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The Flowing Materiality of Crystal: a Global Commodity Chain of Fengshui Objects from Brazil, China to Taiwan

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The Flowing Materiality of Crystal: a Global Commodity Chain of Fengshui Objects from Brazil, China to Taiwan THE FLOWING MATERIALITY OF CRYSTAL: A GLOBAL COMMODITY CHAIN OF FENGSHUI OBJECTS FROM BRAZIL, CHINA TO TAIWAN by Shih Hsiang Sung BS, Religious Studies, Catholic Fu-Jen University 2000 MA, Anthropology, National Taiwan University 2004 Submitted to Graduate Faculty of the Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2014 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH KENNETH P. DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by SHIH HSIANG SUNG It was defended on March 24th, 2014 and approved by Clark Chilson, PhD, Assitant Professor, Department of Religious Studies Gabriella Lukacs, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology Joseph S. Alter, PhD, Professor, Department of Anthropology Dissertation Advisor: Andrew J. Strathern, PhD, Mellon Professor, Department of Anthropology ii Copyright © by Shih Hsiang Sung 2014 iii The Flowing Materiality of Crystal: a Global Commodity Chain of Fengshui Objects from Brazil, China to Taiwan SHIH HSIANG SUNG, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2014 After the 1990s, one type of fengshui object became extremely popular in Taiwan: crystals. A diversity of crystal products, including crystal points, crystal balls, and amethyst geodes, became hot commodities and earned their fengshui meanings. However, these fengshui objects did not exist in Taiwan before the 1990s, and they are all from Latin America, Africa, India or other foreign sources. Inspired by Appadurai’s “the social life of things” (1986) and Kopytoff’s “the biography of things (1986)”. This thesis will reveal the cultural and historical meaning of the Taiwanese crystal fengshui objects embedded in a network of global commodity chains. First, the decline of Taiwan’s jewelry processing industry led the businessmen to turn to invest in China and search for potentially beneficial minerals from the globe. For example, the buyers purchased crystal materials in Brazil, processed them in China, and sold them in Taiwan. At the same time, this global commodity chain turned Taiwan’s role from jewelry processing factories to jewelry consumption. Second, it indicates the modernization of Taiwan’s society. Modern scientific education has drawn scientific conceptions into Taiwanese folk cosmology. This challenges the traditional concept of qi and force Taiwanese fengshui consultants to reinterpret the core concept of their professional knowledge and absorb crystals into their materials. iv In summary, the crystal fengshui commodities not only indicate globalization’s impacts on Taiwanese folk beliefs, they also embody the adapting process of “glocalization”. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT ......................................................................................................... XIII 1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 MATERIALITY, GLOCALIZATION AND GLOBAL COMMODITY CHAIN, AND FENGSHUI .................................................................................................. 5 1.2 METHODOLOGY: FIELDWORK ON A GLOBAL COMMODITY CHAIN ...............................................................................................................................18 1.3 OVERVIEW OF THE CHAPTERS. ............................................................... 24 2.0 THE TAIWANESE JEWELRY INDUSTRY AND ITS TRANSFORMATION, 1960-2000 ..................................................................................................................................... 28 2.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF TAIWAN JEWELRY INDUSTRY AND ITS POSITION ON A GLOBAL COMMODITY CHAIN, 1960-2000 ............................... 31 2.2 THE TRANSFORMATION OF TAIWANESE JEWELRY INDUSTRY: FOUR EXAMPLES ............................................................................................................ 39 2.3 THE TRANSFORMATION OF CRYSTAL MATERIALITY FROM AN INDUSTRIAL PERSPECTIVE ........................................................................................ 48 3.0 CRYSTAL MINING AND TRANSACTION IN BRAZIL .................................... 53 3.2 AMETISTA DO SUL: AMETHYST GEODE................................................ 57 vi 3.3 CURVELO AND INIMUTAB: WHITE QUARTZ AND GREEN- PHANTOM QUARTZ ....................................................................................................... 68 3.4 OIIVEIRA DOS BREJINHOS AND POÇOS: GREEN RUTILATED QUARTZ AND QUARTZ ................................................................................................. 79 3.5 NOVO HORIZONTE: RUTILATED QURATZ ........................................... 83 3.6 CRYSTAL MINING AND TRANSACTION IN BRAZIL ........................... 88 4.0 CRYSTAL PROCESSING AND MARKET IN CHINA ....................................... 95 4.1 HUADU, IAS JEWELRY CORP. AND ISTONE .......................................... 97 4.2 KETANG TOWNSHIP, HEIFONG COUNTY ............................................ 111 4.3 LIWAN PLAZA ............................................................................................... 116 4.4 DONGHAI, THE CAPITAL OFCHINA’S CRYSTAL ............................... 127 4.5 EXPERIENCING THE WORLD IN A WORLD FACTORY: CRYSTAL’S INSEPARABLE PROCESSING AND MARKET IN A CHANGING CHINA ......... 141 5.0 THE MARKETING, CONSUMPTION AND USE OF CR YSTAL IN TAIWAN .....................................................................................................................................149 5.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF CRYSTAL SHOPS IN TAIPEI ........................... 151 5.2 COMMON COMMODITIES AND THE FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATIONS OF CRYSTALS ......................................................................... 156 5.3 MEDIA’S INFLUENCES: BOOKS, COLUMNS, AND TV PROGRAMS160 5.4 BASIC MARKETING DISCOURSES, AND THE INTERACTION AND SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CRYSTAL SHOPS AND CONSUMERS . 175 5.5 PHYSICAL FEELINGS OF “ENERGY” ..................................................... 185 5.6 THE RITUAL OF “XIAOCI” (TO DEGAUSS) ........................................... 188 vii 5.7 CONSUMERS’ PERSPECTIVES ................................................................. 192 5.8 CRYSTAL SHOPS AND CONSUMERS ON A GLOBAL COMMODITY CHAIN .............................................................................................................................202 6.0 CRYSTAL AND THE CHANGE OF FENGSHUI PRACTICE IN TAIWAN . 205 6.1 TRADITIONAL DWELLINGS AND FENGSHUI IN TAIWAN .............. 206 6.2 MODERN ARCHITECTURES IN TAIWAN AND RELEVANT FENGSHUI PRACTICE ................................................................................................. 212 6.3 TAIWANESE FENGSHUI CONSULTANTS’ ADAPTION AND THE APPLICATIONS OF CRYSTALS ................................................................................. 218 6.4 THE REINTERPRETATION OF QI AND RELEVANT MATERIAL CULTURE ......................................................................................................................... 222 6.5 A PHENOMENOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION AND AN EXTENDED COSMOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 244 7.0 CRYSTAL’S FLOWING MATERIALITY ON A GLOBAL COMMODITY CHAIN ......................................................................................................................................251 7.1 GLOBALIZATION, GLOCALIZATION, AND THE FLOWING MATERIALITY AS A MATERIALSCAPE ................................................................. 251 7.2 THE FLOWING MATERIALITY ON A GCC ........................................... 257 7.3 THE FOUR FORMS OF CRYSTAL’S MATERIALITY ON A GLOBAL COMMODITY CHAIN ................................................................................................... 263 7.4 THE MATERIALITY OF THE COMMODITY FETISHISM OF FETISHISM ...................................................................................................................... 276 8.0 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 283 viii 8.1 THE LIMITS OF THIS RESEARCH ........................................................... 286 8.2 RESEACH QUESTIONS FOR THE FUTURE? ......................................... 287 8.3 HIDDEN ISSUES OF DEVELOPMENT AND MORALITY..................... 291 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................... 293 ix LIST OF TABLES Table 1: The columns of mingli and fortune telling on Taiwanese Newspaper ......................... 169 Table 2: Taiwanese Mingli programs from 2001-2005 .............................................................. 173 Table 3: Chakra Associations ..................................................................................................... 177 Table 4: Crystals and the five elements ...................................................................................... 183 Table 5: Amethyst geodes and the five elements ........................................................................ 184 x LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Fieldsites on a global commodity chain.............................................................22 Figure 2: The export value of jewelry and processed metal products. Source: Custom Administration, Ministry of Finance, R.O.C (Taiwan). ................................................................ 36 Figure 3: The fieldsites in Brazil .................................................................................................
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