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Home , Brawley Formation, Imperial Valley, Salton Sea, Yuha Desert

INTRODUCTION TO RECENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT THE SALTON TEST BASE, IMPERIAL COUNTY,

Rebecca McCorkle Apple KEA Environmental, Inc. 1420 Kettner Boulevard, Suite 620 , CA 92101

ABSTRACT

Evidence from archaeological investigations associated with the Navy's base closure and clean-up activities at the Test Base indicate that it wasn't very long ago that aboriginal peoples were fishing and camping along the receding shoreline of Lake . These investigations revealed a number of features constructed out of the local sandstone, along with ceramics, groundstone, flaked lithics, and fish bone. While most of the archaeological material appears to be associated with late period fishing camps, there are limited indications that the time span of human activity extends into the Archaic and Paleoindian Periods. As an introduction to these recent investigations, this paper will focus on the background and setting of the study, with more detailed presentations of results provided in subsequent inha portions of the symposium. pres Salh TroL INTRODUCTION Viejas, George Auclair, a Cahuilla from the Torres mile Martinez Reservation and Frank Salazar, a the This paper is an introduction to recent from the Campo Reservation. To elev archaeological investigations conducted along the provide the community with pertinent information belo former shoreline on the southwestern side of on the project, an evening presentation was given and ancient . More detailed results of the at a local Restoration Advisory Board meeting in The Des. research will be provided in subsequent papers in Salton . this symposium. scar Located in western Imperial County, west of com Between 1994 and 1997, archaeological State Route 86, the non-submerged portion of Con: studies were conducted at the Salton Sea Test the base encompasses some 10 square miles to SL Base in Imperial County, California. The base was along what is now the western shore of the Salton owned by the U.S. Navy and had been slated for Sea. Although the Salton Sea is the result of a closure and disposal by Base Realignment and modern engineering accident, rt fills the lowest exte Closure (BRAG). This process included an portion of an ancient basin that has filled and dried Calif. ordnance removal program. Southwest Division of up numerous times. from the Naval Facilities Engineering Command delta (SWDIV) contracted with KEA Environmental, Inc. One can get some feel for the impact that Cene (KEA) to provide archaeological studies in order to such a large had on the local conti identify sites that were eligible for the National aboriginal inhabitants based on a quote provided from Register of Historic Places and , under a by an early visitor to the area. William Phipps man Memorandum of Agreement, to assist in Blake, a geologist with a railroad survey party in the documenting and minimizing effects to these sites 1853, is reported to have received this answer throL from activities associated with the base closure. when he asked a local Cahuilla about the ancient the lake: unde The project included contacts with local Native majo American communities, local archaeologists, and When questioned about the shore-line Saltc other interested citizens. Project participants and water marks of the ancient lake, the Braw included Clarence Brown, a Kumeyaay from chief gave an account of a tradition they and

6 have of a great water (agua grande) which outcrops within the Salton Sea Test Base appear covered the whole and was filled to represent exposures of the Brawley Formation. with fine fish. There was also plenty of geese and ducks. Their fathers lived in Periodic diversion of the River into the mountains and used to come down to the has dramatically affected the the lake to fish and hunt. The water 's biota. Prior to modern flood control gradually subsided 'poco: 'poco' (little by measures, this diversion apparently occurred little), and their villages moved down from when meandering channels along the north side the mountains, and into the valley it had of the river's delta occasionally cut through their left. They also said that the waters once natural levees and flowed north instead of returned very suddenly and overwhelmed southwest into the . Once many of their people and drove the rest initiated, there was little to stop the flow until the back to mountains (Blake 1856:98 quoted entire basin filled to a level of 40 feet (12 m) above in Wilke 1978:8). sea level, at which point the lake begap '0 overflow the delta and flow back into the gulf. Eventually the channels would meander back to SETTING the south and the lake would begin to evaporate (Waters 1980,1983). The environment was important to aboriginal inhabitants of the project area. Despite the The last such diversion of the presence of a lake, the region is very arid. The into the Salton Basin occurred in 1905. Large Salton Sea Test Base is located in the Salton floods overran temporary flood control gates Trough in northwestern Imperial County, some 40 constructed during the development of irrigation torres miles north of EI Centro. The base is situated on for the . Until massive 1Ir. a the southwestern shore of the Salton Sea at an engineering efforts redirected the river in 1907, it , To elevation between approximately 20 and 230 feet flowed into the basin forming the Salton Sea. It i1ation below sea level. Vegetation is generally sparse began to evaporate and drop in elevation until the and consists of scattered creosote and saltbush. early 1920s, when agricultural runoff overtook the liven The environment of this area, and the Colorado loss due to evaporation. in P'9 in general, is extreme. Fresh water is scare. Low and high temperatures A number of researchers have focused on the combine to create. high evaporation rates. periodic formation of the earlier lake stands. Data 1St of On of Considerable knowledge and skill were required pertaining to these infillings come primarily from 'miles to survive in such an environment. paleohydrological studies of the Salton Trough ~Iton (Waters 1980, 1983; D. Weide 1976; Wilke 1978). I of a The Salton Trough is a large basin that A number of lake stands are believed extends about 130 miles northwest of the Gulf of &west to have occurred (Waters 1980) and three to four 'dried California. On the south, the trough is separated Late stands are reported (Wilke 1978; from the gulf by a roughly 11 m or 36-foot high Waters 1980, 1983) with a fifth more recent stand delta. The Salton Trough evolved during the late suggested by Schaefer (1986, 1994) and t that Cenozoic as a result of the tectonic forces that Laylander (1994). 'local continue to separate the peninsula lVided from mainland . These forces are In addition to the presence of the lake, how it 'hipps manifested by numerous systems (including receded is pertinent to the current investigations. irty in the ) that run lengthwise As Wilke (1978) discussed, the annual nswer through the valley. Marine transgressions during evaporation from Lake Cahuilla can be estimated the Miocene and Pliocene epochs resulted in based on the evaporation rate determined for the ~ient underlying marine sedimentary formations. The Salton Sea. Evaporation rates of 5.7 to 5.9 feet major geologic units found on the surface of the annually have been derived. This is supported by Salton Sea Test Base include exposures of the data from the USGS regarding the initial drop in Re i'le Brawley Formation, lake deposits, recent alluvium water level of the Salton Sea. and recent sand dunes. The many sandstone 'Y

7 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES as extraction locales. These were primarily opportunistic lithic reduction areas, for exploiting Blake, WHI, Turning to investigations at the Salton Sea local cobbles. Subsurface components were not 1856 Test Base, the initial research included a records identified at this class of resource. Another 30% Routs search that indicated little survey work had been of the sites exhibited evidence of efforts to make Exploll conducted in the area, and that few cultural the available resources more usable, less the Mii resources had been recorded. While clusters of perishable, or more portable. Examples include 1854, fish traps and habitation areas were known to sites with milling or ceramics, as well as lithic occur along the high shoreline of former Lake scatters with evidence of later stage reduction Gallegos, II Cahuilla (e.g., Gallegos 1980; McCown 1964; Von and/or some tool production. Only minor 1980 ~I Werlhof 1996), much less was known about subsurface deposits were observed at some of Califoo archaeological sites at the lower elevations. these sites. The majority of sites were classified as InteriOl1 habitation areas, based on the presence of some An intensive pedestrian survey of the Salton or all of the following: artifact assemblages with Laylander;; Sea Test Base was undertaken, encompassing later stage reduction and/or tool manufacture or 1994 approximately 10 square miles. After the survey, a reworking, hearths and charcoal, and faunal 86, testing plan was prepared to guide the evaluation remains. Artifacts and/or faunal material were P." phase of the investigations. Research domains found in association with most of the rock McCown, E included chronology, technology, and settlement enclosures (81 %). The depth and extent of the 1964 and subsistence. subsurface components varied, with some sites Archae exhibiting a very ephemeral deposit, while other The National Register evaluation of the sites sites had enclosures that contained cultural Schaefer, JJ focused on identifying periods of activity and links material to a depth of more than 50 cm. 19861 to lacustrine resources. However, issues of Quarri81 mobility, cultural affiliation and trade were also Submitll addressed. In all, 164 isolated finds and 170 RESEARCH ISSUES archaeological sites were identified. While none 1994 11 of the isolated finds were found to be eligible In summary, based on data collected during DiscoYi resources, 91 of the sites were eligible for the the investigations, the project team was able to National Register. Most of the eligible sites are address a number of research issues. Although Von WerftlOI located within the Southwest Lake Cahuilla not wanting to usurp findings of the presentations

Recessional Shoreline Archaeological District. to follow, it can be reported that evidence of 19~ "~ih human activity was found covering a broad time A National Register nomination form was span, ranging from the Paleoindian to the Waters,~ 1980~' completed for the district, which encompasses Protohistoric Periods. Technological much of the northern portion of the facility. The investigations regarding ceramics and lithic un~ topographic focal point of the district is a long low assemblages indicate use of local materials, as well .)~ sandstone covered ridge that extends north as the transport of exotics into the region. Most 1983...-g . through the district, roughly paralleling the interesting, perhaps, is the way the investigations QualfmJI present shoreline of the Salton Sea. While the revealed the activities of the aboriginal people Weide, Salton Sea is the result of modern infilling, it who camped along the receding shoreline of Lake o...t 1976 provides much the same visual setting that would Cahuilla. Indications are that the most recent 'Ai the have been present during the very low level occupants in this area were temporary visitors to R YtN _ prehistoric lake stands of Lake Cahuilla. the shoreline, focusing on fish resources.

Subsequent presenters will elaborate on these r:~..~~~<~, The sites identified at the SSTB can typically topics, providing a more complete understanding be described under one of 3 main categories of of the complex elements of the prehistoric wnk~9;!4tu1fP.~:'·:?' activity: extraction, processing, or habitation. lifeways on the southwestern shore of Lake ttis. ,,~! .. Approximately 21 % of the sites were categorized Cahuilla. - ~ 1, ..; ... ".'} '.

8 REFERENCES CITED limarily ~loiting Blake, William Phipps ire not 1856 Geological Report. In Repol1s of Explorations in California for Railroad Routes to Connect with t 30% Routes near the 35th and 32nd Parallels of Nol1h Latitude, by R.S. Williamson. Reports of j'make Explorations and Surveys to Ascertain the Most Practicable and Economical Route of a Railroad from ,< less the Mississippi River to the Pacific , Made Under the Direction of the Secretary of War in 1853­ hclude 1854, Vol. 5. Beverly Tucker, Washington, D.C. k lithic Suction Gallegos, Dennis R. ~" minor 1980 Class II Cultural Resource Inventory of the East Mesa and West Mesa Imperial Valley, ~ of California. Volume I. WESTEC Services, San Diego. Prepared for Department of lied as Interior, Bureau of Land Management.

Laylander, Don ~:~~~ 1994 Phase III Data Recovery at the Elmore Site (CA-IMP-6427) Imperial County California, 11-IMP­ ~faunal 86, P.M. 33.6/43.2,11221-194860,11221-100710. Caltrans District 11, San Diego. I were , rock McCown, Benjamin Ernest tof the 1964 The Indio "Fish-Traps" Re-examined. In Collected Papers of Benjamin Ernest McCown . .. sites Archaeological Survey Association of , Paper Number Six. [I other lcultural r Schaefer, Jerry 1986 Late Prehistoric Adaptations During the Final Recessions of Lake Cahuilla: Fish Camps and Quarries on West Mesa, Imperial County, California. Mooney-Levine and ASSOCiates, San Diego. Submitted to Bureau of Land Management, Department of Interior, EI Centro, California.

~ 1994 The Challenge of Archaeological Research in the : Recent Approaches and t~;i~~ Discoveries. Journal of California and Anthropology 16(1 ):60-80. !though Von Werlhof, Jay Mations 1996 Personal communication. fnce of time lid Waters, Michael R. the ~ 1980 Lake Cahuilla: Late Lacustrine History of the Salton Trough, California. ioIogical Unpublished Masters thesis, Department of Geosciences, University of , Tucson. It lithic tfas well 1983 Late Holocene Lacustrine Chronology and Archaeology of Ancient Lake Cahuilla, California. Most t. Quaternary Research 19:373-387. Qgations rpeople Weide, David Lake ?of 1976 Regional Environmental History of the Region. In Background to the Prehistory of recent r the Yuha Desel1 Region, edited by P.J. Wilke, pp. 9-20. Ballena Press Anthropological Papers NO.5. lBitors to Reprinted from Background to Prehistory of the Yuha Desel1 Region, prepared for the United States lources. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Riverside, CA, 1974. ., these ltanding Wilke, Philip J. ehistoric 1978 Late Prehistoric Human Ecology at Lake Cahuilla, , Califomia. Contributions of Lake 61. the University of California Archaeological Research Facility 38. University of California, Berkeley.

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