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How Many Fungi Make Sclerotia?
fungal ecology xxx (2014) 1e10 available at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/funeco Short Communication How many fungi make sclerotia? Matthew E. SMITHa,*, Terry W. HENKELb, Jeffrey A. ROLLINSa aUniversity of Florida, Department of Plant Pathology, Gainesville, FL 32611-0680, USA bHumboldt State University of Florida, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA 95521, USA article info abstract Article history: Most fungi produce some type of durable microscopic structure such as a spore that is Received 25 April 2014 important for dispersal and/or survival under adverse conditions, but many species also Revision received 23 July 2014 produce dense aggregations of tissue called sclerotia. These structures help fungi to survive Accepted 28 July 2014 challenging conditions such as freezing, desiccation, microbial attack, or the absence of a Available online - host. During studies of hypogeous fungi we encountered morphologically distinct sclerotia Corresponding editor: in nature that were not linked with a known fungus. These observations suggested that Dr. Jean Lodge many unrelated fungi with diverse trophic modes may form sclerotia, but that these structures have been overlooked. To identify the phylogenetic affiliations and trophic Keywords: modes of sclerotium-forming fungi, we conducted a literature review and sequenced DNA Chemical defense from fresh sclerotium collections. We found that sclerotium-forming fungi are ecologically Ectomycorrhizal diverse and phylogenetically dispersed among 85 genera in 20 orders of Dikarya, suggesting Plant pathogens that the ability to form sclerotia probably evolved 14 different times in fungi. Saprotrophic ª 2014 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved. Sclerotium Fungi are among the most diverse lineages of eukaryotes with features such as a hyphal thallus, non-flagellated cells, and an estimated 5.1 million species (Blackwell, 2011). -
FDA OTC Reviews Summary of Back Issues
Number 23 The Journal of the AMERICAN BOTANI CAL COUNCIL and the HERB RESEARCH FOUNDATION Chinese Medicinals -A Comprehensive Review of Chinese Materia Medica Legal and Regulatory- FDA OTC Reviews Summary of Back Issues Ongoing Market Report, Research Reviews (glimpses of studies published in over a dozen scientific and technical journals), Access, Book Reviews, Calendar, Legal and Regulatory, Herb Blurbs and Potpourri columns. #1 -Summer 83 (4 pp.) Eucalyptus Repels Reas, Stones Koalas; FDA OTC tiveness; Fungal Studies; More Polysaccharides; Recent Research on Ginseng; Heart Panel Reviews Menstrual & Aphrodisiac Herbs; Tabasco Toxicity?; Garlic Odor Peppers; Yew Continues to Amaze; Licorice O.D. Prevention; Ginseng in Perspec Repels Deer; and more. tive; Poisonous Plants Update; Medicinal Plant Conservation Project; 1989 Oberly #2- Fall/Winter 83-84 (8 pp.) Appeals Court Overrules FDA on Food Safety; Award Nominations; Trends in Self-Care Conference; License Plates to Fund Native FDA Magazine Pans Herbs; Beware of Bay Leaves; Tiny Tree: Cancer Cure?; Plant Manual; and more. Comfrey Tea Recall; plus. #17-Summer 88. (24 pp.) Sarsaparilla, A Literature Review by Christopher #3-Spring 84 (8 pp.) Celestial Sells to Kraft; Rowers and Dinosaurs Demise?; Hobbs; Hops May Help Metabolize Toxins; Herbal Roach Killer; Epazote Getting Citrus Peels for Kitty Litter; Saffron; Antibacterial Sassafras; WHO Studies Anti· More Popular, Aloe Market Levels Off; Herbal Tick Repellent?; Chinese Herb fertility Plants; Chinese Herbal Drugs; Feverfew Migraines; -
Phylogenetic Classification of Trametes
TAXON 60 (6) • December 2011: 1567–1583 Justo & Hibbett • Phylogenetic classification of Trametes SYSTEMATICS AND PHYLOGENY Phylogenetic classification of Trametes (Basidiomycota, Polyporales) based on a five-marker dataset Alfredo Justo & David S. Hibbett Clark University, Biology Department, 950 Main St., Worcester, Massachusetts 01610, U.S.A. Author for correspondence: Alfredo Justo, [email protected] Abstract: The phylogeny of Trametes and related genera was studied using molecular data from ribosomal markers (nLSU, ITS) and protein-coding genes (RPB1, RPB2, TEF1-alpha) and consequences for the taxonomy and nomenclature of this group were considered. Separate datasets with rDNA data only, single datasets for each of the protein-coding genes, and a combined five-marker dataset were analyzed. Molecular analyses recover a strongly supported trametoid clade that includes most of Trametes species (including the type T. suaveolens, the T. versicolor group, and mainly tropical species such as T. maxima and T. cubensis) together with species of Lenzites and Pycnoporus and Coriolopsis polyzona. Our data confirm the positions of Trametes cervina (= Trametopsis cervina) in the phlebioid clade and of Trametes trogii (= Coriolopsis trogii) outside the trametoid clade, closely related to Coriolopsis gallica. The genus Coriolopsis, as currently defined, is polyphyletic, with the type species as part of the trametoid clade and at least two additional lineages occurring in the core polyporoid clade. In view of these results the use of a single generic name (Trametes) for the trametoid clade is considered to be the best taxonomic and nomenclatural option as the morphological concept of Trametes would remain almost unchanged, few new nomenclatural combinations would be necessary, and the classification of additional species (i.e., not yet described and/or sampled for mo- lecular data) in Trametes based on morphological characters alone will still be possible. -
Links Between Genetic Groups, Indole Alkaloid Profiles and Ecology Within the Grass-Parasitic Claviceps Purpurea Species Complex
Toxins 2015, 7, 1431-1456; doi:10.3390/toxins7051431 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins Article Links between Genetic Groups, Indole Alkaloid Profiles and Ecology within the Grass-Parasitic Claviceps purpurea Species Complex Mariell Negård 1,2, Silvio Uhlig 1,3, Håvard Kauserud 2, Tom Andersen 2, Klaus Høiland 2 and Trude Vrålstad 1,2,* 1 Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway; E-Mails: [email protected] (M.N.); [email protected] (S.U.) 2 Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; E-Mails: [email protected] (H.K.); [email protected] (T.A.); [email protected] (K.H.) 3 Department of the Chemical and Biological Working Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 8149 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +47-2321-6247. Academic Editor: Christopher L. Schardl Received: 3 January 2015 / Accepted: 22 April 2015 / Published: 28 April 2015 Abstract: The grass parasitic fungus Claviceps purpurea sensu lato produces sclerotia with toxic indole alkaloids. It constitutes several genetic groups with divergent habitat preferences that recently were delimited into separate proposed species. We aimed to 1) analyze genetic variation of C. purpurea sensu lato in Norway, 2) characterize the associated indole alkaloid profiles, and 3) explore relationships between genetics, alkaloid chemistry and ecology. Approximately 600 sclerotia from 14 different grass species were subjected to various analyses including DNA sequencing and HPLC-MS. -
Effect of Ganoderma Lucidum (Reishi) on Hematological Parameters
Available online at www.ijmrhs.com cal R edi ese M ar of c l h a & n r H u e o a J l l t h International Journal of Medical Research & a S n ISSN No: 2319-5886 o c i t i Health Sciences, 2018, 7(3): 151-157 e a n n c r e e t s n I • • IJ M R H S Effect of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) on Hematological Parameters in Wistar Rats Hammad Ahmed and Muhammad Aslam* Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan *Corresponding e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi), has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for 5000 years or more. In China and Japan Ganoderma lucidum has been used in folk medicine, commonly in the treatment of neurasthenia, insomnia, hepatopathy, nephritis, gastric ulcers, asthma, and hypertension. In this study we have evaluated the effect of Ganoderma lucidum on hematological parameters in Wistar rats. The extract was given orally by gavage at the dose of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight. The result of our study shows extremely significant increase in the hemoglobin level, platelet count and leukocyte count more specifically at a dose of 150 mg/kg of Ganoderma lucidum extract when compare with normal control group. However, at a dose of 300 mg/kg of GLE, significant increase in hemoglobin level and extremely significant increase in leukocyte count were observed. Whereas, insignificant result was observed at both the doses of GLE in case of hematocrit level, MCV, MCHC, MCH and RBC count. -
Lignosus Rhinocerus) Enhance Stress Resistance and Extend Lifespan in Caenorhabditis Elegans Via the DAF-16/Foxo Signaling Pathway
pharmaceuticals Article Extracts of the Tiger Milk Mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerus) Enhance Stress Resistance and Extend Lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans via the DAF-16/FoxO Signaling Pathway Parinee Kittimongkolsuk 1,2, Mariana Roxo 2, Hanmei Li 2, Siriporn Chuchawankul 3,4 , Michael Wink 2,* and Tewin Tencomnao 3,5,* 1 Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; [email protected] 2 Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; [email protected] (M.R.); [email protected] (H.L.) 3 Immunomodulation of Natural Products Research Group, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; [email protected] 4 Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 5 Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.W.); [email protected] (T.T.); Tel.: +66-2-218-1533 (T.T.) Abstract: The tiger milk mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerus (LR), exhibits antioxidant properties, as shown in a few in vitro experiments. The aim of this research was to study whether three LR extracts Citation: Kittimongkolsuk, P.; Roxo, exhibit antioxidant activities in Caenorhabditis elegans. In wild-type N2 nematodes, we determined the M.; Li, H.; Chuchawankul, S.; Wink, survival rate under oxidative stress caused by increased intracellular ROS concentrations. Transgenic M.; Tencomnao, T. Extracts of the strains, including TJ356, TJ375, CF1553, CL2166, and LD1, were used to detect the expression of DAF- Tiger Milk Mushroom (Lignosus 16, HSP-16.2, SOD-3, GST-4, and SKN-1, respectively. -
The Natural Path Herbal Guide
Paul Kramer Table of Contents Nature’s Secrets: Herbs ............................................................................................4 Alfalfa .............................................................................................................................5 Aloe Vera .......................................................................................................................6 Astragalus Root ..........................................................................................................7 Bee Pollen .....................................................................................................................8 Capsicum Fruit ............................................................................................................9 Cascara Bark ............................................................................................................. 10 Celery Seed ............................................................................................................... 11 Chinese Pearl Barley .............................................................................................. 12 Chinese Rose Hips .................................................................................................. 13 Chicory Root ............................................................................................................. 14 Dandelion Root ....................................................................................................... 15 Fenugreek ................................................................................................................ -
The Response of Dark Septate Endophytes (DSE) to Heavy Metals in Pure Culture
The Response of Dark Septate Endophytes (DSE) to Heavy Metals in Pure Culture Yihui Ban1, Ming Tang2*, Hui Chen2, Zhouying Xu1, Haihan Zhang3, Yurong Yang2 1 College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 2 College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 3 School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, Shannxi, China Abstract Dark septate endophytes (DSE) occur widely in association with plants exposed to heavy metal stress. However, little is known about the response of DSE exposed to heavy metals. In this study, five DSE were isolated from the roots of Astragalus adsurgens Pall. seedlings growing on lead-zinc mine tailings in China. Based on morphological characteristics and DNA sequence analyses, the isolates were identified as Gaeumannomyces cylindrosporus, Paraphoma chrysanthemicola, Phialophora mustea, Exophiala salmonis, and Cladosporium cladosporioides. G. cylindrosporus was selected to explore responses to Pb stress. Scanning electron microscopic observations of G. cylindrosporus grown on solid medium revealed curling of hyphae and formation of hyphal coils in response to Pb. In contrast, in liquid medium, hyphae became thick and swollen with an increase in Pb (II) concentration. We interpret that these changes are related to the variation in cell wall components. We also demonstrated that fungal melanin content increased with the addition of Pb(II). Melanin, as an important component in the cell wall, is known to be an essential antioxidant responsible for decreasing heavy metal toxicity. We also measured the total soluble protein content and glutathione (GSH) concentrations in G. cylindrosporus and found that they initially increased and then decreased with the increase of Pb(II) concentrations. -
Mycelial Growth of Ganoderma Curtissii in Locally Indigenous Media Arce D
IRCHE 2017 4th International Research Conference on Higher Education Volume 2018 Conference Paper Mycelial Growth of Ganoderma curtissii in Locally Indigenous Media Arce D. Bellere Central Bicol State University of Agriculture, Sipocot, Philippines Abstract Fungal study requires culture medium for evaluation of its mycelial form and storing viable cell lines. In this study innovative media such as coconut water from matured nuts (CW), corn grit (CG) and rice bran (RB) decoction was evaluated. The ideal media for luxuriant growth of Ganoderma curtissii was coconut water media at physical condition of 26.40 푂C and 81.29% relative humidity respectively. Keywords: Ganoderma curtissii, coconut water, corn grit, rice bran, mycelial form, relative humidity Corresponding Author: Arce D. Bellere [email protected] Received: 23 April 2018 Accepted: 8 May 2018 Published: 4 June 2018 1. Introduction Publishing services provided by Knowledge E Media is a critical aspect in growing mushrooms. It is a way of storing viable cell lines Arce D. Bellere. This article is of microorganism, wherein this cell lines can lead to various breakthrough for the distributed under the terms of benefits of mankind. For instance, the genus Ganoderma species of mushroom contains the Creative Commons bioactive components with antioxidant properties [1]. Since early 2,000 years ago it has Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and been used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine which is then extended worldwide redistribution provided that the [2]. Reference [3] claimed that pharmacological properties of Ganoderma have been original author and source are credited. associated with its ability to reduce the risk of heart disease, cancer and stimulate the immune system, Selection and Peer-review under the responsibility of the IRCHE Furthermore, [4] added that its health beneficial properties are attributed to the 2017 Conference Committee. -
The Bioactivity of Tiger Milk Mushroom: Malaysia's Prized Medicinal Mushroom
The Bioactivity of Tiger Milk Mushroom: Malaysia’s Prized Medicinal Mushroom 5 Shin-Yee Fung and Chon-Seng Tan Abstract The tiger milk mushroom has long been extolled for its medicinal properties and has been used for the treatment of asthma, cough, fever, cancer, liver-related ill- nesses, and joint pains and as a tonic. The history of usage for tiger milk mush- room dated back to almost 400 years ago, but there were no records of scientific studies done due to unavailability of sufficient samples. Even when there were samples collected from the wild, the supply and quality were inconsistent. With the advent of cultivation success of one of the most utilized species of tiger milk mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerotis) in 2009, scientific investigation was done to validate its traditional use and to investigate its safety for consumption and bio- chemical and biopharmacological properties. Among the properties that have been investigated to date are antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, nutritional, immunomodulatory, and neuritogenesis activities of the Lignosus rhinocerotis. The scientific findings have so far verified some of its traditional applications and revealed interesting data which shows potential for it to be fur- ther developed into possible nutraceutical. More scientific investigations are much needed to validate the medicinal properties of tiger milk mushroom across its species and to unveil potential biomolecules that may form a valuable founda- tion in pharmaceutical and industrial applications. S.-Y. Fung (*) Medicinal Mushroom Research Group, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] C.-S. -
Claviceps.Identifica
A Laboratory Guide to the Identification of Claviceps purpurea and Claviceps africana in Grass and Sorghum Seed Samples sponsored by: The Mexican Seed Trade Association The American Seed Trade Association The Oregon Seed Trade Association Texas Seed Trade Association April 19, 1999 authors: Stephen Alderman, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist, USDA-ARS, National Forage Seed Produc- tion Research Center, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 Debra Frederickson, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 Gene Milbrath, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist, Oregon Department of Agriculture, 635 Capitol St. NE, Salem, OR 97301 Noe Montes, M. Sc., INIFAP Plant Physiologist, A. P. 172. Cd. Rio Bravo, Tam. Mexico. CP 88900. (Currently visiting research assistant at Texas A&M Expt. Stn., Corpus Christi) Jesus Narro-Sanchez, M.Sc., INIFAP Plant Pathologist, A.P. No. 112, Carr. Celaya-San Miguel de Allende km 6.5, Celaya, Guanajuato. CP 38000 Gary Odvody, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist, Texas A&M University, Route 2, Box 589, Agricul- tural Experiment Station, Corpus Christi, TX 78406 A complete copy of this manual is available at the Oregon Department of Agriculture website: http://www.oda.state.or.us Contents Introduction and overview to the genus Claviceps ................................................ 1 Life cycle ............................................................................................................... 2 Host range and distribution .................................................................................. -
Antioxidants of Edible Mushrooms
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Central Repository of the Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy (CER) Molecules 2015, 20, 19489-19525; doi:10.3390/molecules201019489 OPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Review Antioxidants of Edible Mushrooms Maja Kozarski 1, Anita Klaus 2, Dragica Jakovljevic 3, Nina Todorovic 3, Jovana Vunduk 2, Predrag Petrović 4, Miomir Niksic 2, Miroslav M. Vrvic 3,5 and Leo van Griensven 6,* 1 Department for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, Belgrade 11080, Serbia; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Department for Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, Belgrade 11080, Serbia; E-Mails: [email protected] (A.K.); [email protected] (J.V.); [email protected] (M.N.) 3 Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoseva 12, Belgrade 11001, Serbia; E-Mails: [email protected] (D.J.); [email protected] (N.T.); [email protected] (M.M.V.) 4 Institute of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, Belgrade 11060, Serbia; E-Mail: [email protected] 5 Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12–16, Belgrade 11000, Serbia 6 Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +31-748-0992; Fax: +31-741-8094.