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Karakter Kebijakan Luar Negeri Indonesia Era Pemerintahan Joko Widodo: Perubahan Atau Keberlanjutan?

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Karakter Kebijakan Luar Negeri Indonesia Era Pemerintahan Joko Widodo: Perubahan Atau Keberlanjutan? Perjanjian No: __________________ KARAKTER KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI INDONESIA ERA PEMERINTAHAN JOKO WIDODO: PERUBAHAN ATAU KEBERLANJUTAN? Disusun Oleh: Dr. I Nyoman Sudira (Ketua) Mangadar Situmorang Ph.D (Anggota) Idil Syawfi, M.Si. (Anggota) Albert Triwibowo, M.A. (Anggota) Jessica Martha, M.I.Pol (Anggota) Florencia Maria (2017330057 - Anggota) Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Universitas Katolik Parahyangan 2019 1 DAFTAR ISI DAFTAR ISI ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................................................................... 3 BAB I ................................................................................................................................................................... 4 PENDAHULUAN ............................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Latar Belakang ........................................................................................................................................ 4 1.2 Urgensi Penelitian ................................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Perumusan Masalah ............................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Tujuan Penelitian .................................................................................................................................... 9 BAB II ................................................................................................................................................................ 10 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ................................................................................................................................... 10 BAB III METODE PENELITIAN ................................................................................................................... 15 3.1. Metode Penelitan .................................................................................................................................. 15 3.2. Fishbone Diagram ................................................................................................................................ 16 BAB IV Jadwal Pelaksanaan ............................................................................................................................ 17 BAB V Hasil dan Pembahasan ......................................................................................................................... 19 BAB VI Kesimpulan dan Saran........................................................................................................................ 36 Daftar Pustaka .................................................................................................................................................... 39 2 ABSTRAK Penelitian ini merupakan kajian terhadap kebijakan luar negeri dan diplomasi pada era pemerintahan Presiden JokoWidodo, ‘Jokowi,” 2014-2019. Kebijakan luar negeri dapat diartikan sebagai serangkaian rencana dan komitmen yang menjadi pedoman bagi pemerintah dalam berhubungan dengan aktor-aktor lain di luar batas wilayahnya, yang kemudian diterjemahkan dalam langkah nyata melalui serangkaian kebijakan dan diplomasi. Pada prakteknya, tidak jarang kebijakan luar negeri suatu negara berubah karena faktor internal dan eksternal. Salah satu faktor internal yang mempengaruhi kebijakan luar negeri adalah pergantian pemimpin atau rezim yang berkuasa. Pada era pemerintahan Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY), Indonesia dinilai menampilkan sosok internasionalis dan high profile, sedangkan pada era pemerintahan Jokowi, Indonesia dinilai lebih menampilkan sosok yang low profile. Dalam menjelaskan kebijakan luar negeri Indonesia di bawah pemerintahan Jokowi, Penelitian ini memfokuskan diri kepada 3 hal utama diantaranya keterlibatan Indonesia di dalam berbagai forum Internasional, kunjungan kenegaraan yang dilakukan, serta perjanjian internasional yang ditandatangani. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa kebijakan luar negeri Indonesia saat ini tetap sesuai dengan asas bebas aktif, dimana aktifitas diplomasi Indonesia cukup intens, serta seimbang dalam memperjuangkan kepentingan nasional Indonesia serta turut serta berkontribusi terhadap permasalahan global. Disisi lain, aktifitas kebijakan luar negeri dan Diplomasi Indonesia sesuai dengan poin-poin utama yang menjadi saasran strategis Indonesia. Kata kunci: Indonesia, Joko Widodo, Kebijakan Luar Negeri, Pragmatis, Tematik, Bilateral 3 BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang “Saya ingin menegaskan bahwa (dalam) pemerintahan saya, Indonesia sebagai negara terbesar ketiga, dengan penduduk muslim terbesar di dunia, sebagai negara terbesar di Asia Tenggara akan terus menjalankan politik luar negeri yang bebas aktif, yang diartikan untuk kepentingan nasional dan untuk menciptakan ketertiban dunia berdasarkan kemerdekaan, perdamaian abadi dan keadilan sosial.”1 Joko Widodo (Jokowi), Presiden Indonesia Secara teoritis, kebijakan luar negeri dapat diartikan sebagai serangkaian rencana dan komitmen yang menjadi pedoman bagi pemerintah dalam berhubungan dengan aktor-aktor lain di luar batas wilayahnya. Kemudian, rencana dan komitmen tersebut diterjemahkan ke dalam langkah dan tindakan nyata dengam memanfaatkan sumber daya yang dimiliki negara. Proses penyusunan rencana dan komitmen tersebut tentu tidak terlepas dari faktor internal dan eksternal sebuah negara. Faktor internal, seperti perubahan rezim, perubahan orientasi pemerintah, keterlibatan aktor-aktor domestik, memiliki peran signifikan dalam proses menentukan arah politik luar negeri. Kepentingan nasional pun menjadi salah satu faktor penting yang menentukan arah kebijakan luar negeri sehingga tetap selaras bahkan dapat semakin mudah dicapai. Di sisi lain, faktor eksternal juga ikut memengaruhi, meskipun tidak terlalu signifikan. Sejak awal kemerdekaannya, Indonesia berpegang pada prinsip politik luar negeri bebas aktif, yaitu tetap berperan aktif meskipun tidak memihak pada kekuatan-kekuatan yang pada dasarnya tidak sesuai dengan kepribadian bangsa. Prinsip luar negeri bebas aktif ini menciptakan sebuah identitas khusus yang melekat pada Indonesia ketika membangun hubungan dengan negara lainnya. Oleh karena itu, prinsip bebas aktif terus melekat dalam kebijakan luar negeri Indonesia. Pada saat terjadi perubahan kepemimpinan, prinsip politik luar negeri bebas aktif pun dipastikan harus tetap menjadi salah satu prinsip yang dijalankan oleh pemimpin Indonesia, termasuk Presiden Joko Widodo (Jokowi). 1 Edi Nurhadiyanto, “Meningkatkan Wibawa dan Reposisi Diplomasi Luar Negeri Indonesia,” Sekretariat Kabinet Republik Indonesia, Oktober 23, 2014, diakses pada 9 Desember 2018, http://setkab.go.id/meningkatkan-wibawa- dan-reposisi-diplomasi-luar-negeri-indonesia/?yop_poll_tr_id=&yop-poll-nonce-1_yp58957c88e5742=8a5d5a9228 4 Sebelumnya, pada era pemerintahan Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY), Indonesia dinilai menampilkan karakter internasionalis dan high profile. Pendapat tersebut dilandasi oleh beberapa kebijakan yang dibuat pada masa pemerintahan SBY yang berupaya untuk meningkatkan eksistensinya di panggung global. Pertama, pemerintah menunjukkan upaya untuk tetap mempertahankan keterikatan Indonesia dengan Amerika Serikat, baik skala global maupun regional. Berikutnya, di bawah pemerintahan SBY, pemerintah berusaha untuk memulihkan martabat sebagai negara yang ikut menentukan arah dan warna politik regional di Asia Tenggara.2 Pemerintah pun menunjukkan keaktifannya melalui kerja sama bilateral dan multilateral, salah satunya Indonesia rutin mengikuti berbagai Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi (KTT) seperti KTT APEC XII, KTT ASEAN, KTT Tsunami, dan KTT Asia Afrika. Kunjungan-kunjungan presiden dan wakil presiden ke luar negeri pun telah menghasilkan berbagai kesepakatan kerja sama di bidang ekonomi, khususnya investasi dan perdagangan.3 Prinsip bebas aktif pun ditunjukkan dengan semboyan Million friends zero enemy, dimana Indonesia tetap menunjukkan netralitasnya dengan cara menjalin pertemanan tanpa menunjukkan keberpihakkan yang dapat memicu permusuhan.4 Setelah pergantian kepemimpinan, beberapa akademisi menyatakan bahwa fokus kebijakan luar negeri Indonesia akan mulai mengalami perubahan dari karakter high profile menjadi low profile. Presiden Jokowi dinilai akan lebih mengurangi keaktifannya di luar negeri karena berfokus pada upaya untuk membenahi dan memperkuat politik domestik. Jokowi dinilai akan menjalankan kebijakan luar negeri yang berorientasi ke dalam (inward-looking) dimana kebijakan yang dihasilkan mengarah pada bidang ekonomi, kesejahteraan, dan infrastruktur. Jokowi tidak terlalu tertarik pada isu-isu internasional. Garis besar haluan politik luar negeri Jokowi tergambarkan dari visi-misinya ketika mencalonkan diri sebagai presiden. Jokowi dan Jusuf Kalla mengusung diplomasi kekuatan menengah (middle power diplomacy) “...yang menempatkan Indonesia sebagai kekuatan regional dengan keterlibatan global secara selektif, dengan memberi prioritas pada permasalah yang secara langsung berkaitan dengan kepentingan bangsa dan rakyat 2 Agus R. Rahman, “Politik Luar Negeri Pemerintahan Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono terhadap Eropa,” Jurnal Penelitian Politik 2, no. 1
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