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The Higgs Boson: Window on the Big Bang

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The Higgs Boson: Window on the Big Bang Wright State University CORE Scholar Physics Colloquiums Physics 2-7-2014 The Higgs Boson: Window on the Big Bang Jim Brau University of Oregon Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/physics_colloq Part of the Physics Commons Repository Citation Brau, J. (2014). The Higgs Boson: Window on the Big Bang. https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/physics_colloq/1 This Video is brought to you for free and open access by the Physics at CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Physics Colloquiums by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE HIGGS BOSON WINDOW ON THE BIG BANG Jim Brau Center for High Energy Physics University of Oregon http://www.AstroPics.com Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Science 21 Dec 2012 BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Time’s 2012 Person of the Year: the Higgs Boson was among nominees! Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Time’s 2012 Person of the Year: the Higgs Boson was among nominees! Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Time’s 2012 Person of the Year: the Higgs Boson was among nominees! Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013 Photo: Pnicolet vi,; Photo: G·M Greuel via Wlkimedla commons Wiklmedia Commons F ra n~ o is Englert Peter W. Higgs The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013 was awarded jointly to Fran~ois Englert and Peter W. Higgs "for the theoretical discovery ofa mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass ofsubatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider" Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Higgs Boson What is the Higgs Boson? Why is it important? What was its role in the early universe (the Big Bang)? Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 1929 - Hubble Discovered Universe is Expanding First evidence that Universe began with a Big Bang Edwin Powell Hubble (1889-1953) 1929 Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Universe’s Glow in Microwaves discovered in 1965 predicted following Hubble’s discovery confirmed early universe of Big Bang Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Big Bang Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Particles and Forces “interactions” Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Fundamental Particles PROTON Matter Forces Up quark Down quark NEUTRON Electron Electron- neutrino Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Fundamental Particles Matter Forces Up Charm Top quark quark quark Higgs Down Strange Bottom quark quark quark Z W Electron Muon Tau Photon Electron- Muon- Tau- Gluon neutrino neutrino neutrino Heavier Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 flea fairy fly Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Why are masses of each of these fundamental particles so different? This is the role of the Higgs boson. flea fairy fly Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Forces “interactions” Are Forces Related? 1850 • Gravity • Electricity • Magnetism Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Forces “interactions” Are Forces Related? • Gravity 1864 • Electricity Unified theory • Electromagnetism {• Magnetism • Light (photons) J.C. Maxwell Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Forces “interactions” Are Forces Related? • Gravity 1864 • Electromagnetism Unified theory • Electromagnetism • Light (photons) J.C. Maxwell Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Forces “interactions” Are Forces Related? Early 20th Century • Gravity Einstein worked for years {• Electromagnetism on a unified theory of Electromagnetism and Gravity UNSUCCESSFULLY Albert Einstein Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Forces “interactions” Are Forces Related? 1950 • Gravity • Electromagnetism • Weak Nuclear • Strong Nuclear Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Forces “interactions” Are Forces Related? 19502000 • Gravity Anticipated • Electromagnetism - discovery of •Electroweak the Higgs Boson {• Weak Nuclear at accelerators • Strong Nuclear P. Higgs Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Forces “interactions” Are Forces Related? 19502000 • Gravity Are all forces related? • Electromagnetism New particles would be •Electroweak involved in any unification • Weak Nuclear {• Strong Nuclear Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 u ct "" m.n. top dsb eµT ~ _.... au Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 What is the Higgs Boson? Peter Higgs Satyendra (1929- ) Nath Bose (1894-1974) by P. Higgs, • Theory postulated in 1964 R. Brout , F. Englert, G. S. Guralnik, C. R. Hagen, –historical era and T. W. B. Kibble Text The Beatles arrive in USA, President Johnson Mad Men, AMC Kennedy Airport, Feb 1964 signs Civil Rights Act, July, 1964 - Voting Rights in 1965 Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 The Higgs Field • Familiar fields graviton photon Earth’s gravity Magnetism • The Higgs is both a field and a particle Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Peter Higgs Higgs Boson Theory Kibble, Guralnik, Hagen, Englert, Brout • Higgs field fills the universe • Interacts with fundamental particles to give them mass • Separates electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force –photon remains massless Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Geneva, Switzerland Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Large Hadron Collider 17 mile circumference main ring 300 feet underground Proton beams of particles circulate in both directions 1600 SuperC magnets @ 8.3 Tesla Temp= 2 K 10,000 MegaJoules stored energy 600,000,000 collisions per second at 14,000,000,000,000 eVolts So far at 7 and 8,000,000,000,000 eV (7, 8 TeV) Large Hadron Collider Proton beam stores 700 MegaJoules equiv. to 747 energy on take-off enough to melt 1/2 ton copper Search for Higgs Boson by ATLAS Collaboration⨥ at LHC ⨥ ATLAS Collaboration = 3000 physicists from 177 universities and laboratories in 38 countries Higgs Boson is VERY HEAVY Equivalent to 133 Hydrogen atoms or one Cesium atom 126,000,000,000 eV = 126 GeV Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Search for the Higgs Boson at the LHC slow motion Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Search for the Higgs Boson at the LHC slow motion E=mc2 or Energy equals Mass Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Producing the Higgs Boson at the LHC Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Producing the Higgs Boson at the LHC Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Producing the Higgs Boson at the LHC Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Producing the Higgs Boson at the LHC Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 July 4, 2012 ATLAS Collaboration (and CMS Collaboration) Announced Discovery Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 July 4, 2012 Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 July 4, 2012 Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 July 4, 2012 Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 July 4, 2012 Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 July 4, 2012 Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 July 4, 2012 Peter Higgs Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Fabiola Gianotti (CERN), representing the ATLAS Collaboration July 4, 2012 slide 44 0 • • 3 o. 10 ATLAS Preliminary 20 11 + 2012Data g lO 'ATLAS Pr~li ,;,inary 2011+2012 Data 2 g 10 -Obs. l'S= 7 TeV: fl.dt=4.6·4.8fb'' ~ - Obs. {$ = 7 TeV: fLdt = 4.6·4.8 fb ' 10 .... Exp. 1'S =8 rev: fLdt = 5.8·5.9 1b·1 ~ 8 - .... Exp, 1'S = 8 TeV: fLdt = 5 8-5.9 lb'' -:: Ol 1 .::::··: ... ···· .... ··:::::::::::::::::··::.: ...: :······:: .. : .. :·:::. OcJ (j) ..... ··--···· 10-1 ·.................................... ................................ 1cr 6 .2 ................ ...... ........... ................................ 2cr 10 ... ...... d ~ . .............:::::: .. ,:: ....... ....... Expecte ......... 3<r _g 103 1o·• ·., from SM .s ........ .............. ... .... ......... ~iggs at ........ 4<J 10 10'6 .................. ......... ... :·::,_, .. __g _t~~~ . '."_H_ ...... .. .. 1~ ~ 0 10'8 10·9 .........................................: :," . ................ .. , I,, , I , , . -2 .,. .... ..., ......,,., ...... , ............, .., ...... ,.. , ... , ..... ,. ;·: 2 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 mH [GeV] mH[GeV) Maximum excess observed at mH = 126.5 GeV Local significance (including energy-scale systematics) 5.0 a Probability of background up-fluctuation 3 x 10·7 Expected from SM Higgs mH=l26.5 4.6 a Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Five Sigma Confidence • Five sigma is the threshold particle physics requires for DISCOVERY (very high standard) • THEN, randomness could produce the same result ONLY once in 3.5 million times • Example - flip coin 102022 times and heads EVERY time Youprobability are now is confidentabout 1 in this 10001,000,000 is not a normal coin! Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 July 4, 2012 • Evidence for the Higgs Boson by ATLAS and CMS resulted from: –about one in every 1,000,000,000,000 collisions produce two photons from the Higgs boson - many more pairs of photons are produced by random unrelated processes
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