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VILNIAUS DAILĖS AKADEMIJOS KLAIPĖDOS FAKULTETAS Eglės

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VILNIAUS DAILĖS AKADEMIJOS KLAIPĖDOS FAKULTETAS Eglės VILNIAUS DAILĖS AKADEMIJOS KLAIPĖDOS FAKULTETAS Eglės Lipinskaitės MĖLYNA: PRASMĖS, SIMBOLIAI, EMOCIJOS Vizualiojo dizaino studijų programa, valstybinis kodas 612W20004 Magistrantė: Eglė Lipinskaitė .................................................. (parašas) .................................................. (data) Darbo vadovas: doc. dr. Tomas Kiauka .................................................. (parašas) .................................................. (data) Tvirtinu, programos vadovas: prof. Vakaris Bernotas .................................................. (parašas) .................................................. (data) Klaipėda, 2021 Anotacija Raktažodžiai: mėlyna spalva, mėlynos reikšmė, mėlynos simboliai, mėlynos pigmentai, mėlynos prasmės Temoje nagrinėjama mėlynos spalvos prasmės, simbolika, dažniausiai sukeliamos emocijos. Trumpai apžvelgiama, kaip ir kada atsirado mėlynas pigmentas, jo pavadinimo kilmė įvairiose kalbose. Pastebėta, kad vykstant prekybiniams mainams vyko ir kultūriniai bei lingvistiniai mainai, kurių dėka dėliojosi spalvinis kalbos žodynas. Analizuojant spalvos panaudojimą žmogaus aplinkoje galima spręsti ir apie pramonės bei technologijų vystymąsi, kas sąlygojo sintetinio pigmento poreikį ir atsiradimą, kurio dėka įvyko esminis lūžis dailėje, mados industrijoje. Kaip šiandien žmogui susiorientuoti ir atsirinkti gausybėje pigmentų, vadinamų mums žinomais pavadinimais, tačiau skirtingų atspalvių? Ar įmanoma sukurti naują spalvą? Tikslas: Apžvelgti mėlynos spalvos simbolines prasmes istorijos eigoje, skirtingose veikmės srityse. Uždaviniai: Apžvelgti spalvos suvokimo psichofiziologiją. Aptarti mėlynos spalvos psichologinį poveikį žmogui. Išskirti mėlynos spalvos būdingiausias simbolines reikšmes. Aptarti mėlynos spalvos praktinio panaudojimo atvejus. Metodai: Informacijos rinkimas bei analizė. Darbe panaudotos iliustracijos – autorės akvarelės. 3 Turinys Anotacija ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 Pratarmė ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 Įvadas ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 1. Kaip mes matome ................................................................................................................................. 8 2. Kaip suvokiame spalvą ..................................................................................................................... 10 3. Psichologinis poveikis žmogui ....................................................................................................... 12 4. Mėlynos empirika .............................................................................................................................. 14 4.1 Fizikiniai mėlynos reiškiniai ...................................................................................................................... 14 4.2 Natūralaus ir sintetinio mėlyno pigmento atsiradimo istorijos apžvalga ............................. 15 5. Mėlynos simbolikos aspektai ......................................................................................................... 27 5.1 spalvos pavadinimo atsiradimas, kilmė, prasmė, kultūrinė apraiška ..................................... 27 5.2 mėlynos atspalviai papročiuose bei posakiuose ............................................................................... 30 5.3 mėlyna etnologijoje – kaip tautų bendruomeniškumo faktorius .............................................. 31 5.4 mėlyna – simboliniuose bei politiniuose aspektuose ..................................................................... 34 6. Pragmatika – psichologinis mėlynos spalvos suvokimas ir jos pritaikymas ................. 37 6.1 mėlynos reikšmė reklamoje ....................................................................................................................... 37 6.2 Kintantis mėlynos spalvos vaidmuo mados istorijoje .................................................................... 39 6.3 Mėlyna interjere, jos panaudojimo svarba ir aktualumas ............................................................ 41 Išvados ........................................................................................................................................................ 43 Summary .................................................................................................................................................... 44 Literatūros ir šaltinių sąrašas ............................................................................................................ 46 Nuorodos į internetinius puslapius .................................................................................................. 46 Kūrybinio darbo procesas ................................................................................................................... 50 Mėlyna tyla ................................................................................................................................................................ 50 Baigiamojo darbo autentiškumo deklaracija ................................................................................ 59 4 Pratarmė Mėlyna. Kodėl? Nes mėgau stebėti, kaip lengvai ir nerūpestingai saulėto dangaus atspindys žaidžia paslaptingoje, viliojančioje vandens gelmėje. Nes ši spalva pati nuostabiausia nuo pastelinės melsvos iki indigo, panyrančios į juodą tamsą, nes šios spalvos man niekada nebuvo per daug, nes joje gali atrasti begalybės pradžią… Ir man smagu žinoti, kad tai jaučia daug žmonių aplink mane, kad mus tai vienija, kad tai yra bendra kalba, o galbūt bendravimo forma: – Labas, man patinka mėlyna… Ir staiga užuodžiu tą patį orą, kuriuo kvėpavo Y. Kleinas, P. Picasso, V. Van Goghas, C. Monet, H. Matisse’as, M. Chagallas ir kiti. Kai panirau į mėlynąją esenciją, su manimi niro ir mano draugai. Aš pasakojau, dalinausi, klausiau, ieškojau, klydau, įkyrėjau, juokiausi, verkiau, rašiau ir tryniau. Tai juk taip lengva, paprasta ir begaliniai sunku. Tai tarsi ozonas – trapus, kvapnus, bet gi jis turi svorį. Spalva – šalta it ledas, bet degina skaudžiau už ugnį. Ačiū visiems, kurie lydėjo mane šiame sudėtingame nuotykių pilname kelyje. Įvadas „Ji gali būti šviesi beveik balta arba tamsi beveik juoda. Joje atsiskleidžia žmogaus prigimties dvilypumas, šviesios ir tamsios jo esmės pusės“ (Балека, Я. (2008), 8 psl.). Pagal savo prigimtį mėlyna labai kontraversiška spalva. Ji grėsminga ir svetinga, raminanti ir gąsdinanti, dvasinga ir demoniška. Mėlyna reiškia orą, vandenį – gyvybės šaltinius ir mirtį – mėlstantis sielos apleistas kūnas. Dangaus platybę, erdvę ir žmogaus intravertiškumą. Draugiškumą, kilnumą, geranoriškumą – heraldikoje ir neapykantą, pagiežą – posakiuose, kaip antai pamėlęs iš pykčio. Ir vis tik, anot Šveicarijos Lozanos universiteto doktorantės Domicelės Jonauskaitės, tyrinėjančios spalvų ir emocijų tarpusavio sąryšį, mėlyna – mėgstamiausia žmonių spalva, nepriklausomai nuo kultūrinių, socialinių, lytinių, rasinių, religinių ar kitokių skirtumų. Tačiau apie šios spalvos hegemoniją galima kalbėti aprangos, 5 verslo, politikos ir kitų sričių kontekstuose. To ištakų galbūt reikėtų ieškoti gilioje senovėje, kai, išstūmusi raudoną spalvą iš karalių ir aristokratų aprangos, įsiviešpatauja mėlyna spalva ir reformacijos laikotarpiu, perdėliojus vertybines sistemas, ši spalva tampa aukštos moralės ir griežtos savivertės simboliu. Apie tai liudija spalvos tyrinėjimas ir analizė įvairiais aspektais – sociologiniu, ekonominiu, leksikologiniu, literatūriniu, meniniu ir t. t. Kokia šio fenomeno priežastis? Galbūt tai, kad ši spalva per savo gyvavimo istoriją išvengė nešlovingos praeities šešėlio, nors galbūt todėl ji ir buvo apsaugota nuo negatyvaus požiūrio – dėl įsivyravusios didelės simpatijos, švelnaus palankumo, dievobaimingos pagarbos. Tyrimuose apie spalvas retai kada mėlyna atsiduria tarp nemėgstamų, atstumiančių spalvų. Prabilus apie mėlyną spalvą pirmiausiai iškyla mėlyno dangaus, kiek rečiau – vandens vaizdiniai. Bet juk vanduo – bespalvis ir ryšys tarp vandens ir mėlynos spalvos atsirado ne taip jau seniai – prieš keletą šimtmečių, mat simboliškai vanduo žemėlapiuose tik XV a. pradedamas vaizduoti mėlyna spalva (Пастуро, М., 2017). Kadangi žodis „mėlyna“, reiškiantis konkrečią spalvą, atsiranda gerokai vėliau nei juoda, balta, raudona, geltona, tai ir mėlynos spalvos reikšmės bei simboliai susiformuoja vėliau nei kitų spalvų. Pavyzdžiui, vanduo, ledas, dangus – ilgai buvo nepažinūs mokslui, galbūt todėl spalva įkūnija paslaptį, mistiškumą, romantiką, ilgesį, viltį, globą, saugumą. Pasakose, mituose, padavimuose ar legendose nuolat pasikartojantys dangaus ar vandens simboliai reiškia tolimą, svetimą, paralelinį ar anapusinį pasaulį, apgaubtą paslaptingos miglos, kupiną netikėtumų, grėsmių ir išbandymų, į kurį patekęs herojus dvasiškai subręsta. Galbūt todėl ši spalva simbolizuoja išmintį, brandą, patirtį, dvasingumą, vidinę pusiausvyrą. Spalvos fenomeną nagrinėja įvairių mokslo sričių atstovai – fizikai, oftalmologai, filosofai, psichologai, istorikai, leksikologai ir t. t. Pirminė spalvos funkcija – kažką klasifikuoti, ženklinti, pažadinti asociacijas, su kažkuo susieti (Kornyeine, G.,1997 46 psl). Tuo pagrindu senosios kultūros sukūrė sąlygines spalvų simbolikos rūšis, susijusias
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