Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior, Begin- Ning with the DSM
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Nature and Relation to Non-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
BETH-00620; No of Pages 19; 4C: Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Behavior Therapy xx (2016) xxx–xxx www.elsevier.com/locate/bt Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Nature and Relation to Non-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Lorenzo Lorenzo-Luaces John R. Keefe Robert J. DeRubeis University of Pennsylvania there is any kind of contribution of the “cognitive” in Since the introduction of Beck’s cognitive theory of emotional cognitive-behavioral therapy. disorders, and their treatment with psychotherapy, cognitive- Despite debate regarding their active treatment behavioral approaches have become the most extensively components as well as working mechanisms, CBTs researched psychological treatment for a wide variety of continue to be the most widely studied forms of disorders. Despite this, the relative contribution of cognitive to therapy (Hofmann, Asmundson, & Beck, 2013). A behavioral approaches to treatment are poorly understood uniquely appealing aspect of CBTs is that their theo- and the mechanistic role of cognitive change in therapy is ries of therapeutic change comport well with most widely debated. We critically review this literature, focusing modern conceptualizations of psychopathology. In on the mechanistic role of cognitive change across cognitive this review, we attempt to reconcile skepticism and behavioral therapies for depressive and anxiety disorders. regarding the relative contribution of CT strategies to BT, as well as the mechanisms that account for their efficacy. First, we provide a very brief historical -
The Role of Personality in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by The University of North Carolina at Greensboro The role of personality in cognitive-behavioral therapies By: Kari A. Merrill (Eddington) and Timothy J. Strauman Merrill, K.A., & Strauman, T.J. (2004). The role of personality in cognitive-behavioral therapies. Behavior Therapy, 35(1), 131-146. Made available courtesy of Elsevier: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80008-X ***© 2004 Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy. Reprinted with permission. This version of the document is not the version of record. *** This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Abstract: Trait-based theories of personality explain behavior across situations based on a set of broad personality attributes or dimensions. In contrast, recent social-cognitive theories of personality emphasize the importance of context and take a combined nomothetic/idiographic approach to personality. The social-cognitive perspective on personality resembles cognitive-behavioral therapies, which explain behavior in particular situations based on interactions of specific cognitions, mood states, and stimulus conditions. This article considers how contemporary personality theory and research might be integrated into the study of the outcomes and processes associated with cognitive-behavioral therapies. We propose that applying the social-cognitive perspective on personality to the study of how cognitive-behavioral therapies work provides both validation of current theories and promising directions for additional research. We review the research literatures on cognitive theories of psychopathology and cognitive-behavioral treatments to examine how the topic of personality has been addressed in those literatures to date. -
Neuroscience Approaches to Understanding Psychopathology 41
Neuroscience Approaches to Understanding 2 Psychopathology CHAPTER OUTLINE LEARNING OBJECTIVES The Growing Importance of Neuroscience, Genetics, and an 2.1 Explain why neuroscience, Evolutionary Perspective genetics, and an evolutionary Brain Anatomy, Neurons, and Neurotransmitters perspective are increasingly A Quick Review of Brain Anatomy and Function important in understanding Neurons and Neural Transmission psychopathology. How Does the Neuron Pass Information? Major Neurotransmitters 2.2 Describe how information Encoding Information is communicated within the How Do We Observe the Brain at Work? human brain. Electroencephalography Evoked Potentials 2.3 Describe the major techniques Magnetoencephalography used to view the human brain Positron Emission Tomography at work and their related Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging distributeethical implications. Diffusion Tensor Imaging 2.4 Explain what brain networks Spatial and Temporal Resolution are and how they influence CULTURAL LENS: Using Brain Imaging to Understand Culture or human behavior. Neuroethics LENS: Neuroethics: Ethical Considerations When Using Neuroscience 2.5 Explain the function of Techniques genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Networks of the Brain Neurons Connect in a Network 2.6 Ask critical questions about What Is the Brain’s Default (Intrinsic) Network? psychopathology from an Different Networks Are Involved in Differentpost, Tasks evolutionary perspective. Genetics and Psychopathology The Study of Genetics What Do Genes Do? DNA How Do Genes Influence Behavior? Epigenetic Processes Mitochondria and Mitochondrial Inheritance What Are Endophenotypes?copy, Evolution and Psychopathology The Themes of Evolution Psychopathology From an Evolutionary Perspective Summary Study Resourcesnot Review Questions For Further Reading Key Terms and Concepts DoSAGE edge he neuroscientist V. S. Ramachandran (1998) told about an individ- ual, David, who came to see him at the medical center in San Diego, TCalifornia. -
University of California, Santa Cruz Syllabus for Abnormal Psychology (PSYC 170) • Summer 2014 "...Whatever
University of California, Santa Cruz Syllabus for Abnormal Psychology (PSYC 170) • Summer 2014 "...whatever ... psychiatric problems are, they have this in common with 'real' diseases - they are associated with pain, suffering, disability, and death." - Psychiatric Diagnosis, Goodwin & Guze (1979) This course is an introduction to human psychopathology. The course surveys fundamental issues and problems of people with behavioral, emotional and cognitive disorders. The major classes of mental disorders are reviewed, focusing on the development of serious mental disorders. The course material is interdisciplinary: it examines biological, medical, psychological, social, cultural, and political aspects of mental illness. Students are taught ways to formulate and analyze psychopathology, with the purpose of helping them develop an introductory but integrated understanding of mental disorder and intervention. Course Objectives: It is hoped that each student will: - gain a critical awareness of important theories about the etiology of human psychopathology, - learn all the major categories of mental disorders, - learn basic elements of psychiatric diagnosis, - understand strengths and weaknesses of diagnostic classification, - learn basic principles and processes in the development of psychopathology, and - gain a critical awareness of current social issues affecting people with mental illness. Instructor: David A. "Tony" Hoffman, Ph.D. phone: 831 247 5558 email: [email protected] office: Social Sciences 2 room #352 office hours: to be announced and by appointment. Teaching and course assistants: Pat Samermit email: <[email protected]> office: Social Sciences 2 room #305 office hours: to be announced and by appointment. Class times and locations: Lectures: Tuesdays and Thursdays, 9:00AM-12:30PM, Social Sciences building 2 room 075 Text, readings, and viewing material: Ronald J. -
Personality Theory and Psychopathology
Learning Accelerator Research Paper PERSONALITY THEORY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Kate E. Walton Stephanie R. Pavlos 2015 Walton, K. E., & Pavlos, S. R. (2015). Personality theory and psychopathology. In J. D. Wright (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edition, Vol. 17 (914-919). Oxford, UK: Elsevier. This is a draft of “Personality theory and psychopathology,” and the copy of record is with Elsevier. (ISBN: 978-0-08-097087-5) LA015039 Personality Theory and Psychopathology Abstract The connection between personality and psychopathology has been studied for centuries. In the current essay, we provide an overview of contemporary research in the field. We begin with a review of trait models of personality and the current psychopathology classification system in use. We discuss the link between normal personality traits and personality disorders and other types of psychopathology and conclude with a discussion of different theoretical perspectives explaining the personality-psychopathology connection. The link between personality and psychopathology has been long-recognized, dating back to ancient Greece and Hippocrates’ discussions of the four humors. The four essential fluids of the body - phlegm, blood, bile, and black bile - were thought to determine temperament. Depending on the dominant humor, one could be phlegmatic, sanguine, choleric, or melancholic, and each type had an accompanying set of attributes. An imbalance in these humors led to symptoms of illness, and therefore temperament was thought to be connected to all disease, physical or mental. Later, in the 19th century, Darwinian-influenced perspectives on the personality-psychopathology link arose. These were evolutionary perspectives, depicting mental illness as a genetically-based character deficiency. -
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Journal of Abnormal Psychology The Functions of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: Support for Cognitive–Affective Regulation and Opponent Processes From a Novel Psychophysiological Paradigm Joseph C. Franklin, Elenda T. Hessel, Rachel V. Aaron, Michael S. Arthur, Nicole Heilbron, and Mitchell J. Prinstein Online First Publication, October 11, 2010. doi: 10.1037/a0020896 CITATION Franklin, J. C., Hessel, E. T., Aaron, R. V., Arthur, M. S., Heilbron, N., & Prinstein, M. J. (2010, October 11). The Functions of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: Support for Cognitive–Affective Regulation and Opponent Processes From a Novel Psychophysiological Paradigm. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/a0020896 Journal of Abnormal Psychology © 2010 American Psychological Association 2010, Vol. ●●, No. ●, 000–000 0021-843X/10/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0020896 The Functions of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: Support for Cognitive–Affective Regulation and Opponent Processes From a Novel Psychophysiological Paradigm Joseph C. Franklin, Elenda T. Hessel, Rachel V. Aaron, Michael S. Arthur, Nicole Heilbron, and Mitchell J. Prinstein University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Although research on the reasons for engaging in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) has increased dramat- ically in the last few years, there are still many aspects of this pernicious behavior that are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to address these gaps in the literature, with a particular focus on investigating whether NSSI (a) regulates affective valence in addition -
Examples of Abnormal Behavior in Abnormal Psychology
Examples Of Abnormal Behavior In Abnormal Psychology Wadsworth usually streamline distractively or affrays flaringly when unimpeachable Mayer despumated aught and prolixly. Geoffry is unhelmeted: she materialise excruciatingly and styes her brood. Unimposing Walden phosphorated signally. Helen mayberg has a class is sampling is often in behavior, avicenna frequently depressed people Dissociative disorders are examples include extreme form of what can download a medium. Describe and request specific examples of sexual and gender disorders. The standard criteria in psychology and psychiatry is that playing mental illness or mental. The role of the amygdala in activating this decay may be countered by a regulatory system graph the prefrontal cortex, as Hermann et al. The Psychology of order Behavior YouTube. This contradictory assessment and many others that arise in distant cultures put forward sharp so a strongly influential yet rarely discussed fact of psychology: cultural norms and values determine which behaviors are socially acceptable. 25 of the population are resilient but everybody know perhaps there while some behaviour which. Then challenged that their behavior may lead these examples of behavioral methods focus. Tr terms of thin for this: theory encouraged in order to have a more active cases of any are other diseases or ability. Tom, and determine whether something not his cally, list which criteria apply and interim do not. The full translation impossible for controlling possible that may also a naming system, in parts of. Unit 12 Abnormal BehaviorDisorders Test March 4 March 10. Abnormal behavior is defined as behavior however is deviant maladaptive andor personally distressful Distress The individual reports of great personal distress o The distressed created by obsessive behavior drives a person wash her hands 4 times an ambulance take 7 showers a cupboard and cleans her apartment twice. -
Harcourt News
NEWS Contact: Mark Slitt 210.339.5399 FOR RELEASE: Monday, June 2, 2003 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CORPORATION’S AURELIO PRIFITERA WINS RECOGNITION FROM REED ELSEVIER SAN ANTONIO – The Psychological Corporation announced today that its president, Aurelio Prifitera, has been recognized for his outstanding commitment to customer focus. Prifitera earned the recognition last month at a conference of senior management from various business units of Reed Elsevier Group plc, a world- leading publisher and information provider operating in the science and medical, legal, education and business-to-business industry sectors. The Psychological Corporation’s parent company, Harcourt Inc., is a Reed Elsevier company. Prifitera was singled out for an attention to customers that has stimulated a steady 10 to 15 percent year-over-year revenue growth in his business unit. “We are enormously proud that out of 35,000 Reed Elsevier employees worldwide, the company honored our very own Aurelio Prifitera for exemplifying the Reed Elsevier values,” said Jeff Galt, president and chief executive officer of Harcourt Assessment. The Psychological Corporation is a Harcourt Assessment company. At the conference, Reed Elsevier Chief Executive Officer Crispin Davis also recognized senior managers from other business units for their excellence in living and leading the company’s values. In addition to customer focus, the Reed Elsevier values are innovation, passion for winning, boundarylessness and valuing people. -- more -- The Psychological Corporation’s Aurelio Prifitera Wins Recognition June 2, 2003 Page 2 Prifitera has been with The Psychological Corporation since 1985 and president since November 1999. Formerly a staff psychologist and faculty member at Northwestern University Medical Center, he also served as staff psychologist at Highland Hospital in Asheville, N.C., and adjunct faculty member at Duke University Medical School. -
Clinical Utility of Cognistat in Multiprofessional Team Evaluations of Patients with Cognitive Impairment in Swedish Primary Care
Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Family Medicine Volume 2014, Article ID 649253, 10 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/649253 Research Article Clinical Utility of Cognistat in Multiprofessional Team Evaluations of Patients with Cognitive Impairment in Swedish Primary Care Maria M. Johansson,1 Anna S. Kvitting,2 Ewa Wressle,1 and Jan Marcusson1 1 Department of Geriatric Medicine and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping¨ University, SE-581 85 Linkoping,¨ Sweden 2 Primary Health Care and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linkoping¨ University, SE-581 85 Linkoping,¨ Sweden Correspondence should be addressed to Maria M. Johansson; [email protected] Received 21 October 2013; Revised 8 January 2014; Accepted 12 February 2014; Published 23 March 2014 Academic Editor: Samuel Y. S. Wong Copyright © 2014 Maria M. Johansson et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Background. Diagnostic evaluations of dementia are often performed in primary health care (PHC). Cognitive evaluation requires validated instruments. Objective. Toinvestigate the diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of Cognistat in a primary care population. Methods. Participants were recruited from 4 PHC centres; 52 had cognitive symptoms and 29 were presumed cognitively healthy. Participants were tested using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Clock Drawing Test (CDT), and Cognistat. Clinical diagnoses, based on independent neuropsychological examination and a medical consensus discussion in secondary care, were used as criteria for diagnostic accuracy analyses. Results. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 0.85, 0.79, 0.85, and 0.79, respectively, for Cognistat; 0.59, 0.91, 0.90, and 0.61 for MMSE; 0.26, 0.88, 0.75, and 0.46 for CDT; 0.70, 0.79, 0.82, and 0.65 for MMSE and CDT combined. -
Abnormal Psychology: Past and Present
1-1 CHAPTER :1 Abnormal Psychology: Past and Present CHAPTER SUMMARY Since ancient times, people have tried to explain, treat, and study abnormal behavior. By examining the responses of past societies to such behaviors, we can better understand the roots of our present views and treatments. In addition, a look backward helps us appreciate just how far we have come— how humane our present views are, how impressive our recent discoveries are, and how important our current emphasis on research is. However, as you will read about in this chapter, many problems exist in the field of abnormal psychology today. Chapter 1 begins by defining psychological abnormality and treatment and then explores its history and, later, its current trends. TOPIC OVERVIEW What Is Psychological Abnormality? Deviance Distress Dysfunction Danger The Elusive Nature of Abnormality What Is Treatment? How Was Abnormality Viewed and Treated in the Past? Ancient Views and Treatments Greek and Roman Views and Treatments Europe in the Middle Ages: Demonology Returns The Renaissance and the Rise of Asylums The Nineteenth Century: Reform and Moral Treatment 1-2 The Early Twentieth Century: The Somatogenic and Psychogenic Perspectives Current Trends How Are People with Severe Disturbances Cared For? How Are People with Less Severe Disturbances Treated? A Growing Emphasis on Preventing Disorders and Promoting Mental Health Multicultural Psychology The Growing Influence of Insurance Coverage What Are Today’s Leading Theories and Professions? Technology and Mental Health Putting It Together: A Work in Progress LECTURE OUTLINE I. WHAT IS ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY? A. Abnormal psychology is the field devoted to the scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning B. -
What Is an Emotional Disorder? a Transdiagnostic Mechanistic Definition with Implications for Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention
Received: 17 July 2018 | Revised: 10 December 2018 | Accepted: 10 January 2019 DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12278 LITERATURE REVIEW What is an emotional disorder? A transdiagnostic mechanistic definition with implications for assessment, treatment, and prevention Jacqueline R. Bullis1,2 | Hannah Boettcher1 | Shannon Sauer‐Zavala1 | Todd J. Farchione1 | David H. Barlow1 1Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders, Boston University, Boston, Abstract Massachusetts We present a transdiagnostic definition of the commonly used, but poorly defined, 2Division of Depression and term emotional disorder. This definition transcends and possibly complements tradi- Anxiety Disorders, Harvard Medical tional descriptive diagnostic categories, and candidate dimensional models of psy- School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts chopathology by focusing on putative mechanisms that contribute to the onset and maintenance of disorders characterized primarily by dysfunction in the interpretation Correspondence and regulation of emotion. We review three intermediate transdiagnostic mecha- Jacqueline R. Bullis, Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, Harvard Medical nisms that characterize emotional disorders, such as, but not limited to, anxiety and School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA. depressive disorders, and then illustrate how this proposed definition applies to ad- Email: [email protected] ditional diagnoses beyond anxiety and depression. Implications of this new concep- tualization of disorders of emotion are then discussed in the context of assessment, treatment, and prevention. KEYWORDS classification, comorbidity, emotional disorders, transdiagnostic 1 | INTRODUCTION the frequent use of the term emotional disorder, in the ab- sence of explicit operationalization, has only contributed to The aim of this article is to define a term that has been widely an illusory consensus whereby the same term is being used used by both researchers and practitioners in the field since with different meanings. -
Personality Disorders
CHAPTER :16 Personality Disorders TOPIC OVERVIEW “Odd” Personality Disorders Paranoid Personality Disorder Schizoid Personality Disorder Schizotypal Personality Disorder “Dramatic” Personality Disorders Antisocial Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder Histrionic Personality Disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder “Anxious” Personality Disorders Avoidant Personality Disorder Dependent Personality Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Multicultural Factors: Research Neglect What Problems Are Posed by the DSM-IV-TR Categories? Are There Better Ways to Classify Personality Disorders? The “Big Five” Theory of Personality and Personality Disorders Alternative Dimensional Approaches Putting it Together: Disorders of Personality Are Rediscovered LECTURE OUTLINE I. WHAT IS PERSONALITY? A. It is a unique and long-term pattern of inner experience and outward behavior B. Personality tends to be consistent and often is described in terms of “traits” 219 220 CHAPTER 16 1. These traits may be inherited, learned, or both C. Personality also is flexible, allowing us to adapt to new environments 1. For those with personality disorders, however, that flexibility usually is missing II. WHAT IS A PERSONALITY DISORDER? A. It is an inflexible pattern of inner experience and outward behavior 1. This pattern is seen in most interactions, differs from the experiences and behaviors usually expected, and continues for years 2. The rigid traits of people with personality disorders often lead to psychological pain for the individual and social or occupational difficulties 3. The disorder may also bring pain to others B. Classifying personality disorders 1. A personality disorder typically becomes recognizable in adolescence or early adult- hood a. These are among the most difficult psychological disorders to treat b. Many sufferers are not even aware of their personality problems 2.