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The Mosquitoes of Nepal: Their Identification, Distribution and Biology

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The Mosquitoes of Nepal: Their Identification, Distribution and Biology SEPTEMBER1990 69 THE MOSQUITOES OF NEPAIk THEIR IDENTIFICATION, DISTRIBUTION AND BIOLOGJ? RICHARD F. DARSI~ JR.~ AND SHREEDHARP. PRADHAF? TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................70 Table 1. Systematic List of the Mosquitoes of Nepal ........................................................................................................71 Keys to the Adult Female Mosquitoes of Nepal ................................................................................................................72 Key to the Genera ............................................................................................................................................................72 Key to the Genus Aedes .................................................................................................................................................. 73 Key to the GenusAnopheles ..........................................................................................................................................75 Key to the Genus Amigeres ............................................................................................................................................ 78 Key to the Genus Cukx ..................................................................................................................................................79 Key to the Genus Heizmannia ........................................................................................................................................ 81 Key to the Genus Mansonia .......................................................................................................................................... 82 Key to the Genus Mimomyia .......................................................................................................................................... 82 Key to the Genus Uranotaenia ...................................................................................................................................... 82 Keys to the Fourth Instar Larvae of the Mosquitoes of Nepal ........................................................................................83 Key to the Genera ............................................................................................................................................................83 Key to the GenusAedes.................................................................................................................................................. 84 Key to the GenusAnopheles .......................................................................................................................................... 85 Key to the Genus Armigeres ............................................................................................................................................ 88 Key to the Genus C&x ..................................................................................................................................................88 Key to the Genus Mansonia .......................................................................................................................................... 90 Key to the Genus Mimomyia .......................................................................................................................................... 91 Key to the Genus Uranotaenia ...................................................................................................................................... 91 Glossaryof Mosquito Morphology ......................................................................................................................................91 Distribution and Biology of the Mosquitoes of Nepal ....................................................................................................104 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................104 Genus Aedes .................................................................................................................................................................. 104 Map of Nepal ..................................................................................................................................................................105 Genus Anopheles ............................................................................................................................................................ 108 Genus Armigeres ............................................................................................................................................................ 116 Genus Coquillettidia ...................................................................................................................................................... 117 Genus Cuk ....................................................................................................................................................................118 Genus Culiseta ................................................................................................................................................................ 123 Genus Heizmannia ........................................................................................................................................................ 124 GenusMaZaya ................................................................................................................................................................ 124 GenusMansonia ............................................................................................................................................................ 124 GenusMimomyia .......................................................................................................................................................... 125 Genus Otihopodomyia .................................................................................................................................................. 125 Genus Topomyia ............................................................................................................................................................ 125 Genus Toxorhynchites.................................................................................................................................................... 126 Genus Uranotaenia ........................................................................................................................................................ 126 Acknowledgments................................................................................................................................................................ 127 Literature Cited ....................................................................................................................................................................127 1The work was supportedin part by the Vector Biologyand Control Project under ContractNo. DPE5948C-00-5044-00 to M.S.C.I. for the Agency for International Development,Bureau of Scienceand Technology. Reprint requestsshould be sent to the senior author. 2ResearchEntomologist, International Center for PublicHealth Research,Univ. of South Carolina,P.O. Box 699, McClellanville,SC 29458. 3Medical Entomologistand Malaria Advisor, U.S. Agencyfor InternationalDevelopment, Kathmandu, Nepal. 70 MOSQUTO SYSIXMATICS VOL. 22, No. 2 ABSTRACT. Three mosquito-bornediseases are prevalent in Nepal, i.e., malaria, Japaneseencephalitis and filariasis.The former, transmittedby anophehnemosquitoes, has had health authorities concerned for many years, while the latter two, primarily spreadby culicine mosquitoes,have onIy recently received national attention. In order to understandthe epidemiologyand control of thesediseases, it is imperativethat the vectorsbe identified. This wasthe motivationfor the presentwork. Keysfor the identificationof anophelineshave existed for many years, but were in need of revision,while none had been composedfor cuhcinemosquitoes. There are now 130 speciesand subspeciesin 14 generaknown from Nepal. They are ail includedin keysto the adult femalesand fourth instarlarvae. Furthermore, the distributionand biology of eachtaxon is given aswell as a glossary whichwilI aid the user in comprehendingthe morphologicalcharacters in the keys. INTRODUCTION additionsto the fauna were recordeduntil 1989,when we published13 new country records (Pradhan and Darsie In Nepal 3 mosquito-bornediseases are prevalentand 1989). We are reporting7 more herein,partially the result causemuch morbidity and mortality. They are malaria of new collectionsby one of us(SPP) in 1988. The species (Peters et al. 1955, Brydon et al. l%l, Johnson 1966, areA e&s pulchriventer;Ae. subalbopictus,An. frasilis, An. Pradhanet al. 1970,Shrestha and Parajuli 1980,Parajuli et &dim, Armiger~ &ham& Culsr injiLrczand CGpseud& al. 1981, Shrestha et al. 1988), Japaneseencephalitis vishnui. (JE)(Pradhan 1981, Khatri et al. 1983, Henderson et al. Over the years, varioustreatments of specificgenera, 1983) and filariasis(Kessel1966, Jung 1973). One of the subgeneraor speciesgroups, some of which mention motivationsfor this work has been the epidemiological Nepal, havebeen very usefulin constructingthe
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