AmericanMineralogist, Volume63, pages1020-1022, 1978

BOOK REVIEWS

ATLAS OF THE TEXTURAL PATTERNS OF BASALTS ships in basaltic systemsand does not require metasomatism. AND THETR GENETIC SIGNIFICANCE. By S. S. Augus- Kinetics are not used for the interpretation of textures in spite of tithis. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, the classical acceptance of this approach. Cooling rates, growth 1978 x + 323 pages.$73.95. rates, nucleation rates, and diffusion rates, along with the physio- chemical variables which affect these rates, are completely ignored. This book is divided into two sections, 100pages of text and 202 In the past ten years very significant advances,in both theoretical pagesof figures-mostly photomicrographs.The quality of print- and experimental areas, have been made in our knowledge of the ing of the book and especiallythe reproductionof the 500 photo- kinetic controls on textures (for reviews see Kirkpatrick. 1975; micrographs is very good. This collection of photomicrographs Lofgren, 1978).The author chose not to use a systematic,observa- displays many of the interesting textures found in basaltic rocks. tional approach, nor one based on the kinetic processeswhich can Although the general theme of the book is concerned with basalt be used to interpret textures. textures, nearly half of the text is a discussion of the origin of igneousrocks The conceptsdeveloped are of basaltsoriginating References by fusion of a gabbroic lower crust, and intermediate and silicic rocks by varying degreesof sediment assimilation and metasomat- Kirkpatrick, R. J. (1975)Crystal growth from the melt: a review. ism by basalticmagma. Am. Mineral . 60. 798-814 Three chapters (about 20 pages) are concerned with the nature Lofgren, G. (in press) Experimental studies on the dynamic crys- of xenoliths found in basalts. The last ten chapters (about 30 taf lization of silicate melts. ln R. B. Hargraves,Ed., Physics of pages) cover a variety of topics from trace elements to volcanic Magmatic Processes. Princeton University Press, Princeton, rock series.The half of the text which deals with textures reflects New Jersey. many of the author's personal ideas and interpretations.Many petrologists will find these ideas contrary to current concepts on Genv Bvrnlv the nature of silicate melts and crystallization from these melts. Department of Geology Most of the referencescited are prior to 1972.The author usesa Louisiana State Uniuersitv complex terminology which is not defined in the text or in the AGI Glossary of Geology. Such terms as collomorph, tecoblast, nema- toblast,velonoblast, interleptonic, topo-tectically, and synisotropi- SUGGESTIONS TO AUTHORS OF THE REPORTS OF THE zation are often confusing and probably unnecessary."Animated" UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 6th Edition. terms such as invasion, autocatharsis,and digestion are frequently Edited by Elna E. Bishop, Edwin B. Eckel, and others. U. S. usedin textural descriptions. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1978. 273 Several debatable aspectsof the author's treatment of textures pages.$6.25. are: It is 20 years since the previous edition of this classicappeared. It (l) Crystalswhich deviatefrom a closed,euhedral form do not and its predecessors(lst edition, 1909) have provided a guide necessarilyindicate corrosion. Many skeletal growth forms have through the pitfalls and perils of manuscript preparation and pub- been documented as resulting from rapid growth rates. Ground- lication not only to successivegenerations of Survey authors but mass included in these skeletal crystals has not resulted from also to geologiststhroughout the world. Thus the appearanceof a invasion, nor does it represent post-groundmass crystal growth of new edition is an event to be applauded by writers, reviewers,and the skeletal crystal. editors. Its format and content follow quite closely those ofthe 5th (2) Two minerals may commonly grow together, either because edition but have been revised and updated in many places. Short of mutual nucleation sites or coupled growth. Intergrowths do not sections are included on petrologic terminology, chemical termi- require "invasion" of one crystal by another nology, and mineralogic terminology and description. I would urge (3) Colloidal structures in plagioclase do not represent the ef- afl contributors to The American Mineralogist to obtain a copy of fects of hydrous colloids prior to crystallization of the basaltic this book, to read it carefully, and to use the procedures recom- magma. Thesestructures in palagonite are clearly related to hydra- mended therein. tion of basalticglass after solidification. (4) Radial segmentation of augite in basalt may relate to defects BnrnrMnsoN and strain produced during growth from the melt, and not neces- Smithsonian Ins titution sarily to explosive volcanism, magmatic collisions, or post-solidi- fication deformation. (5) The author suggeststhat apatite can occur inclusions as in THE PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AND MINERALOCY OF all mafic phasesand thus crystallizes early; however, many studies, SOILS.VOL II: SOILSIN PLACE.By C. E. Marshall.Wiley, both petrographic and geochemical,have shown that apatite must New York, 1977.xiii + 313pages. $25.00. be a late crystallizingphase. (6) Granophyric quartz in residual patcheswithin basalt is com- Chapterl, "Pedologyin Relationto Physicochemicaland Min- pletely consistent with experimentally determined phase relation- eralogicalProcesses," gives a historicalperspective, beginning with

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Dokuchaev's work on soil-forming factors (climate, vegetation, ences;however, it is too complex and uneven in level oftreatment topography, parent material, and time) and soil horizonation (ani- for a class textbook lt will, nonetheless,serve as a valuable refer- sotropic character along a line more or less at right angles to the ence for graduate students and instructors. surface). Heterogeneity of solid phases-amorphous us. crystal- line, and variability of gas and liquid compositionsare mentioned. M. L. J.rcrsoN For example, how the presenceor absenceof CaCO, has a drastic Uniue rsily of Wisconsin- M adison effect on pH and the calcium hydroxide potential is set forth. Effect of past regimes of climate and vegetation are mentioned, but the parent continual influence of influx of new material by fluvial and PALEOCURRENTS AND BASIN ANALYSIS, SecondEdition. eolian processesis not mentioned. By P. E. Potter and F. J. Pettijohn Springer-Verlag, Berlin, New Rock Chapter 2,"Early Stagesof Weathering," considersaltera- Y ork, 1977.425 pages.$25.70. tion of rock minerals to secondary products, as particularly af- fected by climate. The Garrels and Christ type stability diagram is Considerableattention was paid during the 1950'sto field-ori- introduced. ln an author-by-author review, specific effects of ented studies involving the interpretation of paleocurrents and humus, temperature, and character of the rock are considered. sedimentary structures. Potter and Pettijohn provided leadership Volcanic glass is contrasted to more solid rocks. Free energy in this research area during that period. Sedimentologists and changes and chemical potentials are introduced, mainly for stratigraphers found useful their first edition (1963) on this subject, gibbsite and kaolinite systems.The extreme slownessof reaction of which synthesized directional properties of sediments and their many minerals in water is pointed out as a limitation of the application to basin analysis. I believe that the updated second usefulness of thermodynamics in defining soils "in place " The edition is also a valuable reference volume, and it should be well illustration of the interesting concept of weathering mean (Fig. 6) received by student and researcheralike. unfortunately has lost all reference to its source (Tamura et al.). The present Paleocurrents and Basin Analysis follows the first- Chapter 3, "Hydrothermal Synthesisof Minerals in Relationto edition format but, in addition, provides a supplement and anno- Pedology," examines trends of mineral change at elevatedtemper- tated references at the end of each of the original ten chapters. atures and pressures,as clues to what ultimately may happen in These supplement sections are interesting in that they record and soils. Later in the chapter the effect of Al-complex formers on discuss recent developments. As might be expectedin an evolving kaolin-type synthesisat room temperature is reviewed. field, there have been some changesin direction ofstudy during the Chapter 4, "The Chemical Expression of Climatic Factors," thirteen years that have elapsed since the publication of original considers the chemical potential of soil water as affected by soil volume. The present phase,which follows the spectacularperiod of dryness and temperature. As the vapor pressure of water in soils growth from the late 1940's to early 1960's, is characterized by changes,the direction of mineral transformation reactions may be consolidation, synthesis,and formulation of classifications-a reversed.Particle size, valence change, complexation, and peptiza- rather classicevolution The publishedrecord continuesto mush- tion are considered in relation mainly to podzols. Humus character room, while the number of descriptivepapers on sedimentary and distribution in grasslandsoils is mentioned. structures is clearly on the decline. Cross-bedding and ripple-mark Chapter 5, "Quantitative Aspects of Soil Profiles," presents a analyseshave become about as commonplace as turbidite investi- summary of Missouri soil solution analyses in reference to ther- gations.Particle orientation, earlier usedprimarily in the study of modynamic stability diagrams, showing "kaolinite stability" in sand and gravel deposits, now also is readily applied to fossil-rich mainly beidellitic clay soils. Suggestedexperimentation that is strata, carbonates, volcaniclastic deposits, and loess. In reading neededfor understandingof the resultsis outlined. Index mineral this update, one has the impression that no particularly spectacular frequency (suites of heavy specificgravity minerals such as zircon, progress has been made in the mapping of paleocurrent flow on the tourmaline,elc ) is reviewed.Use of quartz as a weatheringindex is basisof linear structuresin turbidites and glacial deposits. discussed,although no mention of eolian additions of quartz is In this new edition, attention is called to the increasedinterest in made. Studieswith the assumption that certain elementsare immo- deformational featuressuch as dish structures,although few exper- bile are reviewed. Translocation of clay is exemplified by profile imental studies are being conducted on dewatering phenomena. diagrams.ller's findingsof variation in quartz solubilitywith grain There has been some clarification of the relationship between the size is detailed. The filter-bed mechanism for clay accumulation in position of a discretesedimentary body in a basin,its depositional the B horizon is described. environment, and its shape and internal organization, but here Chapter 6 evaluates the pedological factors listed in Chapter l. again no spectacular breakthroughs are apparent. Studies of the Chapter 7 addressesphysical descriptions of soil profiles. Chapter areal variation of scalar properties resulting from sediment trans- 8 reviews mineralogical analyses,from laterite (gibbsitic) to phyllo- port are now applied to a broader range of environments, includ- silicate-dominated profiles, with emphasis on carbonate rock ing airborn dust and ash falls, arenites and rudites, and muds and weathering. Chapter 9 reviews elemental analyses of the mineral mudstones; particularly useful is a listing in Chapter 8 of some of and the organic portions of the soil. Chapter l0 returns to ionic the more important recent publications in these areas. propertiesof soils(with more on the Missouri soil data, extending Sedimentology continues to involve more sophisticated data Chapter 5). analysis,and the authors call attention to methodology and to uses Finally, Chapter I l, "Obstaclesand Vistas," addressesthe com- of statistical techniquesand tools that facilitate data collection and plexities of soils and opportunities for further study, particularly processing. As might be expected, however, the major change of with the present array of improved tools of basic physics and approach in the study of sedimentary basins, both modern and chemistry ancient,has been brought about by the overwhelmingimpact of This book is a scholarly effort to describe soils from a physical- plate tectonics. More than any other event, since 1963the seafloor- chemistry and mineralogical point of view It partially represents spreading concept has continued to stimulate interest in basin the "state of the art," and certainly the author's views and experi- interpretation, including aspectsof paleogeography and paleocir- oo03-004x/ 7 8 /09 l 0- l 02r $00. s0 1022 BOOK REVIEWS culation. It is now generallyrecognized that paleocurrentand son,and Ross,lnc., Stroudsburg,Pennsylvania, 1977. xiv + 391 petrologictechniques that involve the regional distribution of pages $50.00. structuresand texturaland mineralogicalassociations are a neces- sary adjunctto any completeregional survey. Mineral exploration was one of the main uses predicted for (as The text, clearand often entertaining,should find readyuse in Landsat-l beforethe satellitewas launched Enrs-l) in 1972,a the classroomas well as in the field.The updatedannotated refer- prediction since amply verified despite the wide use of Landsat encelists include a well-balancedselection of North American, imagery in other fields. This book presents a useful and well- French, German, and other key papers.Thirty photoplatesof illustrated compilation of several of the first publications on excellentquality at the end of the book illustratemany common mineral exploration using Landsat data. The title is somewhat structuresand stratificationfeatures. These and the 176line draw- misleading as to the actual subjects covered, since the book con- ings,many redraftedfrom other sources,clarify the basicsubject centrates on the use of orbital remote sensing,chiefly by Landsat, material.I regretthat resultsgained from modernsediment basin with little space devoted to aerial methods. It is intended, accord- studieshave not beenadequately integrated here, and that thereis ing to the preface, as essentially a progress report, rather than a too little emphasison therecent experiments on sedimentarytrans- text or referencehandbook. port andcurrent structure origin that beardirectly on paleocurrent Of the fifteen chapters, four are concerned primarily with the analysis.Nevertheless, Potter and Pettijohndemonstrate that the strategy and economics of orbital remote sensingin mineral explo- field has continuedto move toward solvingbasic problems that ration, "mineral" as used here including fossil fuels. These chap- range in scopefrom the hand specimento tho outcrop to the ters are perhaps the most useful in that they are not likely to be regionalbasin level and beyond.This referencewill continueto out-dated by technical progress. The chapter on "Foreseeable en- stimulatesedimentologists-and thus help keepthe field aliveand ergy and mineral resource problems," by the editor (Smith), is well-by calling attentionto gapsthat remain in areasof paleo- espocially useful, being thorough and well-documented. "Landsat geographicanalysis, sediment dispersal, and basindevelopment. applications in the less.developedareas," also by Smith, has an unusual side-by-sidecomparison of mineral exploration strategies DaNrrl JeeNSreNr-rv by conventional and Landsat-based methods. Several other chap- SmithsonianI nstitution ters cover early applications of Landsat and Skylab data to geo- logic investigations in various areas,including the western United States, Bolivia, Brazil, and India. The papers by foreign authors THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIESOF MINERALS AND are of particular interest, since it has been expectedthat the devel- RELATED SUBSTANCESAT 298.I5K AND I BAR (106 oping nations would be among the first beneficiariesof Landsat. PASCALS) PRESSURE AND AT HIGHER TEMPER- Although the book is not intended as an instructionalmanual, ATURES. By Richard A. Robie, Bntce S. Hemingwayand there are useful chapters on data analysis techniques, including JamesR. Fisher. U.S. GeologicalSurvey Bulletin 1453,1978. digital image enhancement and spectral band-ratioing techniques, 456 pages.For saleby U.S.Covernment Printing Office, Wash- both oriented toward Landsat multispectral scanner imagery. The ington,D.C. 20402,Stock Number 024-001-030659. $4.75. sensorsthemselves (photography, television, scanners,rad,ar, etc.) are briefly described and elplained in a chapter by Johnston and The scopeof this publicationis conciselysummarized in the Janza. Some of their descriptions are unclear, such as one in which authors' abstract:"Selected values for the entropy (So) molar the sun is described as a "passive" source of radiation. volume(V0), and for the enthalpyand Gibbsfree energy of forma- There are several weaknessesin the book as a whole. The treat- tion(AHP and AGf aregiven for theelements, 133 oxides, and2l2 ) ment of imaging radar as a geologic tool is particularly deficient. other minerals and related substancesat 298.15K. For those One author, for example, perpetuatesthe misconception that radar materialsfor which high-temperatureheat-capacity or heat-con- somehow penetratesjungle vegetation, which simply is not true for tent data are also available(Hf - H8".),/T,S+,(Gf - H3"")/ the frequenciesgenerally used in aerial surveys(X- and K-bands). T,Cf,AH?,r,AGf,1 and log K1,1are tabulated at 100K intervals Johnston and Janza discuss radar at some length, but unfortu- for temperaturesup to 1,800K. For substancesthat have solid- nately do not explain clearly the differencesbetween real-aperture statCphase changes or whosemelting or boilingpoint is lessthan and synthetic aperture radar They also state that a "main" dis- 1,800K, we havealso tabulated the propertieslisted above at the advantage of radar is poor spatial resolution resulting from the temperatureof the phasechange so that the enthalpyor entropy long wavelengths used, But the wavelengths generally used are in changesassociated with the transformationform an integralpart the l0 centimeter range, far below the resolution achievable by of the high-temperaturetables." In the reviewcopy the following other high-altitude remote methods; Landsat images, for example, correctionsare made to the molarvolume data (in cms)on p.26: have about 79 meter resolution. szomolnokite,55.9+0.4; melanterite, 146.5+0.3;epsomite, Editorially and typographically, the book is well done. Most of 146.8+0.2;retgersite, 126.6+0.2; morenosite, 143.8+0.5; bian- the orbital images are printed in full-page size, and generally chite,130.2+0.5; goslarite, 145.8+0.1; borax, 222.7 L0.2. (though unfortunately not always) facing the maps explaining This compilationis a worthy additionto similarUSGS pub- them. A number of color plates are included, all of excellent lications, of valueto all mineralogistsand chemists and shouldbe quality. concernedwith thermodynamicdata. A usefulfeature is the in- Generally speaking, Remote-sensing Appltcations for Mineral clusionof the compilationdate for eachtable (most compilation Exploration should achieve its intended purpose very well, al- datesare in 1976,some in 1977). though much of the material will soon be out-dated. The high price BntnNMlsotrr will unfortunately keep the book out of the hands of students and Smi th s o ni an I nst i tution many professionals.However, it will be valuable as documentation of the early uses of Landsat imagery, and as an aid in planning future uses of similar orbital data; every well-stocked technical library should have a few copies. REMOTE-SENSINGAPPLICATIONS FOR MINERAL EX- Plur- D. Lowurr, Jn. PLORATION.Edited by WilliamL. Smith.Dowden, Hutchin- Goddard Space Flight Center

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