DOCSLIB.ORG

Evaluation of Genetic Isolation Within an Island Flora Reveals Unusually

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evaluation of Genetic Isolation Within an Island Flora Reveals Unusually Evaluation of genetic isolation within an island flora reveals unusually widespread local adaptation and supports sympatric speciation rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org Alexander S. T. Papadopulos1, Maria Kaye2,Ce´line Devaux3, Helen Hipperson1, Jackie Lighten4, Luke T. Dunning1, Ian Hutton5, William J. Baker6, Roger K. Butlin7 and Vincent Savolainen1,6 Research 1Grand Challenges in Ecosystem and the Environment Initiative, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK Cite this article: Papadopulos AST et al. 2014 2School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK 3 Evaluation of genetic isolation within an island Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, UMR 5554, 34095 Montpellier, France 4Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2 flora reveals unusually widespread local 5Lord Howe Island Museum, Lord Howe Island, PO Box 157, New South Wales 2898, Australia adaptation and supports sympatric speciation. 6Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 369: 20130342. 7Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0342 It is now recognized that speciation can proceed even when divergent natural selection is opposed by gene flow. Understanding the extent to which environ- One contribution of 14 to a Theme Issue mental gradients and geographical distance can limit gene flow within species ‘Contemporary and future studies in plant can shed light on the relative roles of selection and dispersal limitation during speciation, morphological/floral evolution and the early stages of population divergence and speciation. On the remote Lord polyploidy: honouring the scientific contri- Howe Island (Australia), ecological speciation with gene flow is thought to butions of Leslie D. Gottlieb to plant have taken place in several plant genera. The aim of this study was to establish the contributions of isolation by environment (IBE) and isolation by com- evolutionary biology’. munity (IBC) to the genetic structure of 19 plant species, from a number of distantly related families, which have been subjected to similar environmental Subject Areas: pressures over comparable time scales. We applied an individual-based, multi- evolution, genetics, ecology variate, model averaging approach to quantify IBE and IBC, while controlling for isolation by distance (IBD). Our analyses demonstrated that all species experienced some degree of ecologically driven isolation, whereas only 12 of Keywords: 19 species were subjected to IBD. The prevalence of IBE within these plant local adaptation, ecological speciation, species indicates that divergent selection in plants frequently produces local genetic structure adaptation and supports hypotheses that ecological divergence can drive speciation in sympatry. Authors for correspondence: Alexander S. T. Papadopulos e-mail: [email protected] 1. Introduction Vincent Savolainen The role of natural selection in speciation has received renewed interest owing to e-mail: [email protected] the growing body of data that has demonstrated the potential for divergent selec- tion to overcome the homogenizing effects of gene flow between populations [1–6]. A number of classic examples of ecological speciation—where the evol- ution of reproductive isolation between populations ultimately stems from divergent selection—have emerged [1,2,7]. However, there is still debate as to the extent to which ecologically driven isolation (e.g. via selection against hybrids and migrants) or geographically driven isolation (as a result of dispersal limit- ation) is the most significant component of speciation [8–10]. The tendency for geographically separated populations and individuals to be less likely to repro- duce with each other is manifested as a pattern of isolation by distance (IBD; Electronic supplementary material is available [11]). IBD is often quantified as the correlation between increasing neutral genetic at http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0342 or divergence and increasing geographical distance [12]. Alternatively, during via http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org. & 2014 The Authors. Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited. ecological speciation, environmental and ecological differences that have been subjected to broadly similar environmental fac- 2 between populations can constrain reproduction and migration. tors on a geologically similar time scale [8,26–28]. The product rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org This can occur as a result of selection against maladapted of a volcanic eruption 6.9 Ma, the tiny LHI is located 600 km individuals and alleles, which, in turn, reduces gene flow. This from the nearest land mass (Australia). The island is highly het- process may lead to local adaptation to particular environ- erogeneous with a mixture of geological formations (both ments and eventually to speciation [1,6,13]. Selection against basaltic and calcarenite) and a range of habitat types, ranging migrants and hybrids can yield a pattern similar to that from sclerophyllous temperate rainforest in the lowlands to stemming from IBD, where increasing environmental dissimi- moist cloud forest at the summit of Mt Gower (875 m), larity between locations is correlated with neutral genetic making it home to 90 endemic species [8,27,29]. Studying divergence between populations or individuals [14]. This pat- IBD, IBE and IBC in trees and bushes has a number of advan- tern of isolation by environment (IBE) is increasingly seen as a tages, including their static lifestyles, high dispersal abilities signature or precursor to incipient ecological speciation [13,15]. and propensity for local adaptation [20], and is particularly rel- Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B In reality, geographical and ecological processes that can evant to the flora of LHI. Recent studies have shown that influence spatial genetic patterns are not mutually exclusive, ecological speciation with gene flow is likely to have taken and decreased migration and reproduction can stem from place in multiple genera, and as much as 8.2% of the flora may both sources simultaneously. Thus, attempts to establish the have been the product of speciation that has taken place within contributions of geographical and ecological mechanisms to the confines of the island [8,10,26,28,30]. Previous research isolation in natural populations are complicated by the need has provided evidence that local adaptation has driven diver- 369 to disentangle the effects from one another [13–18]. Isolation sification in several of these genera (including Coprosma, : 20130342 driven by competition with other species in the local commu- Metrosideros and Howea [26,28]). IBD and IBE had weak but sig- nity may also be an important component of population nificant effects in several species, but only altitude and soil pH divergence. Such isolation by community (IBC) is often neg- were tested as explanatory variables of genetic variation [26,30]. lected in studies of IBE, which concentrate on the abiotic It is unclear whether the speciation and adaptation seen in environment, but it is a powerful driver of ecological displace- Coprosma, Metrosideros and Howea is peculiar to these genera, ment [19] and potentially of local adaptation. Additionally, or whether IBE is common throughout the LHI flora. The goal patterns of gene flow can arise where migration is not depen- of this study was to quantify the contributions of IBD, IBE and dent on the measured environmental gradient, but the IBC to genetic relatedness in 19 species. These include species movement of migrants is determined by additional factors, that are thought to be the products of sympatric speciation such as wind direction [18]. This can lead to counter-gradient events as well as those that have colonized LHI and evolved isolation where gene flow is higher between dissimilar allopatrically from their parent populations [8]. We also assess environments, further complicating observed patterns. whether IBD, IBE and IBC have led to the emergence of distinct Manystudies have examined only IBD or IBE, but a growing genetic clusters within any of the endemic LHI species, which number of different approaches have been exploited in order to may represent the early stages of the speciation continuum. quantify IBD and IBE at the same time (see [18,20] for reviews of these approaches). Two recent studies have examined patterns of IBD and IBE in a wide range of taxa [15,18], revealing 2. Material and methods that IBE may be a common phenomenon. A mixed effects meta-analysis of 106 studies found that environmental differ- (a) Study species and data collection ences accounted for 1.3–3.7% of neutral genetic divergence Genetic and ecological data were collected for individuals from when IBD was taken into account and 2.4–4.3% when it was 19 species for this study; 18 are endemic to LHI and one is a not [15]. A different study found that 52 of 70 studies provided non-endemic, native species (table 1). Two species (Coprosma sp. evidence of IBE or both IBE and IBD [18]. Frequently, studies nov. and C. putida-S) have not been formally described, but both have assessed IBE for one or a few environmental gradients, are genetically and morphologically distinct
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Evolutionary Restoration Ecology
    ch06 2/9/06 12:45 PM Page 113 189686 / Island Press / Falk Chapter 6 Evolutionary Restoration Ecology Craig A. Stockwell, Michael T. Kinnison, and Andrew P. Hendry Restoration Ecology and Evolutionary Process Restoration activities have increased dramatically in recent years, creating evolutionary chal- lenges and opportunities. Though restoration has favored a strong focus on the role of habi- tat, concerns surrounding the evolutionary ecology of populations are increasing. In this con- text, previous researchers have considered the importance of preserving extant diversity and maintaining future evolutionary potential (Montalvo et al. 1997; Lesica and Allendorf 1999), but they have usually ignored the prospect of ongoing evolution in real time. However, such contemporary evolution (changes occurring over one to a few hundred generations) appears to be relatively common in nature (Stockwell and Weeks 1999; Bone and Farres 2001; Kin- nison and Hendry 2001; Reznick and Ghalambor 2001; Ashley et al. 2003; Stockwell et al. 2003). Moreover, it is often associated with situations that may prevail in restoration projects, namely the presence of introduced populations and other anthropogenic disturbances (Stockwell and Weeks 1999; Bone and Farres 2001; Reznick and Ghalambor 2001) (Table 6.1). Any restoration program may thus entail consideration of evolution in the past, present, and future. Restoration efforts often involve dramatic and rapid shifts in habitat that may even lead to different ecological states (such as altered fire regimes) (Suding et al. 2003). Genetic variants that evolved within historically different evolutionary contexts (the past) may thus be pitted against novel and mismatched current conditions (the present). The degree of this mismatch should then determine the pattern and strength of selection acting on trait variation in such populations (Box 6.1; Figure 6.1).
    [Show full text]
  • Review Article the Dobzhansky's Concept of Genetic Coadaptation
    Review Article The Dobzhansky’s concept of genetic coadaptation: Drosophila ananassae is an exception to this concept BASHISTH N. SINGH* Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi221005,India *E-mail:[email protected], [email protected] Running title: Genetic coadaptation in Drosophila Keywords: genetic coadaptation; Drosophila species; inversion polymorphism. Abstract Dobzhansky (1947) was first to show that inversion polymorphism in Drosophila pseudoobscura is subject to natural selection and is a device to cope with the diversity of environments. His extensive work on D. pseudoobscura has revealed interesting phenomena of population genetics. In continuation of his work on this species, he constructed a number of homozygous lines for different gene arrangements in the third chromosome, and while employing these lines in intra- and inter-population crosses, he quantified the fitness of inversion homokaryotypes and heterokaryotypes. Interestingly, his results showed that heterokaryotypes formed by chromosomes coming from the same geographic area exhibited superiority over corresponding homokaryotypes. However, superiority of heterokaryotypes was lost in the crosses when chromosomes were derived from different localities. Based on these results, Dobzhansky (1949) suggested the concept of genetic coadaptation. According to this concept, “in each locality the chromosomes with different gene arrangements are mutually adjusted or coadapted to yield highly fit inversion heterozygotes through long continued natural selection. However, this adaptive superiority of inversion heterozygotes breaks down in interracial hybridization experiments when two gene arrangements are derived from different localities”. This concept has received experimental evidence in its favor on the basis of work done in other species of 1 Drosophila, such as D.
    [Show full text]
  • The Escalatory Red Queen Antoine Persoons, Katherine Hayden, Bénédicte Fabre, Pascal Frey, Stéphane De Mita, Aurélien Tellier, Fabien Halkett
    The escalatory Red Queen Antoine Persoons, Katherine Hayden, Bénédicte Fabre, Pascal Frey, Stéphane de Mita, Aurélien Tellier, Fabien Halkett To cite this version: Antoine Persoons, Katherine Hayden, Bénédicte Fabre, Pascal Frey, Stéphane de Mita, et al.. The escalatory Red Queen: Population extinction and replacement following arms race dynamics in poplar rust. Molecular Ecology, Wiley, 2017, 26 (7), pp.1902-1918. 10.1111/mec.13980. hal-01564550 HAL Id: hal-01564550 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01564550 Submitted on 18 Jul 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Molecular Ecology (2017) 26, 1902–1918 doi: 10.1111/mec.13980 MICROBIAL LOCAL ADAPTATION The escalatory Red Queen: Population extinction and replacement following arms race dynamics in poplar rust 1 2 ANTOINE PERSOONS,* KATHERINE J. HAYDEN,* BENEDICTE FABRE,* PASCAL FREY,* STEPHANE DE MITA,* AURELIEN TELLIER† and FABIEN HALKETT* *UMR IAM, INRA, Universite de Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France, †Section of Population Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universit€at Munchen,€ 85354 Freising, Germany, Abstract Host–parasite systems provide convincing examples of Red Queen co-evolutionary dynamics. Yet, a key process underscored in Van Valen’s theory – that arms race dynamics can result in extinction – has never been documented.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptive Speciation
    Adaptive Speciation Edited by Ulf Dieckmann, Michael Doebeli, Johan A.J. Metz, and Diethard Tautz PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http: //www.cambridge.org c International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis 2004 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. http://www.iiasa.ac.at First published 2004 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typefaces Times; Zapf Humanist 601 (Bitstream Inc.) System LATEX A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 521 82842 2 hardback Contents Contributing Authors xi Acknowledgments xiii Notational Standards xiv 1 Introduction 1 Ulf Dieckmann, Johan A.J. Metz, Michael Doebeli, and Diethard Tautz 1.1 AShiftinFocus............................... 1 1.2 AdaptiveSpeciation............................. 2 1.3 AdaptiveSpeciationinContext....................... 6 1.4 SpeciesCriteria................................ 9 1.5 RoutesofAdaptiveSpeciation.......................
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Reproductive Isolation
    Adaptive Speciation Ulf Dieckmann Director, Evolution and Ecology Program International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg, Austria Co-authors in alphabetical order: Åke Brännström, Michael Doebeli, Varvara Fazalova, Ben Haller, Mikko Heino, Simone Heinz, Joachim Hermisson, Michael Kopp, Olof Leimar, Leithen M’Gonigle, Rupert Mazzucco, Géza Meszéna, Hans Metz, Isabelle Olivieri, Sally Otto, Joshua Payne, Agnes Rettelbach, Virginie Ravigné, Akira Sasaki, Diethard Tautz, and Barbara Taborsky Speciation Modes: Pattern and Process Pattern-based classification Allopatric speciation Parapatric speciation Sympatric speciation Process-based classifications Competitive speciation Ecological speciation Adaptive speciation Evolution of Reproductive Isolation Divergent selection Disruptive selection Ecological speciation In deme 1 In deme 2 Reproductive isolation Reproductive isolation may occur along the way may be selected for directly Long-lived Evolutionary Trapping Frequency- Frequency-dependent independent disruptive selection disruptive selection Adaptive speciation Disruptiveness is unstable Disruptiveness is stabilized and thus short-lived and may thus be long-lived Competitive speciation is the expansion of a species from a single ecological opportunity to an unexploited ecological opportunity, followed by that species’ sympatric breakup into two daughters, one using the original opportunity, the other the newly exploited one Rosenzweig (1978) Ecological speciation happens through the evolution of reproductive isolation
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptations for Ecological Forecasting Under Environmental Change
    Implications of existing local (mal)adaptations for ecological forecasting under environmental change Article Published Version Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY) Open Access Walters, R. J. and Berger, D. (2019) Implications of existing local (mal)adaptations for ecological forecasting under environmental change. Evolutionary Applications, 12 (7). pp. 1487-1502. ISSN 1752-4571 doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12840 Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/85156/ It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. See Guidance on citing . To link to this article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eva.12840 Publisher: Wiley All outputs in CentAUR are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including copyright law. Copyright and IPR is retained by the creators or other copyright holders. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the End User Agreement . www.reading.ac.uk/centaur CentAUR Central Archive at the University of Reading Reading’s research outputs online Received: 3 August 2018 | Revised: 22 June 2019 | Accepted: 24 June 2019 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12840 SPECIAL ISSUE ORIGINAL ARTICLE Implications of existing local (mal)adaptations for ecological forecasting under environmental change Richard J. Walters1,2 | David Berger3 1Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden Abstract 2School of Biological Sciences, University of Standing genetic variation represents a genetic load on population fitness but can Reading, Reading, UK also support a rapid response to short‐term environmental change, and the great‐ 3Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala est potential source of such standing genetic variation typically exists among locally University, Uppsala, Sweden adapted populations living along an environmental gradient.
    [Show full text]
  • Increasing Evolvability of Local Adaptation During Range Expansion
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/008979; this version posted September 11, 2014. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Increasing evolvability of local adaptation during range expansion. Authors: Marleen M. P. Cobben1,a and Alexander Kubisch2,3,b Addresses: 1Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) Droevendaalsesteeg 10 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands 2Institute for Landscape and Plant Ecology University of Hohenheim August-von-Hartmann-Str. 3 70599 Stuttgart Germany 3Institute des Sciences de l'Evolution UMR 5554 j CNRS Universit´eMontpellier II Place Eug`eneBataillon 34095 Montpellier France Email: [email protected] [email protected] Keywords: dispersal evolution, evolution of evolvability, range expansion, local adaptation, spatial sorting, priority effect bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/008979; this version posted September 11, 2014. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Cobben & Kubisch Abstract Increasing dispersal under range expansion increases invasion speed, which implies that a species needs to adapt more rapidly to newly experienced local conditions. However, due to iterated founder effects, local genetic diversity under range expansion is low. Evolvability (the evolution of mutation rates) has been reported to possibly be an adaptive trait itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses The landscape ecology of butteries in traditionally managed Norwegian farmland Fjellstad, Wendy Jane How to cite: Fjellstad, Wendy Jane (1998) The landscape ecology of butteries in traditionally managed Norwegian farmland, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4657/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 THE LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY OF BUTTERFLIES IN TRADITIONALLY MANAGED NORWEGIAN FARMLAND A Ph.D. thesis submitted to University of Durham Department of Biological Sciences by Wendy Jane Fjeilstad 1998 The copyright of this thesis rests APR 1999 with the author. No quotation from it should be published without the written consent of die author and information derived from it should be acknowledged. "There is a theory which states that if ever anyone discovers exactly what the Universe is for and why it is here, it will instantly disappear and be replaced by something even more bizarre and inexplicable." (Douglas Adams; The Hitch Hiker's Guide To The Galaxy) THE LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY OF BUTTERFLIES IN TRADITIONALLY MANAGED NORWEGIAN FARMLAND Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Predation Drives Local Adaptation of Phenotypic Plasticity
    This is a repository copy of Predation drives local adaptation of phenotypic plasticity. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/125047/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Reger, J., Lind, M.I., Robinson, M.R. et al. (1 more author) (2017) Predation drives local adaptation of phenotypic plasticity. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 2. pp. 100-107. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0373-6 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ 1 2 3 Predation drives local adaptation of phenotypic plasticity 4 5 6 7 Julia Reger1, Martin I. Lind2, Matthew R. Robinson3, 4 and Andrew P. Beckerman1* 8 9 1Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK 10 2Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden 11 3Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. 12 4Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland. 13 14 15 Word Count 1st Paragraph: 154 16 Word Count Text: 3546 17 Word Count Methods: 1675 18 References: 50 19 20 *Correspondence: [email protected] 21 22 23 Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of an individual genotype to alter aspects of its 24 phenotype depending on the current environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptive Divergence Under Gene Flow Along an Environmental Gradient in Two Coexisting Stickleback Species
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Adaptive Divergence under Gene Flow along an Environmental Gradient in Two Coexisting Stickleback Species Thijs M. P. Bal 1,* , Alejandro Llanos-Garrido 2 , Anurag Chaturvedi 3,4 , Io Verdonck 4, Bart Hellemans 4 and Joost A. M. Raeymaekers 1 1 Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, N-8049 Bodø, Norway; [email protected] 2 Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; [email protected] 4 Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; [email protected] (I.V.); [email protected] (B.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: There is a general and solid theoretical framework to explain how the interplay between natural selection and gene flow affects local adaptation. Yet, to what extent coexisting closely related species evolve collectively or show distinctive evolutionary responses remains a fundamental ques- tion. To address this, we studied the population genetic structure and morphological differentiation of sympatric three-spined and nine-spined stickleback. We conducted genotyping-by-sequencing and morphological trait characterisation using 24 individuals of each species from four lowland brackish water (LBW), four lowland freshwater (LFW) and three upland freshwater (UFW) sites in Citation: Bal, T.M.P.; Llanos-Garrido, Belgium and the Netherlands. This combination of sites allowed us to contrast populations from A.; Chaturvedi, A.; Verdonck, I.; isolated but environmentally similar locations (LFW vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Waiting Time to Parapatric Speciation
    doi 10.1098/rspb.2000.1309 Waiting time to parapatric speciation Sergey Gavrilets Departments of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville,TN 37996, USA ([email protected]) Using a weak migration and weak mutation approximation, I studied the average waiting time to parapatric speciation. The description of reproductive isolation used is based on the classical Dobzhansky model and its recently proposed multilocus generalizations. The dynamics of parapatric speciation are modelled as a biased random walk performed by the average genetic distance between the residents and immigrants. If a small number of genetic changes is su¤cient for complete reproductive isolation, mutation and random genetic drift alone can cause speciation on the time-scale of ten to 1000 times the inverse of the mutation rate over a set of loci underlying reproductive isolation. Even relatively weak selection for local adaptation can dramatically decrease the waiting time to speciation. The actual duration of the parapatric speciation process (that is the duration of intermediate forms in the actual transition to a state of complete reproductive isolation) is shorter by orders of magnitude than the overall waiting time to speciation. For a wide range of parameter values, the actual duration of parapatric speciation is of the order of one over the mutation rate. In general, parapatric speciation is expected to be triggered by changes in the environment. Keywords: evolution; allopatric speciation; parapatric speciation; waiting time; mathematical models; Dobzhansky model 1996; Orr & Orr 1996; Gavrilets & Boake 1998; Gavrilets 1. INTRODUCTION 1999; Johnson & Porter 2000), parapatric (Gavrilets Parapatric speciation is usually de¢ned as the process of 1999; Gavrilets et al.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genetic Basis of Color-Related Local Adaptation in a Ring-Like Colonization Around the Mediterranean
    ORIGINAL ARTICLE doi:10.1111/evo.12824 The genetic basis of color-related local adaptation in a ring-like colonization around the Mediterranean Reto Burri,1,2,∗ Sylvain Antoniazza,3,4,∗ Arnaud Gaigher,5 Anne-Lyse Ducrest,3 Celine´ Simon,3 The European Barn Owl Network,6 Luca Fumagalli,5 Jer´ omeˆ Goudet,3,† and Alexandre Roulin3,† 1Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen¨ 18D, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden 2E-mail: [email protected] 3Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 4Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, CH-6204 Sempach, Switzerland 5Laboratory for Conservation Biology, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 6Members and affiliations of this group author are listed in the Supplementary Information Received January 19, 2015 Accepted November 9, 2015 Uncovering the genetic basis of phenotypic variation and the population history under which it established is key to understand the trajectories along which local adaptation evolves. Here, we investigated the genetic basis and evolutionary history of a clinal plumage color polymorphism in European barn owls (Tyto alba). Our results suggest that barn owls colonized the Western Palearctic in a ring-like manner around the Mediterranean and meet in secondary contact in Greece. Rufous coloration appears to be linked to a recently evolved nonsynonymous-derived variant of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene, which according to quantitative genetic analyses evolved under local adaptation during or following the colonization of Central Europe. Admixture patterns and linkage disequilibrium between the neutral genetic background and color found exclusively within the secondary contact zone suggest limited introgression at secondary contact.
    [Show full text]