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Bibliography Bibliography (Prominence is given to works in English, though foreign-language books and articles are cited where they are of particular importance or where no titles in English can be given.) INTRODUCTION: THE PROBLEM OF ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM J. SOCIAL FORCES AND ENLIGHTENED POLICIES The best introductions to these decades are the comprehensive and authoritative M. S. Anderson, Europe in the eighteenth century 1713-1783 (3rd edn, London, 1987) and the notably lively William Doyle, The Old European Order 1660-1800 (Oxford, 1978), while D. McKay and H. M. Scott, The Rise of the Great Powers 1648-1815 (London, 1983) is an up-to­ date survey of international rivalry. Norman Hampson, The Enlightenment ('The Pelican History of European Thought', vol. 4; Harmondsworth, 1968) is clear, readable and accessible, and is the best introduction to eighteenth-century thought, though Alfred Cobban, In Search of Humanity (London, 1960), remains a distinctive and enjoyable account of the Enlightenment. An important but rather more difficult discussion is Peter Gay, The Enlightenment: an Interpretation (2 vols, New York, 1966- 69), while Ernst Cassirer, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment (1932; English transl., Princeton, 1951) was and, to a considerable extent, remains widely influential. There are good introductions to French thought by J. H. Brumfitt, The French Enlightenment (London, 1972) and Maurice Cranston, Philosophers and Pamphleteers: Political Theorists of the Enlightenment (Oxford, 1986); while the admirable 'Past Masters' series, published by Oxford University Press, contains several concise guides to major eighteenth-century thinkers, notably Peter France, Diderot (1983); Roger Scruton, Kant (1982);Judith N. Shklar, Montesquieu (1987) and Peter Burke, Vico ( 1985). For Voltaire, see Haydn Mason, Voltaire: a biography (London, 1981) and Peter Gay, Voltaire's Politics (Princeton, 1959); for Rousseau, James Miller, Rousseau: dreamer of democracy (New Haven, Conn., 1984); for Condorcet, K. M. Baker, Condorcet:from natural philosophy to social mathematics (Chicago, 1975). The important collection of essays edited by Roy Porter and Mikulas Teich, The Enlightenment in National Context (Cambridge, 1981) reflects the present state of schol- 313 314 ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM arship; see also three significant articles on the historiography of the Enlightenment: Robert Darn ton, 'In search of the Enlightenment: recent attempts to create a social history ofideas',Joumal of Modem History, 43 (1971); Lester G. Crocker, 'The Enlightenment: problems of interpreta­ tion' and John Lough, 'Reflections on "Enlightenment" and "Lumieres" ', both in L'eta dei lumi: Studi storici sui settecento Europeo in onore di Franco Venturi (2 vols, Naples, 1985): the second of these is reprinted in the Britishjoumalfor Eighteenth-century Studies, 8 (1985). For titles on the Italian Enlightenment, see the Bibliography to Chapter 2, below, p. 317; for works on German Cameralism, see that to Chapter 8, below, p. 333. Particular subjects and themes of importance are examined by: Franco Venturi, 'History and reform in the middle of the eighteenth century', in The Diversity of History: Essays in Honour of Sir Herbert Butterfield, ed. J. H. Elliott and H. G. Koenigsberger (London, 1970); Harry C. Payne, The Philosophes and the People (New Haven, Conn., 1976); Charles G. Stricklen, Jr, 'The philosophe's political mission: the creation of an idea, 1750-1789', Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, 86 (1971), a valuable exploration of a crucial subject; D. D. Bien, The Galas Affair (Princeton, 1960); and John McManners, Death and the Enlightenment (Oxford, 1981), a brilliant study and one with wide implications; while the remarkable contemporary influence of Beccaria's On Crimes and Punishments (1764) is apparent from Franco Venturi's admirable edition: Cesare Beccaria, Dei delitti e delle pene [con una raccolta di lettere e documenti relativi alia nascita dell' opera e alia sua fortuna nell' Europa del Settecento} (Turin, 1965) with its notable introduction by the editor; there is an abbreviated French edition (Paris, 1965). Legal reform is also the focus ofJohn H. Langbein, Torture and the Law of Proof (Chicago, 1977) and the collection of extracts edited by James Heath, Eighteenth-Century Penal Theory (Oxford, 1963). The real if limited impact of the Enlightenment on international relations is examined in contrasting ways by F. H. Hinsley, Power and the Pursuit of Peace (Cambridge, 1963) and F. Gilbert, 'The "New Diplomacy" of the eighteenth century', World Politics, 4 (1951), reprinted in the same author's History: choice and commitment (Cambridge, Mass., 1977); while particular statesmen influenced by the Enlightenment are examined by W. J. McGill, 'Kaunitz: the personality of political algebra', Topic, 34 (1978); 0. T. Murphy, 'Charles Gravier de Vergennes: profile of an old regime diplomat', Political Science Quarterg, 83 ( 1968) and Lawrence J. Baack, 'State service in the eighteenth century - the Bernstorffs in Hanover and Denmark', International History Review, 1 (1979). Brief introductions to the historiography of enlightened absolutism are provided by M. S. Anderson, Historians and Eighteenth-Century Europe 171~1789 (Oxford, 1979), pp. 119-31, and Charles Ingrao, 'The problem of"Enlightened Absolutism" and the German States',Joumal of Modem History, 58: Supplement (1986). Enlightened Absolutism (176~1790): a documentary sourcebook, ed. A. Lentin (Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1985) is a BIBLIOGRAPHY 315 well-chosen collection of short extracts from contemporary correspon­ dence, and Stuart Andrews (ed.) Enlightened Despotism (London, 1967) an anthology of historians' views and eighteenth-century texts. Two brief discussions of value, though both are becoming dated, are John G. Gagliardo, Enlightened Despotism (London, 1968) and Henry E. Strakosch, The Problem ofEnlightened Absolutism (London, 1970). Leonard Krieger, An Essay on the Theory of Enlightened Despotism (Chicago, 1975) is a difficult and at times impenetrable discussion, but it remains the only sustained attempt to grapple with a fundamental problem. Despite its title, Francois Bluche, Lt despotisme eclaire (Paris, 1968) is primarily a comparative study (and a good one) of eighteenth-century monarchy. K. 0. Freiherr von Aretin (ed.) Der aufgekliirte Absolutismus (Cologne, 1974) is an important collection of articles; the papers published in Annates historiques de La Revolution Fraru;aise, 51 ( 1979) are far inferior, though they do include a convenient statement of Albert Soboul's views. Marxist approaches to the problem of enlightened absolutism can be followed in two volumes of proceedings from the 'Colloque de Matraflired': Lts Lumieres en Hongrie, en Europe centrale et en Europe orientale, eds, B. Kopeczi, E. Bene and I. Kovacs (]3udapest, 1977) and L'absolutisme eclaire, eds B. Kopeczi, A. Soboul, E. H. Balazs and D. Kosary (Budapest, 1985) and in the more impressive writings of the distinguished East German historian Ingrid Mittenzwei: see in particular 'iJber das Problem des aufgeklarten Absolutismus', Zeitschrijtfur Gesch­ ichtswissenschajt, 18 (1970) and 'Theorie und Praxis des aufgeklarten Absolutismus in Brandenburg-Preussen', Jahrbuch fur Geschichte, 6 (1972). Some account of her approach can be had from Chapter 4 of Andreas Dorpalen, German History in Marxist Perspective: the East German Approach (London, 1985). A brief statement of Marc Raeffs views is to be found in 'The well-ordered police state and the development of modernity in seventeeth- and eighteenth-century Europe: an attempt at a comparative approach', American Historical Review, 80 (1975); the full-scale exposition is his The Well-Ordered Police State: social and institutional change through law in the Germanies and Russia 1600-1800 (New Haven, Conn., 1983). The possibilities and the problems presented by this approach are made clear by the symposium in Slavic Review 41 ( 1982) (see in particular the contribution by Isabel de Madariaga) and by James Van Horn Melton, 'Absolutism and "Modernity" in Early Modern Central Europe', German Studies Review, 8 (1985). The best brief guide to the forces within states which resisted and inhibited reform is Dietrich Gerhard, 'Regionalism and corporate order as a basic theme of European history' in R. Hatton and M.S. Anderson (eds) Studies in Diplomatic History: essays in memory of David Bayne Hom (London, 1970). Alfred Cobban, A History of Modem France, vol. 1: 1715-1799 (London, 1957) and C. B. A. Behrens, The Ancien Regime (London, 1967) are established introductions to eighteenth-century France, though both are now rather dated. The extent of Miss Behrens' second thoughts can be 316 ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM seen from her more recent Sociery, Government and the Enlightenment: the experiences of eighteenth-century France and Prussia (London, 1985). The best introduction is now The French Revolution and the Creation of Modem Political Culture. Vol 1: The Political Culture of the Old Regime, ed. K. M. Baker (Oxford, 1987), a notably lively and up-to-date collection of essays in English and French. Detailed studies of importance include: Gerald j. Cavanaugh, 'Turgot: the Rejection of Enlightened Despotism', French Historical Studies, 6 ( 1969-70); Douglas Dakin, Turgot and the Ancien Regime in France (London, 1939); Steven L. Kaplan, Bread, Politics and Political Economy in the Reign of Louis XV (2 vols, The Hague, 1976), a massive study that has become a classic; Durand Echeverria, The
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