Snowflake Infographic V5

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

snow & ice WHAT ARE SNOWFLAKES? Snowflakes are beautiful ice crystals formed when water freezes on particles, such as dust and pollen, that are found in the atmosphere. Temperature, moisture and the path each snowflake takes helps shape its unique beauty. Observing elegant water crystals in the form of snowflakes is one of the many wonders you can enjoy in the winter season! HEXAGONAL MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF ICE STRUCTURE Snowflakes naturally form six-sided crystals. Some snowflakes can even have 12 sides! CRYSTAL FORMATION Snowflakes are formed when water freezes on particles, such as dust or pollen. Oxygen Hydrogen HYDROGEN BONDING IN WATER Water molecules form ice crystals, in part, because of their polar nature and UNIQUENESS hydrogen bonding. Temperature, moisture and the path each flake H H takes shapes its final O beautiful structure. H H H H O O FASCINATING FACTS ON WATER Hydrogen Bonding Adding salt to water lowers its freezing point. This is why in snowy climates, salt is applied to roads and sidewalks to 1 make them safer. THREE OF THE MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF SNOWFLAKES Most compounds are MORE dense in their solid state; however, water in its solid state (ice) is less dense than 2 its liquid state. This unique feature makes life on Earth possible in our oceans, lakes and rivers. Triangular Frostbite occurs when your skin and tissues freeze from Crystals being exposed to freezing temperatures. Your body is, Stellar Hollow 3 after all, mainly water (approximately 60%). Dendrites Columns flinnsci.com ©2020 Flinn Scientific, Inc. All rights reserved..

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Snowflake Shapes Activity
Primary Sources in the Classroom Smithsonian Institution Archives Wilson A. “Snowflake” Bentley Institutional History Division Snowflake Shape Activity siarchives.si.edu WILSON A. BENTLEY: SNOWFLAKE SHAPE ACTIVITY Objectives: Students will learn about how snowflakes form and the types of shapes that snowflakes are composed of. They will practice observational and comparison skills. They will identify snowflake types based on their shape. Time: 45 – 65 minutes (Adjust Time As Needed) ‐ introduction, (suggested: 15 20 minutes) ‐ study snowflake shapes outside, (suggested: 20 minutes) – if snow is falling ‐ study snowflake shapes inside, (suggested: 10 minutes) ‐ examine snowflakes and classify them by their shapes, (suggested: 1015 minutes) Skills: Observation, Knowledge of basic shapes, Compare and contrast Content Area: Science, Art Materials: To study real snowflakes out of doors: ‐ cardboard, 8 x 10, one for every four students ‐ sheet of black felt or velvet, 8 x 10, one for every four students ‐glue ‐ magnifying glasses Classroom project: (contained below) ‐ snowflake type chart ‐ unidentified snowflake images answer sheet (2 sheets) Grade Level: Grades 3‐6 Historical Overview: For over forty years, Wilson “Snowflake” Bentley (1865‐ 1931) photographed thousands of individual snowflakes and perfected the innovative photomicrographic technique. His photographs and publications provide valuable scientific records of snow crystals and their many types. Five hundred of his snowflake photos now reside in the Smithsonian Institution Archives, donated by Bentley in 1903 to protect against “all possibility of loss and destruction, through fire or accident.” © Jericho Historical Society 1 Primary Sources in the Classroom Smithsonian Institution Archives Wilson A. “Snowflake” Bentley Institutional History Division Snowflake Shape Activity siarchives.si.edu Wilson A.
[Show full text]
A Field Guide to Falling Snow
Basic Snowflake Forms (from SnowCrystals.com) Although no two snowflakes are exactly alike, snow crystal forms usually fall into several broad categories. You can find a more descriptive guide in the book – The Snowflake: Winter’s Secret Beauty. Stellar Dendrites Dendrite means "tree-like", which describes the multi-branched appearance of these snow crystals. Stellar dendrites have six symmetrical main branches and a large number of randomly placed sidebranches. They can also be large, perhaps 5mm in diameter. Although they have complex shapes, each stellar dendrite is a single crystal of ice. The molecular ordering of the water molecules is the same from one side of the crystal to the other. Sectored Plates What identifies these crystals are the numerous ice ridges that seem to divide the plate-like arms into sectors -- hence the name. Like the stellar dendrites, sectored plates are flat, thin slivers of ice that grow into in a stunning diversity of complex shapes. Hollow Columns Plate-like snow crystals get the most attention, but columnar crystals are the main constituents of many snowfalls. The columns are hexagonal, like a wooden pencil, and they often form with conical hollow features in their ends. Needles Columnar crystals can grow so long and thin that they look like ice needles. Sometimes the needles contain thin hollow regions, and sometimes the ends split into additional needle branches. Spatial Dendrites Not all snowflakes form as thin flat plates or slender columns. Spatial dendrites are made from many individual ice crystals jumbled together. Each branch is like one arm of a stellar crystal, but the different branches are oriented randomly.
[Show full text]
ESSENTIALS of METEOROLOGY (7Th Ed.) GLOSSARY
ESSENTIALS OF METEOROLOGY (7th ed.) GLOSSARY Chapter 1 Aerosols Tiny suspended solid particles (dust, smoke, etc.) or liquid droplets that enter the atmosphere from either natural or human (anthropogenic) sources, such as the burning of fossil fuels. Sulfur-containing fossil fuels, such as coal, produce sulfate aerosols. Air density The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume occupied by it. Air density is usually expressed as g/cm3 or kg/m3. Also See Density. Air pressure The pressure exerted by the mass of air above a given point, usually expressed in millibars (mb), inches of (atmospheric mercury (Hg) or in hectopascals (hPa). pressure) Atmosphere The envelope of gases that surround a planet and are held to it by the planet's gravitational attraction. The earth's atmosphere is mainly nitrogen and oxygen. Carbon dioxide (CO2) A colorless, odorless gas whose concentration is about 0.039 percent (390 ppm) in a volume of air near sea level. It is a selective absorber of infrared radiation and, consequently, it is important in the earth's atmospheric greenhouse effect. Solid CO2 is called dry ice. Climate The accumulation of daily and seasonal weather events over a long period of time. Front The transition zone between two distinct air masses. Hurricane A tropical cyclone having winds in excess of 64 knots (74 mi/hr). Ionosphere An electrified region of the upper atmosphere where fairly large concentrations of ions and free electrons exist. Lapse rate The rate at which an atmospheric variable (usually temperature) decreases with height. (See Environmental lapse rate.) Mesosphere The atmospheric layer between the stratosphere and the thermosphere.
[Show full text]
International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
A PROJECT OF THE INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE, LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND. WWW.OLYMPIC.ORG TEACHING VALUESVALUES AN OLYYMPICMPIC EDUCATIONEDUCATION TOOLKITTOOLKIT WWW.OLYMPIC.ORG D R O W E R O F D N A S T N E T N O C TEACHING VALUES AN OLYMPIC EDUCATION TOOLKIT A PROJECT OF THE INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE, LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The International Olympic Committee wishes to thank the following individuals for their contributions to the preparation of this toolkit: Author/Editor: Deanna L. BINDER (PhD), University of Alberta, Canada Helen BROWNLEE, IOC Commission for Culture & Olympic Education, Australia Anne CHEVALLEY, International Olympic Committee, Switzerland Charmaine CROOKS, Olympian, Canada Clement O. FASAN, University of Lagos, Nigeria Yangsheng GUO (PhD), Nagoya University of Commerce and Business, Japan Sheila HALL, Emily Carr Institute of Art, Design & Media, Canada Edward KENSINGTON, International Olympic Committee, Switzerland Ioanna MASTORA, Foundation of Olympic and Sport Education, Greece Miquel de MORAGAS, Centre d’Estudis Olympics (CEO) Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Spain Roland NAUL, Willibald Gebhardt Institute & University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany Khanh NGUYEN, IOC Photo Archives, Switzerland Jan PATERSON, British Olympic Foundation, United Kingdom Tommy SITHOLE, International Olympic Committee, Switzerland Margaret TALBOT, United Kingdom Association of Physical Education, United Kingdom IOC Commission for Culture & Olympic Education For Permission to use previously published or copyrighted
[Show full text]
Cloud Microphysics
Cloud microphysics Claudia Emde Meteorological Institute, LMU, Munich, Germany WS 2011/2012 Growth Precipitation Cloud modification Overview of cloud physics lecture Atmospheric thermodynamics gas laws, hydrostatic equation 1st law of thermodynamics moisture parameters adiabatic / pseudoadiabatic processes stability criteria / cloud formation Microphysics of warm clouds nucleation of water vapor by condensation growth of cloud droplets in warm clouds (condensation, fall speed of droplets, collection, coalescence) formation of rain, stochastical coalescence Microphysics of cold clouds homogeneous, heterogeneous, and contact nucleation concentration of ice particles in clouds crystal growth (from vapor phase, riming, aggregation) formation of precipitation, cloud modification Observation of cloud microphysical properties Parameterization of clouds in climate and NWP models Cloud microphysics December 15, 2011 2 / 30 Growth Precipitation Cloud modification Growth from the vapor phase in mixed-phase clouds mixed-phase cloud is dominated by super-cooled droplets air is close to saturated w.r.t. liquid water air is supersaturated w.r.t. ice Example ◦ T=-10 C, RHl ≈ 100%, RHi ≈ 110% ◦ T=-20 C, RHl ≈ 100%, RHi ≈ 121% )much greater supersaturations than in warm clouds In mixed-phase clouds, ice particles grow from vapor phase much more rapidly than droplets. Cloud microphysics December 15, 2011 3 / 30 Growth Precipitation Cloud modification Mass growth rate of an ice crystal diffusional growth of ice crystal similar to growth of droplet by condensation more complicated, mainly because ice crystals are not spherical )points of equal water vapor do not lie on a sphere centered on crystal dM = 4πCD (ρ (1) − ρ ) dt v vc Cloud microphysics December 15, 2011 4 / 30 P732951-Ch06.qxd 9/12/05 7:44 PM Page 240 240 Cloud Microphysics determined by the size and shape of the conductor.
[Show full text]
Cold Season Cloud Seeding
Weather Modification UNDERSTANDING Cloud seeding—a form of weather modification— ALBERTA CANADA COLD SEASON is a safe, scientific, time-tested, and proven set of Cloud Seeding technologies used to enhance rain and snow, re- ND duce hail damage, and alleviate fog. The benefits ID of cloud seeding can be measured in additional WY water for cities and agriculture, as well as the re- NV UT duction of damage from severe weather. CA CO KS TX Target area—Cold-season cloud-seeding Target area—Warm-season cloud-seeding A ground-based generator is used to burn a silver iodide solution to release microscopic silver-iodide particles which can create additional ice crystals, then snow, in winter clouds. Research has shown that placing equipment at high elevations increases cloud seeding effectiveness. NAWMC Members Cold Season Seeding California Department of Water Resources When moist air flows over the mountains, water vapor Colorado Water Conservation Board condenses and forms clouds composed of water droplets. These droplets become “super cooled” and have the unique Desert Research Institute quality to remain liquid even at temperatures below freez- North Dakota Atmospheric Resource Board ing. Given enough time and mixing with surrounding air, many of the droplets will evaporate, but under the correct Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation conditions some will eventually become ice crystals, grow Utah Division of Water Resources into snowflakes and precipitate to the ground. Cloud seed- Wyoming Water Development Office ing provides an opportunity to increase the number of ice crystals that can become snowflakes. NAWMC Associate Members Who Conducts Cloud Seeding? Central Arizona Water Conservation District In North America, cloud-seeding programs are conducted in Metropolitan Water District of Southern California California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, Kansas, Santa Barbara County Water Agency North Dakota, and Texas, as well as Alberta, Canada.
[Show full text]
Water in the Coconino Sandstone for the Snowflake-Hay Hollow Area Navajo County, Arizona
Water in the Coconino Sandstone for the Snowflake-Hay Hollow Area Navajo County, Arizona GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1539-S Prepared in cooperation with the .Arizona State Land Department MAY lo 1962 Water in trie Coconino Sandstone for the Snowflake-Hay Hollow Area Navajo County, Arizona By PHILLIP W. JOHNSON CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1539-S Prepared in cooperation with the Arizona State Land Department UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1962 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. CONTENTS Abstract__ _ --_---_-__-__--__--__-_---__________________________ S-l Introduction._-________.__-______________^______._________________ 2 Purpose of the investigation.___________________________________ 2 Location and extent of the area_________________________________ 2 Previous investigations.________________________________________ 3 Acknowledgments- _____-__----_--__-___-_-___-________________ 3 Methods of investigation.______________________________________ 4 Well-numbering system._______________________________________ 4 Geographic and cultural features-______-_-__--_____-__-__--_-__- 5 Drainage features____________________________________________ 6 Precipitation and temperature_________________________________ 7 Geology._________________________________________________________ 9 Sedimentary
[Show full text]
Snowflakes: Nano at Its Coolest
Snowflakes: Nano at its coolest Organization: Sciencenter, Ithaca, NY Contact person: Rae Ostman Contact information: [email protected] 607-272-0600 General Description Stage presentation “Snowflakes” is a public presentation that introduces nanoscale science through the study of a natural phenomenon: snow. The program considers what makes it snow, why snowflakes have six sides, and whether it’s true that no two snowflakes are alike. Visitors learn that the complex structure of snowflakes results from the nanoscale arrangement of water molecules in an ice crystal. They also learn that snowflakes are an example of self-assembled systems studied by nanoscientists. During the course of the program, visitors look at photos, watch movies of snowflakes growing, handle models, and observe real ice crystals growing in a chilled chamber. Program Objectives Big idea: Snowflakes have a complex structure, determined by the nanoscale arrangement of water molecules in an ice crystal and by the specific environmental conditions under which the snowflake forms. Learning goals: As a result of participating in this program, visitors will learn that: 1. It snows when it’s cold and cloudy: the temperature is below freezing and the air is supersaturated with water vapor. 2. Snowflakes almost always have six sides, because ice crystals most commonly have a hexagonal structure. The macroscale structure that we can see (the snowflake) reflects the nanoscale arrangement of water molecules. 3. It’s true that no two snowflakes are exactly alike, but snowflakes can be classified into a number of types. 4. Nano is very, very small. 5. Nanoscientists learn about and make things that are too small to see.
[Show full text]
Report No. R 91-2, Design of Physical Cloud Seeding Experiments for The
DESIGN OF PHYSICAL CLOUD SEEDING EXPERIMENTS FOR THE ARIZONA ATMOSPHERIC MODIFICATION RESEARCH PROGRAM FINAL REPORT PREPARED FOR ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES UNDER IGA-89-6189-450-0125 FEBRUARY 1991 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Bureau of Reclamation Denver Off ice Research and Laboratory Services Division Water Augmentation Group 7-2090 (4-81) Bureau of Reclamation TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE February 1991 DESIGN OF PHYSICAL CLOUD SEEDING 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE EXPERIMENTS FOR THE ARIZONA ATMOSPHERIC MODIFICATION RESEARCH PROGRAM 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO. Arlin B. Super, Jon G. Medina, and Jack T. McPartland 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. WORK UNIT NO. Bureau of Reclamation Denver Office 11. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. Denver CO 80225 13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED 12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS Same ( 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Microfiche and hard copy available at the Denver Office, Denver, Colorado. 16. ABSTRACT Cloud seeding experiments have been designed by the Bureau of Reclamation for winter orographic cloud systems over the Mogollon Rim of Arizona. The experiments are intended to test whether key physical processes proceed as hypothesized during both ground-based and aircraft seeding with silver iodide. The experiments are also intended to document each significant link in the chain of physical events following release of seeding material up to, and including, snowfall at the ground at a small research area about 60 km south-southeast of Flagstaff. The physical experimentation should lead to a substantially improved understanding of winter seeding potential in clouds over Arizona's higher terrain.
[Show full text]
Rime and Graupel: Description and Characterization As Revealed by Low-Temperature Scanning Electron Microscopy
SCANNING VOL. 25, 121–131 (2003) Received: November 27, 2002 © FAMS, Inc. Accepted: February 20, 2003 Rime and Graupel: Description and Characterization as Revealed by Low-Temperature Scanning Electron Microscopy ALBERT RANGO,JAMES FOSTER,* EDWARD G. JOSBERGER,† ERIC F. ERBE,‡ CHRISTOPHER POOLEY,‡§ WILLIAM P. W ERGIN‡ Jornada Experimental Range, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; *Laboratory for Hydrological Sciences, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Green- belt, Maryland; †U. S. Geological Survey, Washington Water Science Center, Tacoma, Washington; ‡Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, ARS, USDA; §Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland, USA Summary: Snow crystals, which form by vapor deposition, ticle 1 to 3 mm across, composed of hundreds of frozen occasionally come in contact with supercooled cloud cloud droplets interspersed with considerable air spaces; the droplets during their formation and descent. When this oc- original snow crystal is no longer discernible. This study curs, the droplets adhere and freeze to the snow crystals in increases our knowledge about the process and character- a process known as accretion. During the early stages of istics of riming and suggests that the initial appearance of accretion, discrete snow crystals exhibiting frozen cloud the flattened hemispheres may result from impact of the droplets are referred to as rime. If this process continues, leading face of the snow crystal with cloud droplets. The the snow crystal may become completely engulfed in elongated and sinuous configurations of frozen cloud frozen cloud droplets. The resulting particle is known as droplets that are encountered on the more advanced stages graupel.
[Show full text]
Cloud Seeding Annual Report
Cloud Seeding Annual Report Six Creeks Program 2019-2020 Winter Season Prepared For: Salt Lake City Department of Public Utilities Prepared By: Todd R. Flanagan Garrett Cammans North American Weather Consultants, Inc. 8180 South Highland Dr. Suite B-2 Sandy, UT 84093 Report No. WM 20-13 Project No. 19-443 August 2020 WEATHER MODIFICATION The Science Behind Cloud Seeding The Science The cloud-seeding process aids precipitation formation by enhancing ice crystal production in clouds. When the ice crystals grow sufficiently, they become snowflakes and fall to the ground. Silver iodide has been selected for its environmental safety and superior efficiency in producing ice in clouds. Silver iodide adds microscopic particles with a structural similarity to natural ice crystals. Ground-based and aircraft-borne technologies can be used to add the particles to the clouds. Safety Research has clearly documented that cloud seeding with silver- iodide aerosols shows no environmentally harmful effect. Iodine is a component of many necessary amino acids. Silver is both quite inert and naturally occurring, the amounts released are far less than background silver already present in unseeded areas. Effectiveness Numerous studies performed by universities, professional research organizations, private utility companies and weather modification providers have conclusively demonstrated the ability for Silver Iodide to augment precipitation under the proper atmospheric conditions. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .....................................................................................................................................
[Show full text]
Ten Surprising Findings About Winter Tires: It Is Not Just About Snow
SWT-2016-10 JULY 2016 TEN SURPRISING FINDINGS ABOUT WINTER TIRES: IT IS NOT J UST ABOUT SNOW JOHN WOODROOFFE SUSTAINABLE WORLDWIDE TRANSPORTATION TEN SURPRISING FINDINGS ABOUT WINTER TIRES: IT IS NOT JUST ABOUT SNOW John Woodrooffe The University of Michigan Sustainable Worldwide Transportation Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2150 U.S.A. Report No. SWT-2016-10 July 2016 Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipientʼs Catalog No. SWT-2016-10 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Ten Surprising Findings About Winter Tires: It Is Not Just About July 2016 Snow 6. Performing Organization Code 383818 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. John Woodrooffe SWT-2016-10 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit no. (TRAIS) The University of Michigan Sustainable Worldwide Transportation 11. Contract or Grant No. 2901 Baxter Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2150 U.S.A. 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered The University of Michigan Sustainable Worldwide Transportation 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes Information about Sustainable Worldwide Transportation is available at http://www.umich.edu/~umtriswt. 16. Abstract This report explores the safety performance of winter tires in the context of vehicle braking, cornering and loss of control. It examines tire certification, the influence of winter tires on crash frequency, and how they perform on four-wheel drive vehicles compared with two-wheel drive vehicles. The report considers winter-tire requirements for connected and automated vehicles and documents legislative and incentive programs implemented within North America (Canada) to encourage the use of winter tires.
[Show full text]