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Environmental Project Management and Issues

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Environmental Project Management and Issues © 2002 WIT Press, Ashurst Lodge, Southampton, SO40 7AA, UK. All rights reserved. Web: www.witpress.com Email [email protected] Paper from: Coastal Environment, CA Brebbia (Editor). ISBN 1-85312-921-6 EKO-KaWela Bay Project - Environmental project management and issues V, Androtec 1,B, IvanW 2 ‘ Universip of Zagreb, Croatia 2Executive Manager, EKO Project, Croatia Abstract Due to extensive industrialization and increase in population numbers during the last fifty years, Ka3tela Bay has become one of the most polluted areas in the Mediterranean. Six years ago, the Croatian Government, in collaboration with the World Bank and European Bank, decided to invest approximately 150 million Euros in water supply and sewage systems that would address the sea quality issues in the whole Bay, such being the largest undertaking in the Adriatic, and among the largest ones in the Mediterranean. The separate describes the initial stages of the project named EKO-KaNela Bay, its structure, technical approach in addressing various issues, in particular those related to designing and environmental monitoring, as well as major implementation milestones with completion schedules. Resistance of locals concerning certain undertakings, such as submarine outfalls, which required special approach in engagement of professionals and a broader governmental management matrix, is also viewed in retrospect. Finally, the project financial flow is presented, as well as problems in balancing the tiding sources in view of surplus loan proceedings during certain implementation periods. In conclusion, it is quite possible to protect the sea and improve its quality by implementation of grand-scale infrastructure projects in a country as developed as Croatia, but there exists a number of problems, from planning to funding arrangements and technical implementation in conjunction with the position of the population, who need to see for themselves the common welfare through such projects with concrete arguments of in situ measurements and by means of adequate modeling for demanding processes. © 2002 WIT Press, Ashurst Lodge, Southampton, SO40 7AA, UK. All rights reserved. Web: www.witpress.com Email [email protected] Paper from: Coastal Environment, CA Brebbia (Editor). ISBN 1-85312-921-6 ~4 Coastal Environment 1 Introduction Strategies concerning water and sea protection from pollution in Croatia are based on legislation as adopted by the Parliament, and their implementation, taking into consideration financial capabilities local- and national-wise, Priorities and long-term plans are defined in accordance with such capabilities. Adopted laws are adjusted with the European Union laws and directives, and also with the Meditemanean Action Plan guidelines, since Croatia is a signatory of the plan. The current economic situation in the Republic of Croatia makes it difficult to address water-protection issues, particularly in view of the fact that the percentage of developed sewer systems in the Croatian littoral, being topical to this separate, is rather low. The main preoccupation of the Republic of Croatia and Hrvatske vode [Croatian Water Authorities], which is the relevant institution in charge of preparation and implementation of strategies related to water-supply and water- protection, was construction of water-supply systems. With respect to the indebtedness of the Croatian Adriatic coast and lack of sufficient water quantities on the islands, transportation of water from the mainland has been top priority, and a rather technically and financially demanding task. Prospects in tourism were quite an incentive for such huge undertakings. The percentage of population coverage by water-supply systems is in excess of 90Y0, However, parallel to such tasks, construction of disposal facilities was not initiated, so that wastewater quantities grew tenfold on account of improved water supply. The total length of the Croatian coast in-bebween its border with Montenegro in the east and Slovenia in the west is 700 km in a straight line, whilst its actual length, together with the islands, equals approx. 6000 km. The load of pollution discharged along the Croatian Adriatic coast, together with the population, tourists at the height of tourist seasons, and industries (fortunately not foul in nature) amounts to approx. 2,220,000 PE, Having in mind that the load by the Italian littoral alone is approx. 30,000,000 PE, it is obvious that the north of the Adriatic is in a better condition, and that the pollution loads are not significant globally so that they could impact the sea eutrophication-wise. On account of undeveloped sewage systems and direct coastal wastewater discharging, there exists a markedly local pollution in the Croatian littoral, with the highest concentrations in the area of Ka5tela Bay, because of a large number of coastal wastewater discharges. The towns of Split, Solin, KaStela and Trogir, as well as the communities on the island of ~iovo, all located around Kaitela Bay, underwent intensive development and urbanization after W.W.II. Population numbers have tripled in the past 40 years; thus, there were approximately 109,000 inhabitants in the area in 1953, while today they number around 300,000, Industries, transportation and commerce have been developing shoulder-to-shoulder with the increase in population, The city of Split is the centre of Dalmatia, with a marked tendency of fiu-ther expansion. Unfortunately, urban planning diverted development, and © 2002 WIT Press, Ashurst Lodge, Southampton, SO40 7AA, UK. All rights reserved. Web: www.witpress.com Email [email protected] Paper from: Coastal Environment, CA Brebbia (Editor). ISBN 1-85312-921-6 Coasta[ Environment 15 particularly that of industries, to the Kai$telaBay are% so that the small bay, with limited capacities, has been rather devastated and polluted. Kailtela Bay is a semi-closed marine area with monthly sea changes in its mid-section, The borders of the bay, particularly in its east, with the highest pollution concentrations, undergo minimal sea changes. With respect to the shallow sea in the eastern part of the bay and the concentration of coastal discharges fkom the population and industries (brewery, meat-processing plant, dairy), that is, for the reason of high organic matter inputs, particularly in the summer, when sea temperatures are rather high, there occurs the so-called “red bloom”. Due to the lack of oxygen in the sea under such pollution conditions, a special species of zoo-plankton propagate with reddish effects, while the fish suffocate. No sewage system whatsoever has been constructed in the major part of the Trogir, Kaiftela and ~iovo Island area, so the bulk of wastewater is being collected in septic tanks, All wastewater is disposed of into the coastal sea either directly or indirectly, but with no treatment. In the region of Split the situation is somewhat better as far as development of sewage networks is concerned; however, all wastewater is also disposed of into the coastal sea by a number of coastal discharges, bar the section of wastewater of the so-called south catchment, which are discharged by a submarine outfall into the Brad Channel with prior screening treatment. © 2002 WIT Press, Ashurst Lodge, Southampton, SO40 7AA, UK. All rights reserved. Web: www.witpress.com Email [email protected] Paper from: Coastal Environment, CA Brebbia (Editor). ISBN 1-85312-921-6 16 coastal Environment Due to such pollution conditions, Ka3tela Bay was declared the largest black spot in the Croatian littoral, and was given priority by the Croatian Parliament in addressing its issues. With regard to the national priority and the willingness of the towns to implement the subprojects, the Croatian Bank for Reconstruction and Development (HBOR) commenced negotiations concerning possible credit arrangements with the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development respectively. 2 EKO-KaWela Bay Project Concept The main task in planning the infrastructure facilities was to fmd solutions for a sewage system and wastewater disposal. Notwithstanding, while sizing the EKO- Ka3tela Bay Project, as it is officially called, it was also suggested that the existing water supply system of the towns around the bay be extended and improved, because of regular summer water rationing, particularly in the west, i.e. the town of Trogir and the island of ~iovo. Thus, three subprojects were defined under the EKO-KaNela Bay Project, viz.: A) Split-Solin Sewerage System; B) Ka5tela-Trogir Sewerage System; and, C) Split-Solin-Ka3tela-Trogir Water Supply System. The subprojects had initially been technically defined in the 70s, while the final sewage system concepts were adopted in the 90s. The main precondition set by the foreign banks for their Loan Agreements negotiations concerned preparation of feasibility stmdies that would confm technical concepts of the infrastructure facilities or suggest some other optimal ones. Those studies were prepared in 1996, fully conftig that the concepts as proposed by local designers were correct, so that preparations regarding the signing of Loan Agreements could be commenced. One particular condition stressed by the banks concerned environmental standards, which were also met under the proposed systems. 2.1 Wastewater Disposal Long-temn oceanographic researches indicated that the Ka5tela Bay sea, being a semi-closed marine area, should not be the recipient of treated wastewater; instead, feasible options in wastewater disposal require sea
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