Articles – Position Paper: “We just want to be listened to.”: Mundane Transphobia in BBC1’s ‘The Trans Women Athlete Dispute with Martina Navratilova’. Abby Barras This position paper explores the mundane transphobia evident in the BBC1 documentary ‘The Trans Women Athlete Dispute with Martina Navratilova’, which aired on the 26th June 2019. Using rhetorical analysis, it closely examines the language utilised by Martina when she interviews five individuals – Naomi Reid, Alison Perkins, Joanna Harper, Kristina Harrison, and Charlie Martin – about their experiences of participating in sport as trans women. This piece draws on a number of examples to illustrate how mundane transphobia occurs interactionally in conversations between trans and cisgender people. It argues that whilst Martina at times renders herself as advocating for the inclusion of trans women in elite sport, she instead engages with mundane transphobia, that is, ‘the everyday ways in which non-trans people enact marginalisation towards transgender people despite claims to inclusivity’ (Riggs, 2016, p.4).

Introduction: Martina Navratilova is a ON the 26th of June 2019, Czechoslovak-born, American, BBC1 aired the programme ‘The former professional tennis player Trans Women Athlete Dispute with and coach and is considered by Martina Navratilova.’ Billed as a many to be one of the greatest one-off documentary special, the female tennis players of all time, programme followed Martina as having won eighteen Gland Slam she, in her own words during the titles and Wimbledon a record nine opening minutes of the programme, times. She is one of sport’s first ‘set out to open up the debate and openly gay figures, coming out in answer some of her own questions 1981 and is a vocal advocate for by meeting a range of athletes, trans LGBT equal rights and a supporter women and scientists.’ The of many charities benefiting the programme was prompted by LGBT community. Previously in events which had taken place on both the UK press and on her social media and in the UK press personal Twitter account, Martina earlier in 2019, where Martina had has stated that she believes that called for an open debate about trans women have no place in elite transgender women athletes sport, saying that ‘it’s insane and competing in elite women’s sports. it’s cheating’ (The Sunday Times, Martina expressed that her wish for February 17th 2019). As a result of open debate consequently sparked, Martina’s views, she was dropped in her own words in the by New York-based Athlete Ally, programme’s introduction, ‘a which supports LGBT sportspeople, heated and passionate argument, from their advisory board and as an creating global news headlines.’ ambassador.

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Adverts for this documentary on difficult to challenge.’ Mundane social media implied that Martina’s transphobia can be used to thinking had evolved, and the describe how gender normative possibility of Martina changing her accounts of embodiment are still mind divided the Twitter forcibly written upon the bodies of community prior to the many groups of people, albeit often documentary airing. Whilst a in ordinary ways, and how this is number of prominent activists perhaps most evident in the lives of including Owl Fisher hoped she trans people. In this way, mundane had, many more, including World transphobia is a simple and Champion cyclist Dr Rachel effective way to reinforce gender McKinnon, advised caution, stereotypes and justifies arguing that the documentary was maintaining the status quo of irresponsible journalism and for questioning trans women’s Martina to profit from her participation in sport. transphobia was an insult to those in the community she had offended. But what about the people living Mundane Transphobia: behind the rhetoric? The one-hour The documentary begins with documentary covers a lot of ground, Martina saying that she including interviews with Trans acknowledges that there are people Media Watch founder Helen on both sides of the debate, and she Belcher, sociologist Professor Ellis is keen to see that women’s sports Cashmore, sports inclusion legal remain fair and inclusive. Martina expert Dr. Seema Patel, and sports positions herself as both an LGBT scientists from Loughborough ally, having come out as gay early in University. It is impossible to her tennis career, and victim of her consider all of their views here, and own unintentional transphobia, therefore this paper instead aims to and highlights being dropped by give close consideration to whom I Athlete Ally for her transphobic consider the documentary’s most comments as evidence of this. important contributors, the trans Discussions about trans athletes in women who participated: Naomi sport most frequently focus on Reid, Alison Perkins, Joanna trans women and the question of Harper, Kristina Harrison, and immutable competitive advantage, Charlie Martin. and this documentary is no Despite positioning itself as a different. The documentary does vehicle for Martina’s self- not consider trans men, and its exploration in which she wants to failure to acknowledge their evolve her thinking about the presence in sport renders them inclusion of trans women in sport, I invisible and implies that they are argue that this documentary is in insignificant. fact an example of what Riggs In addition, this lack of (2017, p.159) calls ‘mundane consideration dismisses the reality transphobia.’ That is, the ‘banal, of their successes, of which there indeed routine ways in which are many examples, including normative assumptions are made Chris Mosier, a US elite level that make heterosexism and triathlete, and professional boxer transphobia both speakable and Patricio Manuel. Mosier made Team

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USA in 2015 and was placed third relative power and (in)equality in his age group in sprint triathlon between those who have a at the Draft Legal Triathlon World particular range of ‘trans’ Championship Qualifier race in experiences and those who do not.’ 2016. In the same year Mosier By deliberately not using the earned All-American honours in term ‘cis,’ Martina exercises her duathlon and in 2019 he made his gender normative privilege, flexing sixth Team USA appearance. her desire to dominate and control Manuel is the first transgender the language she perceives to be boxer in the history of the United appropriate in this discussion. As States to have a professional fight, Owl Fisher (The Guardian, 2019) and in December 2018 Manuel noted “her refusal to countenance defeated Mexican super- using cisgender to help distinguish featherweight Hugo Aguilarand in between trans and non-trans California. It could be argued that athletes, only confused matters, these successes undermine an creating a dichotomy between assumption that women are ‘women and girls’ and ‘trans inherently weaker than men, and women.’” Martina is willing to listen that trans men can never be as good about the lived experiences of trans as cisgender men in sport, when the people in order to open up the achievements of professionals such debate, but only in the language as Mosier and Manuel offer clear that is familiar and comfortable for examples of them performing her, a tactic frequently employed by better. Martina’s first example of those in positions of power, as mundane transphobia in the argued by many Black feminist documentary comes when she theorists (Hill-Collins, 1990; Hooks, explains how she will not be using 1987). Martina is engaging with the term ‘cis’, saying: mundane transphobia when she ‘I certainly do not want to offend refuses to use the term ‘cisgender’, anybody, somebody’s not going to marginalising and ignoring the be happy, but what I like for the diversity of trans people’s lives, sake of simplicity, cis is just woman, which operates ‘not only to or man, and transgender are trans perpetuate discrimination against men or women.’ trans people…it renders trans Being cisgender means simply people unintelligible, or at best identifying as the gender you were intelligible in particular narrow assigned at birth. Using cisgender ways’ (Riggs, 2014, p.169). This as a term is not a slur, nor does it has the effect of reinforcing her own imply a gender identity more valid linguistic gender hierarchy whilst at or natural than trans. Most the same time discriminating importantly, it does not mean that against trans people’s lived the differences between trans experience and denying them women and cis women are being agency. erased; rather, it clarifies that both terms simply refer to women in different ways. As Pearce, Steinberg The People Behind the Rhetoric: and Moon (2019, p.7) note, ‘terms Naomi Reid such as cis and even non-binary In Riggs’ (2017) piece on help us to account for relations of mundane transphobia, he explores

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how Oprah Winfrey’s interview with about her childhood experiences Thomas Beatie (who at the time and feelings about her gender, and identified as a trans man and was how she: pregnant), marginalised Beatie’s ‘didn’t really want to play men’s own account of his embodiment by football still, because I see myself as first framing his masculinity a woman…as a trans woman I want through a narrative of his past. to compete in women’s sports, Winfrey not only dead-named because I’m a woman. I mean, I Beatie but fixated on his ‘small keep saying ‘as a trans woman’ but penis’ (Riggs, 2014, p. 18) in order that’s purely for this discussion.’ to perpetuate her belief that Beatie We are reminded of how may identify as male, but is lacking transphobia ‘works as a rebuttal masculinity. A similar system, one that, in demanding ‘autobiography on demand’ trans people provide evidence of narrative can be seen when Martina their existence, and is experienced meets the first three interviewees — as a hammering, a constant Naomi Reid, Alison Perkins and chipping away at trans existence’ Joanna Harper — who all identify (Ahmed, 2016, p. 22). as trans women. Martina explains The language we hear in this that she wants to talk to individual documentary is significant trans sports women to ask their because, like gender, it forms ‘a opinion of participating in sport. foundation for social order and Naomi Reid is a club shapes expectations for interaction’ footballer in the UK. On meeting (Pearce, Gupta and Moon, 2019, p. Naomi in the documentary, the very 105). Drawing on Derrida’s (1988) first thing we learn from Martina’s theory of deconstruction and the voice over is that she ‘has not had relationship between text and reassignment surgery, nor started meaning, Martina’s linguistic any hormone treatment yet, but she intentions may sound trans- identifies as a woman.’ There is no inclusive to the viewer, but her reason why this very personal iteration implies the opposite. information about Naomi is Martina’s casual references to disclosed, and such a personal Naomi’s stage of transition draws disclosure generates in the viewer’s the viewer immediately towards mind an uncoupling of Naomi’s imagining Naomi’s body in a body from her identity. The completely unnecessary way. Even pathologizing of trans people’s when Naomi explains that ‘if you bodies in the media and wider either created a separate gender discourses is a common trope category or tried to say you have to (Halberstam, 2018), often fixating compete as a man, that’s quite on physical appearance and degrading and humiliating,’ Martina genitals for a sensationalist result, is unable to unite her binary as experienced by Thomas Beatie thinking. ‘I see’, she says, ‘we’re all on the Oprah Winfrey Show (Riggs, coming from it from the same 2014). There is also the expectation position – trans women want it to be that Naomi will offer up her fair, women and girls want it to be autobiography to the audience on fair, but we are arriving at different demand, to prove her trans conclusions.’ This is an example of existence. Naomi speaks openly how mundane transphobia occurs

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in a commonplace interaction and in life yet it is not clear what between a cisgender and precisely it refers to, why it is transgender individual, whereby valued, what ethical principles, if the experiences and needs of the any, it is grounded upon and what transgender individual are kinds of good it involves.’ marginalised, and forcibly placed What has been determined into a normative and derisive overall is that there is no context. universally agreed upon definition Naomi has expressed how that can place all humans into the playing on a separate trans-only traditional binary. Even so, the team would be ‘degrading’, but question of decency and fairness in Martina’s concluding concern is sport continues to be a divisive that in the future trans women topic when extended to include athletes who have not had surgery trans women, whose agency and or hormone treatment could control of their own bodies is compete against women based continuously denied (Elling- simply on how they identify. Machartzki, 2015). Trans people Martina assures us in the are continually drawn into what documentary that she is not Riggs (2017, p.157) has termed ‘a ‘suggesting for a moment that all logic of bodily evidence’, whereby trans women are transitioning in mundane transphobia operates to order to cheat, and that the vast place the onus on trans people ‘to majority are looking for a fair account for their location within a solution,’ but she uses ‘fair’ and particular category to which they are ‘cheating’ interchangeably. The claiming membership’ (Riggs, 2014, subtle conflation of these words p.8). traps trans women in a never- ending loop, in which they are Alison Perkins ‘unable to fit into accepted notions of The next interview is with how sport should be organised’ Alison Perkins, who is the first ever (Semerjian, 2019, p.148). The trans member of the Professional mundane transphobia evident here Golf Association. Like Naomi we is Martina’s inability to accept learn early on that Alison has not Naomi as ‘a proper member of the undergone any medical transition gender category to which someone yet and is ‘as conflicted’ as Martina claims to belong’ (Riggs, 2016, p.5), about how she can compete fairly. and who must therefore be As the interview unfolds, Alison cheating. explains that she is ‘trying to The notion of ‘fair play’ is one explore how to be me, how to be of the fundamental questions in accepted, how to do stuff that I this discussion. The difficulty of enjoy.’ Like Naomi, Alison discloses establishing fair and equitable her history and explains how her policies for all athletes who occupy prior attempts to fit societal norms a minority position, and not just such as marriage left her feeling trans athletes, has been widely depressed, which Martina appears explored. According to Sheridan to genuinely sympathise with. (2003, p.163): Alison asks, ‘if I am going to compete ‘the notion of “fair play” is generally again, where am I going to compete, understood to be important in sport is it going to be fair?’ Like many

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trans people in sport, Alison is both Winfrey Show, Alison is drawn in to conscious of and concerned about a ‘logic of bodily evidence’ (Riggs, the notion of fairness, reflecting the 2014, p.157) by Martina, from reality that this is not something which she cannot escape. exclusive to cisgender people. The interview with Alison The notion of fairness and highlights one of the most equality is a shared reality for all important aspects regarding trans women in sport, but rather than inclusivity in sport and how the attempt to unite over these shared diversity of trans people’s lives are experiences of fairness and offer marginalized in multiple ways and solidarity, Martina remains on her at multiple locations. Alison side of the argument, preferring to explains how ‘a lot of trans people rely on science and physiology to will avoid sport because it’s hard. It defend her position. For Martina, might be easy to go and have a Alison can never escape her male coffee as a transgender person, but past, and she ascribes gender to enter a gym, to go for a swim...’ normative stereotypes to body Despite the introduction of the parts. When Martina asks Alison Equality Act (2010) and the Gender where the line of transition is for Recognition Act (2004), transgender her (i.e., where she should be able people still face greater barriers to to compete), she wants to know if it participation in everyday sport and ‘includes chemicals, taking hormone physical exercise than cisgender treatment, because if you don’t, your people (Caudwell, 2014; Hargie, muscles are still male.’ Martina Mitchell & Somerville, 2015; Jones views bodies as only male or female et al., 2017; Tagg, 2012). These which can only act in masculine or barriers and the differing feminine gendered manners (Klein participation rates which result et al., 2018). Only the ‘right’ kind of from them are significant, body is permitted to participate especially as physical activity has (Wellard, 2009) and the gender been found to alleviate mental discrimination Alison faces is health problems and ‘could be considered acceptable because she beneficial for at risk populations, is perceived by Martina to not such as transgender people’ (Jones possess this ‘right’ kind of body. et al., 2018, p.99). As Alison Sport is at its most fundamental a concludes, ‘we just want to be highly ritualised spectacle of the listened to’, but Martina’s focus on body, where gender-conforming Alison’s male muscles reinforce the individuals (feminine females and mundane transphobia which allows masculine males) are privileged cisgender people to challenge trans while gender non-conforming people’s legitimacy to exist in people face scrutiny and prejudice. gendered spaces. Alison is aware of these discriminations, and she knows Joanna Harper that to compete on the men’s We next meet Joanna Harper, circuit, which she is allowed to do, who competed at a high amateur would be difficult for her anxiety level as a runner in Canada and is because she would visually be ‘the also a scientist. Like Naomi and only female in that event.’ Like Alison, Joanna always knew she Thomas Beatie on the Oprah was ‘different’, sharing she ‘always

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knew that I was a girl’. Also like more research. Reflecting back to Naomi and Alison, Joanna has the ‘logic of bodily evidence’ (Riggs, never competed at an elite level as a 2017, p.157) which mundane trans woman, but she discusses transphobia employs to interrogate her own research (which supports trans people’s legitimacy in the IOC’s policy on inclusion for gendered spaces, Martina is transgender athletes) and personal dismissing Joanna’s expertise, experiences, with Joanna openly preferring to seek out further describing the physical changes research. We then meet Kristina medically transitioning for her Harrison, who casts a very different brought, such as breast growth and shadow. fatty deposits developing around her hips. Leaving aside a moment of Kristina Harrison gender stereotyping when Joanna The inclusion of Kristina talks about her increased Harrison in this documentary offers sensitivity and tendency to cry at a change in focus from the Disney films, Joanna’s individuals we have already met, conversation with Martina is the one whose inclusion represents the one most closely aligned with strongest example of mundane Martina’s intentions narrated at the transphobia because it is so beginning of the documentary, to carefully disguised. As Riggs notes set out to open up the debate and (2014, p.169), hidden mundane answer some of her own questions transphobia is no less violent, and by meeting a range of athletes, can often ‘do more explicit and trans women and scientists. intentional forms of harm.’ Kristina’s Joanna clearly explains the many own personal transgender history is disadvantages trans women not shared in the way it was with possess in sport. The very physical Naomi, Alison, and Joanna, but we attributes Martina assigns as are told that she started playing for having innate advantage in a women’s football team in her 40’s. competition – large frame, (reduced) The documentary does not disclose aerobic capacity and muscle mass – Kristina’s medical history the way it become disadvantages for trans does Naomi’s and Alison’s, and as women. To quote Joanna, ‘it’s like a such Kristina is not subjected to the big car with a small engine same mundane transphobia and competing with a small car with a ‘regulatory apparatus (i.e. Gender) small engine.’ in order to be recognised’ (Riggs, The reality of the 2014, p.164), as Naomi and Alison disadvantages in sport many trans are when Martina raises the subject women experience after of gender reassignment surgery and transitioning medically are rarely hormones. told in the context of discussions What is also hidden from the about their inclusivity in sport. viewer, and which the documentary Martina may have interviewed does not reveal, is that Kristina is Joanna and listened to her research an active supporter of Women’s and experiences - adding what Place UK. Established in September appeared to be balance to the 2017 to ensure women’s voices documentary - but she quickly would be heard in the consultation disregards them in the quest for on proposals to change the Gender

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Recognition Act, WPUK advocates of gatekeeping whereby Kristina is for what they call in their manifesto, permitted to be ‘the good trans ‘sex-based rights’. Whilst much of woman’, complicit with the views of what WPUK advocates for could be trans-exclusive organisations and argued as feminist, it is trans- undermining the rights of trans exclusionary feminism, masked women in sport. behind the same justification as This is evident in Kristina’s Martina’s, the wish for a level use of language. Whilst Kristina playing field and fairness in sport. identifies as a trans woman, she It is significant that Martina does does not think ‘males have any not interview Kristina personally, right, even when they have surgery which could perhaps be interpreted or have hormones, I don’t think we as a deliberate distancing tactic. have the right to tell women who Martina is thus able to mitigate any should access their sports.’ In this accusations of transphobia against sentence, by using ‘we’ she her, which may be levelled at her if indicates that she may be trans, but she is seen to display any alliance she views herself as male still, or sympathy with Kristina and by indicating internalised extension, WPUK’s politics. transphobia, described by Whilst caution should always Tannehill (2019, p.99) as being be taken when assuming another’s when a transgender individual motivation or denying a person’s ‘applies negative messages about agency, Kristina’s language and transgender people in general to position adopt that of the ‘good themselves.’ Kristina draws the trans.’ That is, the co-opting of a audience’s attention to the reality trans voice by a trans-exclusive that women and girls are movement (i.e., WPUK) to discredit underrepresented in sport, in terms the transgender movement and of media coverage, opportunities people, create division and reinforce and endorsements. The continued the position that trans women were side-lining of women’s sport in once, and will therefore always be, favour of men’s is unquestionably men. This co-opting can be an issue, but trans women are not understood as benevolent prejudice to blame for this. By Kristina’s (Werhun & Penner, 2010), the act of definition, women’s sports should associating positive things with exclude men; that is, they should certain groups – such as using a exclude trans women if women’s trans woman to support a trans- sport is going to be protected. ‘Can exclusive organisation – when in you imagine a world where young fact its intentions are to oppress girls have no icons’, she says, whilst those groups. As further defined by disregarding the need for trans girls Stonewall (the UK LGBT rights to have powerful role models too. charity), benevolent prejudice Kristina is employing her mundane manifests itself as expressions of transphobia by positioning trans positive views about minority women as less than cisgender groups that are not intended to women, and less deserving of the demonstrate less positive attitudes same rights and inclusivity. towards them, but which may still produce negative consequences. The result is a thinly disguised act

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Charlie Martin which feels like a positive message The documentary finishes is being reinforced throughout. Yet with Charlie Martin, a professional this feels like and intentional tactic, British racing driver, the only designed to leave the viewer professional athlete featured, and believing that Martina’s thinking the only athlete who has competed has evolved, her mundane pre and post transition. This transphobia forgotten. interview is upbeat, and Martina seems to genuinely connect with Charlie and respect her, she smiles Conclusion: frequently and openly, she touches The media continue to Charlie’s shoulder and confesses significantly shape the narratives her own desire to have been a that inform the public’s view of racing driver, were it not for growing trans women’s presence in sport, up in an Eastern European country often ignoring the people behind the where such a prospect was rhetoric. The fleshy physicality unlikely. Martina is intrigued that (Johnson, 2008) of the transgender Charlie’s performance has body and the fight to be accepted improved since transitioning, an within sport is still limited to improvement Charlie attributes to normative and binary depictions, being able to be herself and thus and frequently it is trans women’s having more confidence and energy. bodies who are rendered as Martina’s response that ‘nobody suspicious and possessing an ever says I wish I had stayed in the innate competitive advantage. closet longer’ resonates as an One key limitation of this authentic comment, perhaps based documentary is its failure to engage on her own coming out experiences with any elite level trans women in the 1980’s. Motor-racing is athlete other than Charlie Martin, unquestionably a physically one who could bust the myths that demanding sport and although trans women are competing only to traditionally dominated by men, it win. Likewise, the inclusion of is not gender segregated. Both men successful trans men athletes could and women are permitted to race provide the audience with a better together, though there are far fewer understanding of gender diversity women drivers than men. Perhaps and the fact that all athletes ‘simply Martina does not believe that need places to express their motor-racing is a ‘physical’ sport in physical abilities, to strive and the sense that tennis or football is, struggle and achieve’ (Semerjian, and as such, she is more willing to 2019, p.159). support Charlie and does not At times, Martina seemed perceive her as a threat to genuinely upset that her comments ‘women’s’ sport. had caused upset to those in the Rather, Martina is thrilled for trans community, but I argue that Charlie, and she’s optimistic ‘that the content of this documentary her being part of the team might was carefully constructed to help even improve the inclusion for all Martina recover some credibility women in motor sports.’ It’s an whilst maintaining her position on uplifting interview, and out of all of excluding trans women from sport. the five interviews, it is the only one After all, Martina tweeted shortly

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