DOCSLIB.ORG

The Politics of Race and the Development of the Law and Order President, 1790-1974

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Politics of Race and the Development of the Law and Order President, 1790-1974 THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA The Politics of Race and the Development of the Law and Order President, 1790-1974 A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of the Department of Politics School of Arts and Sciences Of The Catholic University of America In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Doctor of Philosophy © Copyright All Rights Reserved By Joshua Miller Washington, DC 2019 Abstract The Politics of Race and the Development of the Law and Order President, 1790-1974 Joshua L Miller, Ph.D. Director: John Kenneth White, Ph.D. Presidents obtained the power to maintain law and order in the 1790s when they used executive branch institutions to recover fugitive slaves. However, the general public did not become aware of the concept of “law and order” at the national level until Richard Nixon’s 1968 presidential campaign. Even though Nixon’s campaign occurred over fifty years ago, political scientists have not yet determined what law and order actually means or its connection to race; when presidents obtained the power to maintain law and order; or which executive branch institutions carried out these law and order responsibilities. This research project set out to answer these questions and determined that the president’s power to maintain law and order was shaped by the actions of early American presidents when they used executive branch institutions to recover fugitive slaves. This history of law and order president not only shows how 19th- century presidents contributed to the immense power that presidents exercise over federal law enforcement today but also how race profoundly affects the institutional development of the presidency. This dissertation by Joshua Miller fulfills the dissertation requirement for the doctoral degree in Politics approved by John Kenneth White, Ph.D., as Director, and by Enrique Pumar, Ph.D., and Matthew Green, Ph.D., as Readers. John Kenneth White, Ph.D., Director Enrique Pumar, Ph.D., Reader Matthew Green, Ph.D., Reader ii Table of Contents Tables and Figures .................................................................................................................................. v Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 1 Defining Law and Order ........................................................................................................................... 6 Research Questions and Methodology .................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 1: Law and Order: From the Colonial Era to the U.S. Constitution ................................... 15 Structural Law and Order in the Colonial Era ........................................................................................ 16 Structural Law and Order and Recovery of Fugitive Slaves ................................................................... 22 Nationalizing Structural Law and Order in the U.S. Constitution .......................................................... 28 Chapter 2 Fugitive Slaves and the Development of the Law and Order President, 1790-1860 ......... 39 The Commander-in-Chief as the Law and Order President .................................................................... 40 Fugitive Slave Problem in Spanish Controlled Florida........................................................................... 46 Madison Secret Invasion and Military Missions in Florida .................................................................... 48 Monroe Sparks the First Seminole War .................................................................................................. 57 Ineffective Bureaucracy and the Fugitive Slave Problem in Florida ...................................................... 58 Andrew Jackson Sparks the Second Seminole War ................................................................................ 59 Northern Resistance and the Nation’s First Sanctuary Cities ................................................................. 62 The Law and Order Presidencies of Fillmore, Pierce, and Buchanan..................................................... 67 Chapter 3 Emancipation Proclamation: A Promise for a New Law and Order ................................. 75 Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation .................................................................................................... 76 Andrew Johnson Abandons Structural Law and Order ........................................................................... 84 Chapter 4 Ulysses S. Grant and the Justice Department's Prosecutions of the Ku Klux Klan ......... 95 The Department of Justice’s Crusade against the Klan .......................................................................... 96 Bureaucratic Barriers to Maintaining Law and Order ........................................................................... 112 Accusations of Partisan Law and Order ................................................................................................ 113 Chapter 5 The President Retreats from Law and Order: President Hayes to McKinley ................ 118 Protecting the Fifteenth Amendment .................................................................................................... 121 Retreating from Law and Order: Benjamin Harrison to William McKinley ........................................ 125 Chapter 6 The Rise of Episodic Law and Order .................................................................................. 131 Theodore Roosevelt’s Retreat and Expansion of Law and Order ........................................................ 132 Roosevelt Creates the FBI .................................................................................................................... 137 President Howard Taft and the White Slave Act .................................................................................. 139 The NAACP Pressures Woodrow Wilson ............................................................................................ 140 iii Wilson’s Expansion of Episodic Law and Order .................................................................................. 147 Harding and Coolidge’s Tepid Response to Lynching ......................................................................... 148 Herbert Hoover’s Crusade against Organized Crime ............................................................................ 151 Chapter 7 : Law and Order and the Civil Rights Era ........................................................................ 159 President Roosevelt Lays the Foundation for a New “Law and Order” ............................................... 160 Harry Truman........................................................................................................................................ 166 Dwight Eisenhower ............................................................................................................................... 168 John F. Kennedy ................................................................................................................................... 174 Chapter 8 The Politics of Law and Order, 1964 to 1974 ..................................................................... 184 Structural Law and Order in the Johnson and Nixon Years.................................................................. 185 Lyndon Johnson and the Politics of Law and Order ............................................................................. 188 Fighting Crime in the District of Columbia .......................................................................................... 191 Johnson’s NationWide Fight Against Street-Level Crime .................................................................... 193 The 1968 Presidential Campaign .......................................................................................................... 200 Richard Nixon ....................................................................................................................................... 203 Epilogue ................................................................................................................................................... 212 Explaining the rise Episodic Law and Order ........................................................................................ 215 Expansion of Presidential Power .......................................................................................................... 216 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................ 220 iv Tables and Figures Table Page Figure 1-1 States and Territories of the United States of America…................................................ 30 Figure 1-2 The Areas of Freedom and Slavery………………………………………………………. 31 Figure 4-1 Criminal Prosecutions under the Enforcement Acts…. ………………………………. 105 Figure 4-2 DOJ Convictions under Enforcement Acts in Mississippi and South Carolina……… 106 Figure 4-3 DOJ Indictments under the Enforcement Acts in Mississippi and South Carolina…. .107 Figure 4-4 Comparison of Criminal Prosecutions… ………………………………………………...108 Figure 4-5 Comparison of DOJ Enforcement Convictions…………………………………………. 109 Figure 4-6 Comparison of DOJ Enforcement Act Indictments……………………………………..110 Figure 5-1 Department of Justice Prosecutions………………………………………………………122 Figure 5-2 Department of Justice
Load more

Recommended publications
  • For Diocesan Priests, Service Doesn't Stop at Retirement
    The Catholic Voice is on Facebook VOL. 57, NO. 15 DIOCESE OF OAKLAND SEPTEMBER 2, 2019 www.catholicvoiceoakland.org Serving the East Bay Catholic Community since 1963 Copyright 2019 Youth involvement in parish life central to growing Church By Christine Schreck Special to the Catholic Voice With an emphasis on youth evangelization and sustain- ing vibrant parish communities, the Diocese of Oakland Catechetical Congress 2019 convened at Bishop O’Dowd High School in Oakland on Aug. 10 with 700 catechists and staff members from parishes around the diocese in attendance. The day-long event featured workshops in English, Spanish and Vietnamese as well as keynote speeches in English and Spanish. Coordinator of Faith Formation for Children and Youth Patti Collyer told participants the goal for the day was for them to leave “enriched, inspired, overflowing with enthusiasm and ready to tackle the school year.” Rev. Carl Arcosa, pastor at St. Michael Parish in Livermore, gave a workshop on ways to revive struggling parishes focused on Catholic identity, spirituality and community building. Father Arcosa’s prescription for parish revitalization relies heavily on priests being present to their congrega- tions and offering spiritually nourishing worship. Father Arcosa has what he calls a “talk in the streets” every Tuesday to ensure he is meeting the needs of his parish. Father Arcosa encouraged the assembled catechists to cultivate a culture of hospitality by being welcoming VOICE THE STEELE/SPECIAL TO CATHOLIC CAROLYN to newcomers — greeting people at Mass, ensuring a At the annual luncheon for the retired priests of the Diocese of Oakland, from left, Revs.
    [Show full text]
  • Extraits Du Mémoire 2013-2014
    Association du GROUPE SAPEC Soutien aux personnes abusées dans une relation d'autorité religieuse Mémoire 2013 – 2014 Abus sexuels au sein de l’Église catholique en Suisse et dans le monde Extraits des éclairages sur les facteurs favorisant les abus dans l'Église catholique.doc "La pédophilie dans l'Église catholique n'est pas un accident de parcours, niun immense fait divers". Gabriel Ringlet, ancien Vice-Recteur de l’UCL, Belgique Reconnaissance Réparation Prévention Le mémoire peut être consulté et téléchargé sur www.groupe-sapec.net Actualisation Juin 2014 Association du Groupe SAPEC, Rte d’Echallens 37, CH – 1044 Fey +41 79 918 16 69 www.groupe-sapec.net [email protected] 2 Mémoire 2013 - 2014 Ce mémoire cherche à rendre accessibles les informations et réflexions que les membres de l’Association du Groupe SAPEC (soutien aux personnes abusées dans une relation d’autorité religieuse) ont rassemblées depuis trois ans et les propositions formulées afin d’obtenir la reconnaissance et la réparation indispensables aux victimes. Il n’a pas l’ambition de faire le tour du vaste problème des abus sexuels au sein de l’Église catholique. • La première partie évoque la vague de révélations concernant les abus sexuels par- tie des États-Unis vers l’Europe pour toucher finalement aussi le tiers monde. Elle résume la manière dont certains pays ont répondu aux demandes des victimes. Elle rappelle brièvement l’attitude et les réactions de l’Église catholique. Elle s'interroge sur les facteurs qui ont pu favoriser de si nombreux abus et qui inquiètent encore aujourd’hui des prêtres, des religieux, mais aussi les fidèles.
    [Show full text]
  • To the Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse
    Richmond Public Interest Law Review Volume 22 | Issue 2 Article 11 4-23-2019 TO THE SURVIVORS OF CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ABUSE- WHENEVER YOU’RE READY: ELIMINATING THE CRIMINAL STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS ON CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ASSAULT CRIMES IN LIGHT OF PENNSYLVANIA’S CATHOLIC DIOCESES GRAND JURY INVESTIGATION Rebecca Schultz Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.richmond.edu/pilr Part of the Public Law and Legal Theory Commons Recommended Citation Rebecca Schultz, TO THE SURVIVORS OF CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ABUSE- WHENEVER YOU’RE READY: ELIMINATING THE CRIMINAL STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS ON CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ASSAULT CRIMES IN LIGHT OF PENNSYLVANIA’S CATHOLIC DIOCESES GRAND JURY INVESTIGATION, 22 Rich. Pub. Int. L. Rev. 313 (2019). Available at: https://scholarship.richmond.edu/pilr/vol22/iss2/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School Journals at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Richmond Public Interest Law Review by an authorized editor of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Schultz: TO THE SURVIVORS OF CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ABUSE- WHENEVER YOU’RE READY Do Not Delete 4/26/19 12:35 PM TO THE SURVIVORS OF CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ABUSE- WHENEVER YOU’RE READY: ELIMINATING THE CRIMINAL STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS ON CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ASSAULT CRIMES IN LIGHT OF PENNSYLVANIA’S CATHOLIC DIOCESES GRAND JURY INVESTIGATION Rebecca Schultz* * Rebecca Schultz is a member of the class of 2020 at the University of Richmond School of Law and a survivor of childhood sexual abuse. She would like to thank the entire Richmond Public Interest Law Review for all their help in preparing this article for publication, Professor Laura Webb for introducing her to legal writing, MaryAnn Grover for her wonderful advice on organization, and Professor Julie McConnell for advising her on the topic of this comment.
    [Show full text]
  • The Church Abuse Scandal: Processing the Pope Before the International Criminal Court
    Chicago Journal of International Law Volume 12 Number 1 Article 13 6-1-2011 The Church Abuse Scandal: Processing the Pope Before the International Criminal Court Benjamin David Landry Follow this and additional works at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil Recommended Citation Landry, Benjamin David (2011) "The Church Abuse Scandal: Processing the Pope Before the International Criminal Court," Chicago Journal of International Law: Vol. 12: No. 1, Article 13. Available at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil/vol12/iss1/13 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Chicago Unbound. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chicago Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of Chicago Unbound. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Church Abuse Scandal: Prosecuting The Pope Before The International Criminal Court Benjamin David Landry* Abstract In the early 2000s, the Catholic Church was revealed to have been involved in a pattern of sexual abuse of children. The Church's internalpolicies allowed members to cover up the abuse by swearing victims to secrey and refusing to report the abuse to authorities. This routine arguably enabledfurther abuse by providing abusers with continued access to children. Due, in part, to the hierarchicalstructure of the Church, commentators arguedfor the prosecution of Church leadership. Commentatorsfocused on CardinalJoseph Ratinger, now Pope Benedict XT7, who was, from 1971 to his elevation to the Holy See in 2005, the individual in the Catholic Church
    [Show full text]
  • John Jay 2011 Study on Sexual Abuse: a Critical Analysis
    JOHN JAY 2011 STUDY ON SEXUAL ABUSE: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS William A. Donohue President Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights Bill Donohue holds a Ph.D. in Sociology from New York University. He has published widely, in books and articles, on contemporary social problems. He has also developed college courses on Victims of Abuse and Neglect, and has taught several courses related to this subject. As president of the Catholic League, Donohue has written many articles on priestly sexual abuse and has discussed this issue on a number of radio and television shows. What follows is a critical analysis of the 2011 report by John Jay College of Criminal Justice, "The Causes and Context of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Catholic Priests in the United States, 1950-2010." Overview In the aftermath of the media blitz in 2002 exposing sexual abuse by Catholic priests, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) created a National Review Board and an Office of Child and Youth Protection to deal with this problem. The Review Board subsequently commissioned researchers from the John Jay College of Criminal Justice to study what happened. In 2004, the first study, The Nature and Scope of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Catholic Priests and Deacons, 1950-2002, was published. Now it has released its latest study on the causes and context of abuse. The initial study pinpointed the timeline when the abuse crisis was at its peak, roughly from the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s, and provided rich data on a host of important variables. What it did not do was account for why this happened.
    [Show full text]
  • Anti-Social Behavior in Profit and Nonprofit Organizations
    Anti-Social Behavior in Profit and Nonprofit Organizations✩ Emmanuelle Auriola,∗, Stefanie Brilonb aToulouse School of Economics, France bGoethe Universit¨at Frankfurt am Main, Germany Abstract Two types of intrinsically motivated workers are considered: “good” workers care about the mission of an organization, whereas “bad” workers derive plea- sure from destructive behavior. Compared to the case with only good motivated workers, the mission-oriented sector has to resort to higher monitoring to deter bad workers from entering the sector. In equilibrium, bad workers work in the for-profit sector where they behave like “normal”people, while good workers self select into the mission-oriented sector. In the profit-oriented sector, both mon- itoring and bonus payments for good behavior increase to control the damage caused by bad workers. The results of the paper are illustrated by examples from child care and the threat posed by pedophiles in this sector. Keywords: intrinsic motivation, incentive contract, non-profit, sabotage, candidate selection. 1. Introduction Intrinsic motivation is generally treated by economists as something beneficial to organizations. Most theoretical models on the subject suppose that intrinsic ✩We are indebted to Roland B´enabou, Maitreesh Ghatak, Guido Friebel, Martin Hellwig, Paul Seabright, and Konrad Stahl for helpful discussions. Furthermore, we thank Christoph Engel, Matthias Lang, Baptiste Massenot, Sarah Sandford and Philipp Weinschenk for their comments, as well as seminar participants at Mannheim, Rotterdam, Bonn, Frankfurt, Ox- ford, Paris, Hannover and Lugano. Finally we are indebted to two anonymous referees who contributed greatly by their suggestions to improve the paper content and organization. All remaining errors are ours.
    [Show full text]
  • Shadow Report
    , 2013 © Megan Peterson Shadow Report Prepared for 52nd Session of the UN Committee Against Torture in Connection with its Review of the Holy See Submitted by the Center for Constitutional Rights on behalf of the Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests April 2014 Cover Art Copyright Megan Peterson, 2013. All rights reserved. Megan Peterson is an artist and survivor of sexual violence by a priest. She is also a complainant in the effort to hold Vatican officials accountable for rape and sexual violence as crimes against humanity in the International Criminal Court and a member of the Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests. Table of Contents Submitting Organizations iii List of Key Commissions, Inquiries and Investigations iv-v Introduction 1 I. The Committee Has Long Recognized Rape and Sexual Violence as Forms of Torture and Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment and Punishment 4 II. Numerous Commissions and Inquiries Around the World Have Established the Existence of Widespread Rape and Sexual Violence in the Church 6 III. Rape and Sexual Violence Have Resulted in Severe Pain and Suffering, Both Physical and Mental, and Have Amounted to Torture and Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment 8 A. Suicides 10 B. Lasting Physical, Mental, Psychological and Emotional Harm 11 IV. The Holy See’s Policies and Practices Have Enabled, and Continue to Enable, the Widespread Rape and Sexual Violence and Result in Severe Physical and Mental Harm 13 A. Legal Status of the Holy See and Implications for Fulfillment of its Obligations under the Convention 13 B. Structure of the Church and Chain of Command 14 C.
    [Show full text]
  • Still Time to Support Needed Ministries Via Bishop's Appeal
    VOL. 57, NO. 16 DIOCESE OF OAKLAND SEPTEMBER 16, 2019 www.catholicvoiceoakland.org Serving the East Bay Catholic Community since 1963 Copyright 2019 Still time to support needed ministries via Bishop’s Appeal By Michele Jurich without financial support from the Bishop’s some of the diocese’s most popular pro- Staff writer Bishop’s Appeal Appeal. grams. One is the CYO program. As of the end of August, gifts pledged to “My sincere thanks to all those who “There are over 15,000 youth partici- the annual Bishop’s Appeal stood at $2.2 Goal: $3 million have provided a gift or pledged,” Bishop pants in CYO, led by over 2,500 certified million, 73 percent of the $3 million goal. As of Aug. 31: 73% pledged Michael C. Barber, SJ, said. “There is still volunteer coaches, playing basketball, The appeal, with its theme “Rebuild My time to support our many critical ministries girls volleyball, boys sand volleyball and Church,” provides funds to offset expenses through the annual appeal. I ask you to running cross country and track,” said CYO such as parishes and schools in need; priesthood and religious life. prayerfully consider a gift or pledge today.” Director Bill Ford. pastoral ministries and services; clergy And on the first Saturday of August, The appeal got off to a later start in The funds from the appeal help to formation and retirement; and religious 700 catechists gathered at Bishop O’Dowd 2019, and a few parishes are just begin- support the work of the CYO Office in our education and formation.
    [Show full text]
  • Child Sexual Abuse in the Catholic Church in Arizona
    Child Sexual Abuse in the Catholic Church in Arizona • Introduce SNAP • Bishop Accountability Database and Archive • A smattering of quotes – from lawmakers and one frightened Catholic pew sitter • The basic need – mapping the problem • Basic stats and how Pennsylvania confirms the nation’s trend • The Bishop’s playbook The next • John Jay and the Dallas Charter – unenforceable solutions 15 minutes • South Dakota – two dioceses with a unique mix of Native Americans • Buffalo Diocese and how it highlights behavior nationwide • The Survivor’s Ask – what we would like the AG’s office to do • Appendix • Founded in 1988 • 25,000 survivors and supporters in our network • Peer support network – survivors Survivors supporting survivors • Donor supported non-profit Network of • Over 120 local volunteer leaders except for a 4 person national staff those • Chapters and volunteer leaders across the country and around the Abused by world Priests (SNAP) • Chapters and volunteer leaders in Arizona State: http://www.snapnetwork.org/arizon a • Focused on survivor support, advocacy, and prevention. • Anne Burke, Illinois Supreme Court Justice, interim chair of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops study on nationwide clerical sexual abuse in 2002, devout Catholic and mother of five “I wasn’t shocked. Not at all. … I think every state should convene a grand jury into this culture of secrecy that protected offenders at all costs. … It was happening in Chicago, but we had to rely on files the bishops were willing to give us — and we knew there had to be
    [Show full text]
  • University of Dundee Critique of the Vatican's Role in Recent Child
    University of Dundee Critique of the Vatican’s Role in Recent Child Protection Practice Rashid, Faisal; Barron, Ian Published in: Journal of Child Sexual Abuse DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2018.1425948 Publication date: 2018 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link to publication in Discovery Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Rashid, F., & Barron, I. (2018). Critique of the Vatican’s Role in Recent Child Protection Practice: A Brief Report. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 27(2), 141-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2018.1425948 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in Discovery Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from Discovery Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain. • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 MANAGEMENT RCC CLERIC ABUSE Critique of the Vatican’s role in recent child protection practice: A brief report Faisal Rashid and Ian Barron University of Dundee Faisal Rashid is a theological scholar who has focused on the protection of children, families and communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Kevin H. Govern TRUTH, JUSTICE, and RECONCILIATION in THE
    May | 2019 Cleric Law Kevin H. Govern TRUTH, JUSTICE, AND RECONCILIATION IN THE WAKE OF CLERIC SEXUAL ABUSE IN AMERICA It is essential that we, as a Church, be able to acknowledge and condemn, with sorrow and shame, the atrocities perpetrated by consecrated persons, clerics, and all those entrusted with the mission of watching over and caring for those most vulnerable. Let us beg forgiveness for our own sins and the sins of others. -Pope Francis, 20181 Abstract Recent revelations of Roman Catholic cleric2 sexual abuse in America between the 1950’s and 2000’s have similar patterns to other offender groups regarding onset, career duration, and recidivism.3 As a source of future abuser-perpetrators, “previously abused clerics as well as clerics who exhibited an early onset of abuse were more likely to accumulate police investigations.”4 Annotasiya Amerikadakı 1950-2000 illəri arasında Roma Katolik ruhanilərinin cinsi istismarı ilə bağlı son açıqlamalar cinayət başlama, karyera müddəti və residivizmlə əlaqədar digər cinayətkar qruplara bənzər nümunələrə malikdir. Gələcək sui-istifadə edənlərin mənbəyi olaraq "əvvəlcədən sui-istifadə edən din adamları, habelə sui-istifadənin erkən başlanğıcını nümayiş etdirən ruhanilər polis araşdırmalarını daha çox toplamışdılar." Contents Introduction ...................................................................................................... 217 I. A History of Cleric Sexual Abuse – 1950’s Through 2000’s....................... 217 II. Contemporary Criminal Prosecutions of Cleric Sexual Abuse ................ 220 III. Prosecuting The Church as a Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization? ................................................................................................... 225 Marquette University Law School, J.D. (1987). The Judge Advocate General’s School, U.S. Army, LL.M (1995). University of Notre Dame School of Law, LL.M on International and Comparative Law (2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Victims' Communication with Source Urls For
    Victims’ Communication Pursuant to Article 15 of the Rome Statute Requesting Investigation and Prosecution of High-level Vatican Officials for Rape and Other Forms of Sexual Violence as Crimes Against Humanity and Torture as a Crime Against Humanity ICC File No. OTP-CR-159/11 Submitted on Behalf of The Survivors Network of Those Abused by Priests And Individual Victims/Survivors 13 September 2011 www.ccrjustice.org TABLE OF CONTENTS INDEX OF APPENDICES AND EXHIBITS .................................................................................... iv I. BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 2 II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND ................................................................................................... 6 GOVERNMENT AND INTER-GOVERNMENTAL COMMISSIONS, INQUIRIES AND GRAND JURIES ............................................................................................................................... 8 CANADA ....................................................................................................................................... 8 IRELAND ..................................................................................................................................... 10 UNITED STATES ........................................................................................................................ 16 INTER-GOVERNMENTAL BODIES AND ORGANIZATIONS ............................................ 31 United Nations Committee Against Torture ................................................................................
    [Show full text]