. We found it in a ground pool associatedwith Cu.jkscocephala, Cx pseudovishnui and Cx. titaeniorhynchus. Adult femalesare avianfeeders and do not feed on man (Bram 1967).

CUUX (LiYZZU) NALIFAXI;ITHEOBALD Distribution in Nepal. BAGMATI, Kathmandu, Lubhu, X-58, 18; KOSI, Sunsari,Tarahara, VII-6-81, 19, SPP; NARAYANI, Makwanpur, Hetaura, I-V-55, L (Peters and Dewar 1956). First record for Nepal. Petersand Dewar (1956) [ asvorax Edwards]. Other reportsfrom Nepal - Joshiet al. (1965), Shrestha(1%6), Bram (1%7). Distribution outsideNepal. India and Sri Lanka northeastto China,Japan, Korea, Maritime USSR, eastand south to the Philippines,Mariana Islands,Indonesia, New Guinea and Australia. Biology. The predatory larvae inhabit semipermanentground pools, rock pools and stream marginsas well as artificial containersand tree holes. They prefer water with highorganic content. Man is an occasionalhost for the adult females (Bram 1%7). Taxonomicnote. In older literature thisspecies was called vorux Edwards. Bram (1%7), after extensivestudy of male genitalia of the 4 Oriental taxa, concludedthat only 2 were valid. Therefore, he synonymizedvora and raptor Edwardswith haZifa.xii. He mentionedthat the 2 valid species,fiscanus and haZiftii, have considerablevariation in the color patternsof the scutum,legs and abdomen.

GENUS CULISETA

CUUSETA (cUkYSETA) AllMWXEWTA (THEOBALD) Distribution in Nepal. BAGMATI, Kathmandu,Balaju, 111-58,lL, Guheswari,I-61,3?; KOSI, Morang, Fimraha, X-61,19,1& SPP. First record for Nepal. Joshiet al. (1%5). Other reports from Nepal - Shrestha(1966). 124 Mosaurro Sym’Ixs VOL. 22, No. 2

Distribution outside Nepal. India, Tibet, China and Taiwan. Biology. Larvae occur in the mountainsusuahy above 1,600m. Their habitatsinclude ditches,seepages, artificial containers,and groundpools in clear or pollutedwater. Femalesfeed on bovinesand man (Dobrotworsky1971).

HEr- (HEI-) HZtWUAYt?NSIS EDWARDS Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Dharan, VIII-61,19; MAHAKALI, Kanchanpur,Musepani, IX-l-5-88,19, SPP. First record for Nepal. Joshiet aI (1%5). Other reports from Nepal - Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. India. Biology. Larvae havebeen found in tree holesand bamboostumps (Barraud 1934). Adults were cohectedin Nepal outdoorsin the forest.

~ZZM4NMU @Es) REZDI MATI’INGLY Distribution in Nepal. NARAYANI, Makwanpur,Hetaura, I-V-55,19 (Peters and Dewar 1956). First record for Nepal. Peters and Dewar (1956) [asHz. indica (Theobald)]. Other reports from Nepal - Joshiet al. (1%5), Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. India, Burma, Malaysia,Vietnam and Taiwan. Biology. Immatureshave been taken from tree holes,bamboo nodes, ground pools, rock holesand crab holes. Adults have been cohectedfrom humanbait. Taxonomic note. Mattingly (1957b) determinedthat the holotype of Hz. indica (Theobald) did not agree with the descriptionof this speciesby Barraud (1934) and others,therefore a new name,reidi, wasrequired. Accordingto Mattingly (1970), indica doesnot occur in the Indian subcontinent,so that alI previousreferences to it from that region are referable to reidi.

GENUS MALAYA iK4L.AYA GENUUOSTUJS LEICESTER Distribution in Nepal. LUMBINI, Rupandehi,Jogikuti, VIII-62,19, SPP. First record for Nepal. Joshiet al. (1965). Other reports from Nepal - Shrestha(1966). Distribution outsideNepal. India and Sri Lanka eastto southChina, Taiwan, the Philippinesand southto Indone- sia and New Guinea. Biology. In Nepal an adult wascaptured resting under a log near an ant colony. Adults obtain food from antsof the genusCremastogaster. The adultsfeed from the openmouth of the ant while it is beingheld betweenthe front legs of the mosquito. Larvae live in tree holesand water holdingleaf axils(Thurman 1959).

GENUS lU!AlKSONU n!uNisom (MANSOMOWES) ANNULJFERA THEOBALD Distribution in Nepal. LUMBINI, Kapilvastu,Taulihawa, IX-62,59; JANAKPUR, Mohattari, Pipara,VII-7-S4,3?, SPP. First record for Nepal. Joshiet al. (1%5). Other reports from Nepal - Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. Oriental Region southto New Guinea. Biology. Larvae have been found in pondsand lake marginswhere suitableaquatic plants abound. They attachto the main roots of Pistia spp.and Eichomia spp.from whichthey obtain air for respiration. When disturbedlarvae readily detach,some comingto the surfaceto rest before reattaching.Adult females are stronglyanthropophilic and the speciesis an important vector of Bmgia makzyi in India (Burton 1960).

MANSONZA (YSOMOWES) I.NDWA EDWARDS Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Morang, Baukajhora,IX-61,3?; JANAKPUR, Mohattari, Pipara,VII-26-87,19, SPP. First record for Nepal. Joshiet al. (1%5). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. India and Sri Lanka east to Indochinaand southto Indonesia. Biology. Swampsand pondswith abundantaquatic vegetation constitute larval habitats(Barraud 1934). SEPTEMBERWO 125

MAN.SONM (MlNSONIOWEY~ IllvIFoRMIS (THEOBALD) Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Morang, Baukajhora,MII-61,49; LUMBINI, Kapilvastu,Taulihawa, VIII-62,3?; JANAKPUR, Mohattari, Pipara,VII-7-84,29, SPP;NAFWYANI, Makwanpur,Nayagaon, I-V-55,4? (Petersand Dewar 1956). First record for Nepal. Peters and Dewar (1956). Other reports from Nepal - Joshiet al. (1%5), Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. Afrotropical, Oriental and AustralasianRegions, Japan, Ryukyu Islands. Biology. Larvae occur in open swampsand poolswith thick aquaticvegetation. Larvae attachtheir siphonsto roots in order to obtainair for respiration. They attachto the main rootsup near their bases.They wiil not detacheasily when disturbed. Adult femalesreadily feed on man and are major vectorsof filariasisin many parts of its range (Delfinado 1966).

-OAiI%4 (ETORLEp;II Oh4XM) LUZONENSIS (LUDLOW) Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Tarahara, XI-25-87,19, SPP, RPD; JANAKPUR, Sindhuli,Bardiagoth, IV- 28-90,2?, SPP. First record for Nepal. Pradhanand Darsie (1989). Distribution outsideNepal. India and Sri Lanka east to Taiwan, Okinawa and the Philippinesand southto Java. Biology. Larvae havebeen found in pondswith Pistia spp.,artificial containersand roadsideditches. Adult females in Nepal were collectedfeeding on pigs(Mattingly 1957a;Delfinado 1966).

MIOhiYiX (MA’UOh4YM) -E-LUDLOW Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Morang, Dhubai, IX-X-85,29 (Burgess,unpublished data). First record for Nepal. Burgess(unpublished data). Distribution outsideNepal. Pakistan,India and Sri Lanka eastand southto Thailand, Indonesia,New Guinea and Australia. Biology. Larvae havebeen collectedfrom ditcheswith vegetationand algae,also in fishponds and tanks. Adult habits are unknown(Delfmado 1966).

MLMOM’YM (MfA4OAfY25¶)HXBRZVA (LEICESTER) Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Tarahara, 1X-X-85,2?; Morang, Khanar,IX-X-85,2?; Sonapur,IX-X-85,2? (Burgess,unpublished data). First record for Nepal. Burgess(unpublished data). Distribution outsideNepal. India and Sri Lanka east and southto Thailand, Indonesiaand New Guinea. Biology.Larvae havebeen associatedwith groundpools containing Pistia spp. They haveattenuated siphons adapted for piercingroots of theseaquatic plants to obtain air for respiration(Mattingly 1957a).

GENUS ORTHOPODOiU-l+Z4

ORTUOPODOhf&Z4 ANOPHELOWES (GILES) Distribution in Nepal. GANDAKI, Lamjung,Ghanpokhara, XII-59,3L; KOSI, Sunsari,Dharan, X-61,1?, 5d, 12L; BAGMATI, Kathmandu,Wholchowk, VIII-63,s; JANAKPUR, Sindhuli,Khutepani, I-12-88,17L, III-3-89,3L, SPP; NARAYANI, Makwanpur, Chisapani,VI-VII-55,lL (Peters and Dewar 1956). First record for Nepal. Petersand Dewar (1956). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Joshiet al. (1%5), Shrestha(1966), Zavortink (1968). Distribution outside Nepal. Pakistaneast to China and Japanand southto Indonesia. Bihgy. Immatureshave been found in tree holes,bamboo internodes, artificial containersand rock holes. Adults were collectedresting in forestedareas (Macdonald 1958,Zavortink 1968). In Nepal larvae were collectedfrom tree holes associatedwith Ae. albopictus, Ae. gubematoris, An. interruptus and fi. brevipalpis.

GENUS TOPOMY22

TOPOMYLQ (TOPOMYH) AVREOFTdUER (THEOBALD) Distribution in Nepal. NARAYANI, Makwanpur,Jyamere, VIII-62,19, SPP. First record for Nepal. Joshiet al. (1%5). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. India. 126 MOSQUITOS~sre~~ncs VOL.~~, No.2

Biology. Immature stagesunknown.

GENUS TOXORHlWCHmS

TOXORHYNCS’ (TOXORHYiVCHIlES) SPLEMDEIKS (WIEDEMANN) Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,VIII-61, ti, 1L; LUMBINI, Rupandehi,Jogikuti, VIII-62, ld; JANAKPUR, Sindhuli,Khutepank IX-3-88,2& SPP. First record for Nepal. Peters and Dewar (1956). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Joshiet ai. (1%5), Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. Oriental Region, New Guinea, Fiji and Rotuma Islands. Biology. Larvae are predatory and occupytree holes. In Nepal they havebeen taken associatedwithAe. albopictus, Or. anopheloides andAe. albolateralis.

GENUS UMOT~NM

URANOTAENzL4 (PSEUDOFIGUBH) LUTEOLA EDWARDS Distribution in Nepal. NARAYANI, Makwanpur,Jyamere, VIII-62,29,2& SPP. First record for Nepal. Joshiet al. (1%5). Other reports from Nepal - Shrestha(1966). Distribution outsideNepal. India, Andaman Islandsand Hainan Island. Biology. Immatures and adult biology unknown.

URANOTMNU (PSEUDOFIULBU) MACULIP!URA LEICESTER Distribution in Nepal. NARAYANI, Makwanpur,Jyamere, VIII-62,2?, l& SPP. First record for Nepal. Joshiet al. (1965). Other reportsfrom Nepal - Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. India, Malaysiaand Taiwan. Biology. Larvae have been coilectedin tree holesand artificial containers(Peyton 1977).

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFIULBlil) RECOIVDZZA EDWARDS Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Tarahara, XI-26-87,19, SPP, RFD. First record for Nepal. Pradhan and Darsie (1989). Distribution outsideNepal. India, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Hainan Island. Biology. Larvae have been taken from tree holes. Adult biology unknown(Barraud 1934).

URANOTAENLQ (PSEUDOFIMLBH) ST4UKKLAhDI’ BARRAUD Distribution in Nepal. MAHAKALI, Kanchanpur,Haldu I&i, VIII-19-86,19, SPP. First record for Nepal. Pradhan and Darsie (1989). Distribution outsideNepal. India and Thailand. Biology. Larvae havebeen collectedfrom rock poolsand from a smaiiground pool in a seepagearea (Peyton 1977).

.URANOTAEhrIA (UIUNOTMNU) ANhHh?D!I BARRAUD Distribution in Nepal. NARAYANI, Makwanpur,Hetaura, I-V-55, Ad (Peters and Dewar 1956). First record for Nepal. Peters and Dewar (1956). Other reports from Nepal - Joshiet ai. (1%5), Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. India, Burma, China, Ryukyu Islands,Taiwan and the Philippines. Biology. Larvae inhabit shadedforest streams,forest pools,rock pools andjungle swamps(Barraud 1934).

URANOTAENZA (UfMVOTMNU) C4MPESTR.B LEICESTER Distribution in Nepal. NARAYANI, Bara, Nizgarh,VI-63,19, SPP;Makwanpur, Hetaura, I-V-55, Ad, P, L (Peters and Dewar 1956). First record for Nepal. Peters and Dewar (1956). Other reports from Nepal - Joshiet ai. (1%5), Shrestha(1%6). Distribution outside Nepal. India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. Biology. Larvae occur in shallowforest pools. Adults were coilectedresting near these pools (Peters and Dewar 1956). Larvae also have been found in streamsand springs(Barraud 1934).

URANOT~MA (URANOTAENlil) EDWmSI BARRAUD Distribution in Nepal. NARAYANI, Chitwan,Rapti Valley, IV-63,1?, SPP. First record for Nepal. Joshiet ai. (1%5). Other reports from Nepal - Shrestha(1966). Distribution outside Nepal. India, Thailand, Malaysia and Haiuan Island. Biology. Immatures and adult biologyunknown. SEPTEMBER~~~O I27

UZLQNOTBW (URANOTAENLQ) MAW- EDWARDS Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Tarahara, XI-25-87, SO,SPP, RPD. First record for Nepal. Pradhanand Darsie (1989). Distribution outsideNepal. India, China, Ryukyu Islands,Taiwan, Malaysia and Indonesia. Biology. Larvae havebeen collectedfrom smallleafy pools,from sandybottom poolsin a hill streamand from a pool in a cave. Larvae lie almosthorizontal to water surface. Adults have been taken in damp areasclose to streams (Bohart and Ingram 1946). In Nepal, they were capturedin a CDC light trap.

UUANOT~JWI (UfUNOT~ml) SP. NEAR TESTACEA THEOBALD Distribution in Nepal. KOSI, Sunsari,Tarahara, XI-26_87,39,ld, SPP, RFD. First record for Nepal. Pradhanand Darsie (1989). Distribution outside Nepal. India, Burma, Thailand, Kampuchea,Vietnam and Malaysia (Peyton, pers. comm.). Biology. Unknown,but may be similarto Ur. te,rtaea whoselarvae breed in forest streams,hoof printsin jungle and shadedrock poolswith abundantscum and surfacelitter (Delfinado 1966).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Bengal: records of mosquitoescollected from Hima- layan region of Uttar Pradesh with ecologicalnotes. The authorswishto thankthe staffof the Vector Biology Indian J. Med. Res. 63:1583-1608. and Control Project for supportingthe studywhich led to Bohart, R.M. and R.L. Ingram. 1946. Mosquitoes of this publication;D. Calder and the staff of the Office of OkinawaandIslands in the centralPacific. U.S. Navmed Health and Family Planning,USAID/Nepal, for appreci- 1055,110 pp. ating the value of this work; the late K. Dixit, J.P.B. Bram, R.A. 1967. Contributionsto the mosquitofauna of Shrestha,R. Vaidya and the staff of the Nepal Malaria SoutheastAsia - II. The genus Cula in Thailand Eradication Organization for their assistancein many (Diptera: Culicidae). Co&rib. Am. Entomol. Inst. ways;the staff of the Walter Reed BiosystematicsUnit, (Ann Arbor) 2:l-2%. SmithsonianInstitution, for their help in identification;to Brydon,H.W., G. Joshiand S. Pradhan. 1961. Anopheles N. Burgessand K. Chetwyn,Department of MilitaryEnto- distributionand its relation to the malaria eradication mology,Royal Army Medical College, London, for shar- program in Central Nepal. Mosq. News 21:102-105. ing their recordsof Nepal mosquitoes;to B. C. Townsend, Buescher,E.L., W.F. Scherer,M.Z. Rosenberg,I. Gresser, British Museum (Natural History), London, for informa- J.L. Hardy and H.R. Bullock. 1959. Ecologicalstudies tion on mosquitoesof Nepal andto D. C. Williams andthe of Japaneseencephalitis virus in Japan II. Mosquito staff of the International Center for Public Health Re- infections. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 8:651-677. search,University of South Carolina,without whosesup- Burton, G.J. 1960. Studieson the bionomicsof mosquito port its completion would not have been possible. The vectorswhich transmit filariasis in India. U.S. Tech. authorsare gratefulto the reviewersof the manuscriptfor Coop. Mission to India, New Delhi, 145 pp. their careful scrutiny and helpful comments. Figures 1 Christophers,S.R. 1933. Family Culicidae. Tribe Ano- thru 8 are usedby permissionof the American Mosquito phelini.The faunaof BritishIndia, includingCeylon and Control Association. Burma. Diptera Vol. IV, 371 pp. London. Colless,D.H. 1957. Notes on the culicinemosquitoes of LITERATURE CITED SingaporeII. The Culex vishnui group (Diptera, Cu- licidae) with descriptionsof two new species. Ann. Abercrombie, J. 1977. Medical entomologystudies - X. Trop. Med. Parasitol.51:87-101. The subgenusChtistophetsiomyia of the genusAedes Das,S.C.,D.R. Nath,P.K. Sarkar,B.C.Chakraborty, K.M. (Diptera: Culicidae). Contrib. Am. Entomol. Inst. Rao, N.G. Taran andJ.N. Misra. 1987. recordsof man- (Ann Arbor) 14(2):l-72. biting mosquitoesof Tezpur (Assam) - A preliminary Baimai, V., B.A. Harrison and L. Somchit. 1981. Kar- investigation.Indian Jour. Publ. Hlth. 31:231-235. yotype differentiation of three anophelinetaxa in the Delfinado, M.D. 1966. The culicine mosquitoesof the BalabacensisComplex of Southeast Asia (Diptera: Philippines,tribe Culicini (Diptera, Culicidae). Mem. Culicidae). Genetica 57:81-86. Am. Entomol. Inst. 7:1-252. Barraud,P.J. 1934. Family Culicidae.Tribes Megarhinini Dobrotworsky,N.V. 1971. Contributionsto the mosquito and Culicini. The fauna of British India, including fauna of SoutheastAsia X. The genusCuliseta Felt in Ceylon and Burma. Diptera Vol. V, 473 pp. London. SoutheastAsia. Contrib. Am. Entomol. Inst. (Ann Bhat,H.R. 1975.A surveyof haematophagousarthropods Arbor) 7(3):39-61. in westernHimalayas, Sikkii and hill districtsof West Gould, D J., H.C. Barnett andW. Suyemoto. 1%2. Trans- 128 MOSQUITOSY~TICS V0~.22.No.2

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