The Higgs Boson: Window on the Big Bang

Wright State University CORE Scholar

Physics Colloquiums Physics

2-7-2014

Jim Brau University of Oregon

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Repository Citation Brau, J. (2014). The Higgs Boson: Window on the Big Bang. . https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/physics_colloq/1

This Video is brought to you for free and open access by the Physics at CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Physics Colloquiums by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE HIGGS BOSON WINDOW ON THE BIG BANG

Jim Brau Center for High Energy Physics University of Oregon

http://www.AstroPics.com

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Science

21 Dec 2012

BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Time’s 2012 Person of the Year: the Higgs Boson was among nominees!

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013

Photo: Pnicolet vi,; Photo: G·M Greuel via Wlkimedla commons Wiklmedia Commons F ra n~ o is Englert Peter W. Higgs

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013 was awarded jointly to Fran~ois Englert and Peter W. Higgs "for the theoretical discovery ofa mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass ofsubatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Higgs Boson

What is the Higgs Boson? Why is it important? What was its role in the early universe (the Big Bang)?

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 1929 - Hubble Discovered Universe is Expanding

First evidence that Universe began with a Big Bang

Edwin Powell Hubble (1889-1953) 1929

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Universe’s Glow in Microwaves discovered in 1965

predicted following Hubble’s discovery

confirmed early universe of Big Bang

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Big Bang

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Particles and Forces “interactions”

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Fundamental Particles PROTON Matter Forces Up quark

Down quark

NEUTRON Electron

Electron- neutrino

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Fundamental Particles Matter Forces Up Charm Top quark quark quark

Higgs Down Strange Bottom quark quark quark Z W Electron Muon Tau

Photon Electron- Muon- Tau- Gluon neutrino neutrino neutrino

Heavier Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 flea

fairy fly

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Why are masses of each of these fundamental particles so different?

This is the role of the Higgs boson.

flea

fairy fly

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Forces “interactions” Are Forces Related? 1850 • Gravity • Electricity • Magnetism

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Forces “interactions” Are Forces Related?

• Gravity 1864 • Electricity Unified theory • Electromagnetism {• Magnetism • Light (photons)

J.C. Maxwell

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Forces “interactions” Are Forces Related?

• Gravity 1864 • Electromagnetism Unified theory • Electromagnetism • Light (photons)

J.C. Maxwell

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Forces “interactions” Are Forces Related? Early 20th Century • Gravity Einstein worked for years {• Electromagnetism on a unified theory of Electromagnetism and Gravity UNSUCCESSFULLY

Albert Einstein

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Forces “interactions” Are Forces Related? 1950 • Gravity • Electromagnetism • Weak Nuclear • Strong Nuclear

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Forces “interactions” Are Forces Related? 19502000 • Gravity Anticipated • Electromagnetism - discovery of •Electroweak the Higgs Boson {• Weak Nuclear at accelerators • Strong Nuclear

P. Higgs

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Forces “interactions” Are Forces Related? 19502000 • Gravity Are all forces related? • Electromagnetism New particles would be •Electroweak involved in any unification • Weak Nuclear {• Strong Nuclear

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 u ct "" m.n. top dsb

eµT ~ _.... au

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 What is the Higgs Boson? Peter Higgs Satyendra (1929- ) Nath Bose (1894-1974) by P. Higgs, • Theory postulated in 1964 R. Brout , F. Englert, G. S. Guralnik, C. R. Hagen, –historical era and T. W. B. Kibble

Text

The Beatles arrive in USA, President Johnson Mad Men, AMC Kennedy Airport, Feb 1964 signs Civil Rights Act, July, 1964 - Voting Rights in 1965

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 The Higgs Field

• Familiar fields

graviton photon

Earth’s gravity Magnetism • The Higgs is both a field and a particle

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Peter Higgs Higgs Boson Theory Kibble, Guralnik, Hagen, Englert, Brout • Higgs field fills the universe

• Interacts with fundamental particles to give them mass

• Separates electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force –photon remains massless

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Geneva, Switzerland

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014

Large Hadron Collider

17 mile circumference main ring 300 feet underground Proton beams of particles circulate in both directions 1600 SuperC magnets @ 8.3 Tesla Temp= 2 K 10,000 MegaJoules stored energy 600,000,000 collisions per second at 14,000,000,000,000 eVolts So far at 7 and 8,000,000,000,000 eV (7, 8 TeV) Large Hadron Collider

Proton beam stores 700 MegaJoules equiv. to 747 energy on take-off enough to melt 1/2 ton copper Search for Higgs Boson by ATLAS Collaboration⨥ at LHC ⨥ ATLAS Collaboration = 3000 physicists from 177 universities and laboratories in 38 countries

Higgs Boson is VERY HEAVY Equivalent to 133 Hydrogen atoms or one Cesium atom 126,000,000,000 eV = 126 GeV

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Search for the Higgs Boson at the LHC

slow motion

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Search for the Higgs Boson at the LHC

slow motion

E=mc2 or Energy equals Mass

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Producing the Higgs Boson at the LHC

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 July 4, 2012

ATLAS Collaboration (and CMS Collaboration)

Announced Discovery

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 July 4, 2012

Peter Higgs

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Fabiola Gianotti (CERN), representing the ATLAS Collaboration July 4, 2012 slide 44

0 • • 3 o. 10 ATLAS Preliminary 20 11 + 2012Data g lO 'ATLAS Pr~li ,;,inary 2011+2012 Data 2 g 10 -Obs. l'S= 7 TeV: fl.dt=4.6·4.8fb'' ~ - Obs. {$ = 7 TeV: fLdt = 4.6·4.8 fb ' 10 .... Exp. 1'S =8 rev: fLdt = 5.8·5.9 1b·1 ~ 8 - .... Exp, 1'S = 8 TeV: fLdt = 5 8-5.9 lb'' -:: Ol 1 .::::··: ... ···· .... ··:::::::::::::::::··::.: ...: :······:: .. : .. :·:::. OcJ (j) ..... ··--···· 10-1 ·...... 1cr 6 .2 ...... 2cr 10 ...... d ~ ...... :::::: .. . ,:: ...... Expecte ...... 3

Maximum excess observed at mH = 126.5 GeV Local significance (including energy-scale systematics) 5.0 a Probability of background up-fluctuation 3 x 10·7 Expected from SM Higgs mH=l26.5 4.6 a

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Five Sigma Confidence

• Five sigma is the threshold particle physics requires for DISCOVERY (very high standard) • THEN, randomness could produce the same result ONLY once in 3.5 million times • Example - flip coin 221020 times and heads EVERY time Youprobability are now is confidentabout 1 in this 10001,000,000 is not a normal coin!

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 July 4, 2012

• Evidence for the Higgs Boson by ATLAS and CMS resulted from: –about one in every 1,000,000,000,000 collisions produce two photons from the Higgs boson

- many more pairs of photons are produced by random unrelated processes –data collected in 2011 and 2012

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Most photon pairs from normal, uninteresting interactions

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Statistically significant excess over random background

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Signal is not a random fluctuation!

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH (CERN)

CERN-PH -EP-2012-218 Accepted t:Jv: Physics letters 8 t- . ·-- · ·•N- ·, . ::./] • ::i . :< : Observotion of o New Porticle in the Search for the Standard .·- . Model Higgs Boson with the ATLAS Detector ot the LHC .· ~ · •· ~=-:: • .• Q,).. . c.. The ATl.AS Collaboration • CJ • ...... _.i:;: . . This paper is dedicated to the memory of our ATLAS colleagues who did not live to see me .' N> · full impact and significance of their conttibutions to me experiment. ."""' ' ·:-N·: :· 8~ :· :N: Abstract ·-.· A 863Ich for the Stand:ird Model Hjg93 boson in proton~pro•on colliaiona with the All.AS detector .I .> : .:.:::; . :rt the LJ-IC j3 presented. The dat.:13em used correspond to integraied \JmSioaities ot approximately I,..., , 4 .8 fb- 1 co ected at {i= 7 TeV Si 2011IDld5.8 fb ' at {i= STeV in 2012- lndividu31 a9!1lch93 in the • 1-. . :\j . ch2tV1ela H- zz..·•- 4l, H- n and H- WW1·1- ~·µ,· in the BTeV data are combmed wi1h pteviously publi3tled reaulb of searches for H- zz1• 1• wn.~· • . bh and rr in the 7TeV d:ua and resutta horn improved ana.lyse3of the H -> ZZ1' 1_. 4f :ind H- n channel3111fle 7TeV d:lta.. Clear evidence for the production of a neutral boson with a measured mass of I '.!6.0 :k 0.4 (stat) :r. O. ~ (sys) Ge\' is pr938nt9d.. 1hia ob3ervation, which has a aignific:ince of 5.9 SUlndard devia1JOl"l3.. correaponding to a background Ructuation probability of l 7x 10 ". is compatiblG with die production and dec3yof1he Standard Model Hi993 bo30ll.

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 EUROPEAN O RGANISATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH (CERN)

CERN-PH-EP-2012-218 Accepted t:Jv: Physics l etters 8

Observotion of o New Porticle in the Search for the Standard Model Higgs Boson with the ATLAS Detector ot the LHC

The ATl.AS Collaboration

is paper is dedicated to the memory of our ATLAS colleagues who did not live to see me full impact and significance of their conttibutions to me experiment. l FOUND ANEW PARTICLE

Abstract

A 863Ich for the Stand:ird Model Hjg93 boson in proton~pro•on colliaiona with the All.AS detector the LJ-IC j3 presented. The dat.:13em used correspond to integraied \JmSioaities ot approximately .8 fb- 1 co ected at {i = 7 TeV Si 2011 IDld 5.8 fb ' at {i = 8 TeV in 2012- lndividu31 a9!1lch93 in the ela H- w·•- 4l, H- n and H- WW1·1- ~·µ,· in the BTeV data are combmed wi1h pteviously bli3tled reaulb of searches for H- zz1•1• wn.~ · • . bh and rr in the 7TeV d:ua and resutta rrom proved ana.lyse3of the H -> ZZ1' 1_. 4f :ind H- n channel3111fle 7TeV d:lta.. Clear evidence for the uction of a neutral boson with a measured mass of I '.!6.0 :k 0.4 (stat) :r. O. ~ (sys) Ge\' is pr938nt9d.. ob3ervation, which has a aignific:ince of 5.9 SUlndard devia1JOl"l3.. correaponding to a background ·on probability of l 7x 10 ". is compatiblG with die production and dec3yof1he Standard Model bo30ll.

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Why is the Higgs Important? (1)

PARTICLE PHYSICS • It gives mass to the fundamental particles of Nature –quarks, leptons, fundamental bosons, ....

• It produces differences in the fundamental forces –electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force, as photon remains massless and weak bosons (W and Z) acquire mass

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Why is the Higgs Important? (2)

COSMOLOGY • Big Bang produced massless particles –13.8 billion years ago • Higgs field appeared everywhere • Universe expanded and cooled • Fundamental particles of Nature, initially massless, acquired mass from the Higgs field • Particles slowed, bunched up and eventually formed atoms Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Hierarchy Problem

• Theory suggests the Higgs boson should be much, much heavier than it is ⇒ this is a problem • Mass of the Higgs boson is affected by “radiative corrections” (very large effect) mass (H) should be very large

• New physics (ie. new particles) could limit mass through compensating “radiative corrections” which can cancel those we know

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Possible solutions to Hierarchy Problem • Supersymmetry –new particles truncate radiative corrections • Extra dimensions –motivated by string theory • Composite Higgs –not fundamental scalar - rather, composite particle –new force, eg. Technicolor, binds heavy particles into Higgs boson NEW PHYSICS IS NEEDED FOR SOLUTION!

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 What is Matter?

all Atomic composed of quarks and leptons Does the Universe contain another form of matter? Probably yes - DARK MATTER

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 We know galaxies are surrounded by dark halos of mysterious, unidentified stuff (dark matter).

Expected- based on stellar mass Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 We know galaxies are surrounded by dark halos of mysterious, unidentified stuff (dark matter).

Vera Rubin Expected- Observed- 1950s based on stellar mass reveals invisible (“dark”) mass Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 5 hydrogen atoms/m3 This pie represents equivalent all the matter & energy in the 26.8% Dark universe

Planck 2013 4.9 % Atoms (1 hydrogen atom / 4 m3)

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 5 hydrogen atoms/m3 This pie represents equivalent all the matter & energy in the 26.8% Dark universe

Planck 2013 4.9 % Atoms (1 hydrogen atom / 4 m3)

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 The Matter Crisis • not enough matter to “make-up” known matter & energy of the Universe

5 hydrogen atoms/m3 This pie represents equivalent all the matter & energy in the 26.8% Dark universe

Planck 2013 4.9 % Atoms (1 hydrogen atom / 4 m3)

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Matter/Energy Budget Crisis

• What could account for the missing matter/energy of the Universe?

This pie represents all the matter & energy in the 26.8% Dark universe

Planck 2013 4.9 % Atoms

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Acceleration Component called “Dark Energy”

68.3 % This pie represents all the matter & energy in the 26.8 % Dark universe 5 hydrogen atoms/m3 equivalent Planck 2013 4.9 % Atoms

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Acceleration Component called “Dark Energy” • The dominant “stuff” of the universe is dark matter and dark energy

68.3 % This pie represents all the matter & energy in the 26.8 % Dark universe 5 hydrogen atoms/m3 equivalent Planck 2013 4.9 % Atoms

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 The Dark Side Controls the Universe

Dark Matter HOLDS IT TOGETHER

Dark Energy DETERMINES ITS DESTINY

Dark Matter is strange! Dark Energy stranger?

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 International Linear Collider ILC (electron-positron collider)

FUTURE Higgs boson is such a fundamental addition to our understanding of Nature, it deserves our most precise and complete studies ILC offers more precise studies of Higgs and other possible new physics World-wide collaboration has developed the technology As of 2014, now ready to start construction - governmental discussions underway Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 LHC / ILC comparison

• ILC collisions are simpler • an advantage for precision in Higgs boson measurements

• Would be powerful complement to LHC

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Are there any practical applications?

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 1897 - J.J. Thomson - Electron

Credit: American Institute of Physics Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 J.J. Thomson, On 1897 Discovery Speaking in 1934 Could anything at ﬁrst sight seem more impractical than a body which is so small that its mass is an insigniﬁcant fraction of the mass of an atom of hydrogen? -- which itself is so small that a crowd of these atoms equal in number to the population of the whole world would be too small to have been detected by any means then known to science.

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Summary: Higgs Boson: Window on the Big Bang • Higgs boson discovery helps explain mysteries of physics and early universe • Higgs boson particle was discovered in 2012 by large, international collaborations at the LHC in Switzerland • Detailed properties of this Higgs boson will be measured in more detail to determine its full nature –and search for evidence of “New Physics” • LHC experiments search for more - eg. Dark Matter • Future - International Linear Collider

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 One thing I have learned in a long life: that all our science, measured against reality, is primitive and childlike —and yet it is the The most beautiful most precious thing experience we can we have. have is the mysterious. It is the fundamental emotion which stands at the cradle of true art and true science. Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014 Acknowledgements

RESEARCH SUPPORTED BY

Department of Energy OFFICE OF SCIENC E

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

Philip H. Knight

Acknowledgement: images from http://www.AstroPics.com

Jim Brau Wright State University February 7, 2014