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The Rolling Stones The Ultimate Guide Contents

1 1 1.1 History ...... 2 1.1.1 Early history ...... 2 1.1.2 1962–1964: Building a following ...... 2 1.1.3 1965–1967: Height of fame ...... 4 1.1.4 1968–1972: “Back to basics” ...... 7 1.1.5 1972–1977: Mid '70s ...... 9 1.1.6 1978–1982: Commercial peak ...... 10 1.1.7 1983–1988: turmoil and solo efforts ...... 11 1.1.8 1989–1999: Comeback, return to popularity, and record-breaking tours ...... 12 1.1.9 2000–2011: and continued success ...... 13 1.1.10 2012–present: 50th anniversary and covers ...... 14 1.2 Musical development ...... 15 1.3 Legacy ...... 17 1.4 Tours ...... 17 1.5 Band members ...... 18 1.5.1 Timeline ...... 19 1.6 Discography ...... 19 1.7 See also ...... 20 1.8 References ...... 20 1.8.1 Footnotes ...... 20 1.8.2 Sources ...... 33 1.9 Further reading ...... 35 1.10 External links ...... 35

2 53 2.1 1943–1961: Early ...... 53 2.2 1962–present: The Rolling Stones ...... 54 2.2.1 ...... 54 2.2.2 1970s ...... 54

i ii CONTENTS

2.2.3 1980s ...... 56 2.2.4 1990s ...... 57 2.2.5 2000s ...... 57 2.2.6 2010s ...... 57 2.3 Friendship with ...... 58 2.4 Acting and film production ...... 58 2.5 Personal life ...... 58 2.5.1 Relationships ...... 59 2.5.2 Children ...... 59 2.5.3 Family ...... 59 2.6 Interests and philanthropy ...... 59 2.7 Knighthood ...... 60 2.8 In popular culture ...... 60 2.9 Legacy ...... 61 2.9.1 Autobiography ...... 61 2.10 Discography ...... 62 2.10.1 Solo ...... 62 2.10.2 Compilation ...... 62 2.10.3 Collaborative albums ...... 62 2.10.4 Singles ...... 62 2.11 Filmography ...... 62 2.11.1 As producer ...... 62 2.12 References ...... 62 2.13 External links ...... 68

3 Keith Richards 75 3.1 Early life ...... 75 3.2 Musicianship ...... 76 3.2.1 Bandleader ...... 76 3.2.2 Guitarist ...... 76 3.2.3 Vocals and other instruments ...... 78 3.3 Songwriting ...... 78 3.4 Record production ...... 78 3.4.1 Solo recordings ...... 79 3.4.2 Recordings with other artists ...... 79 3.4.3 Rare and unreleased recordings ...... 80 3.5 Public image and private life ...... 80 3.6 21st century ...... 83 3.6.1 Tributes for other artists ...... 83 CONTENTS iii

3.7 Friendship with Mick Jagger ...... 85 3.8 Musical equipment ...... 86 3.8.1 ...... 87 3.8.2 Amplifiers ...... 89 3.8.3 Effects ...... 90 3.9 Discography ...... 90 3.9.1 Studio albums ...... 90 3.9.2 Other releases ...... 90 3.9.3 Singles ...... 91 3.10 Guest appearances ...... 91 3.11 Lead vocals on Rolling Stones tracks ...... 93 3.12 Filmography ...... 94 3.13 Bibliography ...... 94 3.14 See also ...... 94 3.15 References ...... 94 3.16 External links ...... 99

4 100 4.1 Early life ...... 100 4.2 career ...... 100 4.2.1 The Rolling Stones and 1980s side projects ...... 101 4.2.2 Later activity ...... 102 4.3 Musical instruments ...... 102 4.4 Personal life ...... 102 4.5 In popular culture ...... 103 4.6 Discography ...... 103 4.6.1 Solo albums ...... 103 4.6.2 Collaborative album ...... 103 4.6.3 Compilation ...... 103 4.6.4 Bill Wyman’s Rhythm Kings ...... 103 4.6.5 Also plays on ...... 104 4.6.6 Solo singles ...... 104 4.7 Bibliography ...... 104 4.7.1 Archaeology ...... 104 4.7.2 The Rolling Stones ...... 104 4.7.3 Art ...... 105 4.8 References ...... 105 4.9 External links ...... 106 iv CONTENTS

5 108 5.1 Early life ...... 108 5.2 Musical career ...... 109 5.3 Private life and public image ...... 109 5.4 Discography ...... 112 5.5 References ...... 112 5.6 External links ...... 113 5.7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses ...... 114 5.7.1 Text ...... 114 5.7.2 Images ...... 120 5.7.3 Content license ...... 123 Chapter 1

The Rolling Stones

“Rolling Stones” redirects here. For other uses, see Rolling Stones (disambiguation).

The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in in 1962. The first stable line-up consisted of (, ), Mick Jagger (lead vocals), Keith Richards (guitar, backing vocals), Bill Wyman (bass), Charlie Watts (drums), and (). Stewart was removed from the official line-up in 1963 but continued as a touring member until his death in 1985. Jones left less than a month prior to his death in 1969, having already been replaced by , who remained until 1974. After Taylor left the band, took his place in 1975 and has been on guitar in tandem with Richards ever since. Following Wyman’s departure in 1993, joined as their touring . Other touring keyboardists for the band have been (1967–1982), Ian McLagan (1978–1981), (through the mid-1970s) and (1982–present). The band was first led by Jones, but after teaming as the band’s , Jagger and Richards assumed leadership while Jones dealt with legal and personal troubles. The Rolling Stones were at the forefront of the British Invasion of bands that became popular in the US in 1964, and identified with the youthful and rebellious of the 1960s. Rooted in and early , the group began a short period of musical experimentation in the mid-1960s that peaked with the psychedelic album Their Satanic Majesties Request (1967). Subsequently, the group returned to its “bluesy” roots with (1968) which along with its follow-ups (1969), (1971) and Exile on Main St. (1972) is generally considered to be the band’s best work and is seen as their “Golden Age”. During this period, they were first introduced on stage as “The World’s Greatest Rock and Roll Band”.[1][2] Musicologist attributed the “remarkable endurance” of the Rolling Stones to being “rooted in traditional verities, in rhythm-and-blues and ”, while “more ephemeral pop fashions have come and gone”.[3] The band continued to release commercially successful albums, including (1978) and (1981), which were their most popular albums worldwide. From 1983 to 1987, tensions between Jagger and Richards almost caused the band to split. However, they managed to patch up their friendship after they separated temporarily to work on solo projects, and experienced a comeback with (1989), which was followed by a large stadium and arena tour. Since the 1990s, new recorded material from the group has been less well-received and less frequent. Despite this, the Rolling Stones have continued to be a huge attraction on the live circuit, with stadium tours in the 1990s and 2000s. By 2007, the band had four of the top five highest-grossing tours of all time: Tour (1994–1995), Bridges to Babylon Tour (1997–1998), (2002–2003) and (2005–2007).[4] The Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989 and the UK of Fame in 2004. magazine ranked them fourth on the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time" list and their estimated album sales are above 250 million. They have released 30 studio albums, 18 live albums and numerous compilations. Let It Bleed (1969) was their first of five consecutive No. 1 studio and live albums in the UK. Sticky Fingers (1971) was the first of eight consecutive No. 1 studio albums in the US. In 2008, the band ranked 10th on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists chart. In 2012, the band celebrated its 50th anniversary.

1 2 CHAPTER 1. THE ROLLING STONES

1.1 History

1.1.1 Early history

Keith Richards and Mick Jagger were childhood friends and classmates in , Kent, until the Jaggers moved to Wilmington.[5] Jagger had formed a garage band with , mainly playing , , , Howlin' Wolf and material.[5] Jagger met Richards again in 1960 on platform two of Dartford railway station,[6] and the Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters records that Jagger carried revealed a common interest that prompted their musical partnership.[6][7] Richards joined Jagger and Taylor at frequent meetings at Jagger’s house. The meetings switched to Taylor’s house in late 1961, where the three were joined by Alan Etherington and Bob Beckwith, calling themselves the Blue Boys.[8] In March 1962, the Blue Boys read about the Club in the Jazz News newspaper and visited it on 7 April. The band met Brian Jones there, who was playing with 's band, Blues Incorporated, which also included Ian Stewart and Charlie Watts.[9] Before visiting the club, the Blue Boys had sent a tape of their best recordings to Alexis Korner, who was impressed.[9] After a meeting with Korner, Jagger and Richards started jamming with the group.[9] Jones advertised for bandmates in Jazz News, and Stewart found a practice space; together they decided to start a rhythm and blues band playing blues. Shortly after, Jagger, Taylor and Richards left Blues Incorporated to join Jones and Stewart. Also at the first rehearsal were guitarist Geoff Bradford and vocalist Brian Knight, both of whom declined to join the band, citing objections to playing the Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley preferred by Jagger and Richards.[10] In June 1962 the line-up of Jagger, Richards, Jones, Stewart and Taylor was completed with drummer . According to Richards, Jones christened the band during a phone call to Jazz News. When asked for a band name, Jones saw a Muddy Waters LP lying on the floor; one of the tracks was "Rollin' Stone".[11][12]

1.1.2 1962–1964: Building a following

Jagger, Richards, Stewart and Taylor played a gig billed as “the Rollin' Stones” on 12 July 1962, at the , 165 Oxford Street, London.[13][14] Their material included the Chicago blues as well as Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley songs.[15] Bassist Bill Wyman joined in December 1962 and drummer Charlie Watts joined the following January, forming the band’s original .[16][17] The Rolling Stones’ then acting manager secured a Sunday afternoon residency at the in Richmond, which, Gomelsky said, triggered an “international renaissance for the blues” and was a seminal facet of Swinging London’s advent.[18] The Rolling Stones signed manager , a publicist who was directed to the band by previous clients, .[19][14] Because Oldham was only nineteen and had not reached the age of majority (he was also younger than anyone in the band), he could not get an agent’s licence nor sign any contracts without his mother also signing.[19] By necessity he joined with booking agent .[20][21][22] Gomelsky had no written agreement with the band and was not consulted.[23] Initially, Oldham tried to apply the “Epstein” strategy of making the band members wear suits. Later, he changed his mind and imagined a band which contrasted with the Beatles, featuring unmatched clothing, long , an unclean appearance. He later said he wanted to make the Stones “a raunchy, gamy, unpredictable bunch of undesirables” and “I wanted to establish that the Stones were threatening, uncouth and animalistic.”[24] Stewart left the official line-up, but remained road manager and touring keyboardist. Oldham explained Stewart’s decision: “Well, he just doesn't look the part, and six is too many for [fans] to remember the faces in the picture.”[25] Later, Oldham cut a few years off the ages of the band members to make them appear as teens.[26] , which had passed on signing the Beatles, gave the Rolling Stones a recording contract with very favourable terms.[27] The band got three times a new act’s typical royalty rate, full artistic control of recordings, and ownership of the recording masters.[28][29] The deal also let the band use non-Decca recording studios. Regent Sound Studios, a mono facility equipped with egg boxes on the ceiling for sound treatment, became their preferred facility.[30][31] Oldham, who had no recording experience but made himself the band’s producer, said Regent had a sound that “leaked, instrument-to- instrument, the right way” creating a “wall of noise” that worked well for the band.[29][32] Due to Regent’s low rates, the band could record for extended periods rather than the usual three-hour blocks then prevalent at other studios. All tracks on the first Rolling Stones UK album were recorded there.[33][34] 1.1. HISTORY 3

The back room of what was the Crawdaddy Club in Richmond, London where the Rolling Stones had their first residency in 1963

Oldham contrasted the Rolling Stones’ independence with the Beatles’ obligation to record in EMI's studios, saying it made them appear as “mere mortals ... sweating in the studio for the man”.[35] He promoted the Rolling Stones as the nasty counterpoints to the Beatles by having the band pose unsmiling on the cover of their first UK album. He also encouraged the press to use provocative headlines such as “Would you let your daughter marry a Rolling Stone?"[36][37] According to Wyman: “Our reputation and image as the Bad Boys came later, completely there, accidentally. Andrew never did engineer it. He simply exploited it exhaustively”.[38]

“We were the first pop group to break away from the whole Cliff Richard thing where the bands did little steps, wore identical uniforms and had snappy patter”. – Bill Wyman[39]

A cover of Chuck Berry’s "Come On" was the Rolling Stones’ first single, released on 7 June 1963. The band refused to play it at live gigs,[40] and Decca bought only one ad to promote the single. With Oldham’s direction, fan-club members bought copies at record shops polled by the charts,[41] helping “Come On” rise to No. 21 on the UK singles charts.[42] Having a charting single gave the band entree to play outside London, starting with a booking at the Outlook Club in Middlesbrough on 13 July, sharing the billing with the Hollies.[43] Wyman’s book Rolling With The Stones incorrectly states the band played the Alcove club that night.[44] Later in the year Oldham and Easton arranged the band’s first big UK concert tour as a supporting act for American stars including Bo Diddley, Little Richard, and . This Autumn 1963 tour became a “training ground” for the young band’s stagecraft.[29][45][46] During this tour the Rolling Stones recorded their second single, a Lennon–McCartney-penned number entitled "";[47] it reached No. 12 in the UK charts. “I Wanna Be Your Man” was written and given to the Stones when and Paul McCartney visited them in the studio as Lennon and McCartney liked to give songs away to their friends.[48] A Beatles version of the was also recorded and released on With The Beatles.[49] The third single by the Stones, 's "Not Fade Away", itself based on Bo Diddley’s style, was released in February 1964 and reached No. 3.[50] Oldham saw little future for an act that lost significant songwriting royalties by playing songs of “middle-aged blacks,” 4 CHAPTER 1. THE ROLLING STONES

limiting the appeal to teenage audiences. Jagger and Richards decided to write songs together, the first batch of which Oldham described as “soppy and imitative.”[51] Because songwriting developed slowly, songs on the band’s first album The Rolling Stones (issued in the US as ’s Newest Hit Makers,) were primarily covers, with only one Jagger/Richards original – "Tell Me (You're Coming Back)" – and two numbers credited to , the pen name for songs written by the entire group.[52] The Rolling Stones’ first US tour in June 1964 was, according to Wyman, “a disaster.” “When we arrived, we didn't have a hit record [there] or anything going for us.”[53] When the band appeared on the , that week’s guest host mocked both their hair and their performance.[54] During the tour they recorded for two days at Chess Studios in Chicago, meeting many of their most important influences, including Muddy Waters.[55][56] These sessions included what would become the Rolling Stones’ first No. 1 hit in the UK: their cover of Bobby and Shirley Womack's "It’s All Over Now".[57] “The Stones” followed & in the filmed theatrical release of The TAMI Show, which showcased American acts with British Invasion artists. According to Jagger in 2003, “We weren't actually following James Brown because there was considerable time between the filming of each section. Nevertheless, he was still very annoyed about it ...”[58] On 25 October, the band also appeared on . Because of the initial pandemonium the Rolling Stones caused, Sullivan banned the band from his show,[59] though he booked for subsequent appearances in the years following.[60] Their second LP – the US-only – was released during this tour.[61] During the early Stones releases, Richards was typically credited as 'Richard'.[62][63][64] The Rolling Stones’ fifth UK single, a cover of 's "" – backed by “Off the Hook” credited to Nanker Phelge – was released in November 1964 and became their second No.1 hit in the UK.[50] The band’s US distributors (London Records) declined to release “Little Red Rooster” as a single. In December 1964, London Records released the band’s first single with Jagger/Richards originals on both sides: "Heart of Stone", backed with “What a Shame"; “Heart of Stone” went to No. 19 in the US.[65]

1.1.3 1965–1967: Height of fame

The band’s second UK LP, The Rolling Stones No. 2, was released in January 1965 and reached No. 1 in the charts. The US version was released in February as The Rolling Stones, Now! and reached No. 5. The album was recorded at Chess Studios in Chicago and RCA Studios in .[66] In January and February, the band played 34 shows for around 100,000 people in and .[67] "The Last Time", released in February 1965, was the first Jagger/Richards composition to reach No. 1 on the UK singles charts,[50] and reached No. 9 in the US. It was later identified by Richards as “the bridge into thinking about writing for the Stones. It gave us a level of confidence; a pathway of how to do it.”[68] Their first international No. 1 hit was "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction", recorded in May 1965 during the band’s third North American tour. Richards recorded the guitar riff that drives the song with a fuzzbox, planning to be a scratch track to guide a horn section. Nevertheless, the final cut was without the planned horn overdubs. Issued in the summer of 1965, it was their fourth UK No. 1 and first in the US where it spent four weeks at the top of the Billboard Hot 100, establishing worldwide commercial success for the Rolling Stones.[68][69] The US version of the LP (released in July 1965) also went to No 1; it included seven original songs (three Jagger/Richards numbers and four credited to Nanker Phelge).[70] Their second international No. 1 single, "Get Off of My Cloud" was released in the autumn of 1965,[60] followed by another US-only LP: December’s Children.[61] Aftermath (UK No. 1; US No. 2), released in the late spring of 1966, was the first Rolling Stones album to be composed entirely of Jagger/Richards songs.[71] On this album Jones’ contributions expanded beyond guitar and harmonica. To the Middle Eastern-influenced "Paint It, Black" he added sitar, to the ballad "Lady Jane" he added dulcimer, and to "" he added . Aftermath also contained an almost 12-minute-long "Goin' Home".[72] The Stones’ success on the British and American singles charts peaked during 1966. ""[73] (Feb. 1966, UK No. 2, US No. 2) was followed by their “Paint It, Black” reaching No. 1 in the UK and US during May 1966.[50] "Mother’s Little Helper" (June 1966) reached No. 8 in the US; it was one of the first pop songs to address the issue of prescription drug abuse.[74] The September 1966 single "Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby, Standing In The Shadow?" (UK No. 5, US No. 9) 1.1. HISTORY 5

The Rolling Stones performing at Georgia Southern College in Statesboro, Georgia, May 1965 had a number of firsts for the group: It was the first Stones recording to feature brass horns, the back-cover photo on the original US picture sleeve depicted the group satirically dressed in drag, and the song was accompanied by one of the first official music videos, directed by Peter Whitehead.[75][76] January 1967 saw the release of (UK No. 3; US 2); the album was Andrew Oldham’s last venture as the Rolling Stones’ producer; Oldham’s role as the band’s manager was taken over by in 1965 to “get [them] out of the original English scene”[77] and due to Oldham’s fear, after the 12 February drug bust in Sussex, of being arrested.[78][79] The US version included the double A-side single "Let’s Spend the Night Together" and "Ruby Tuesday",[80] which went to No. 1 in the US and No. 3 in the UK. When the band went to New York to perform the numbers on The Ed Sullivan Show, they were ordered to change the of the refrain to “let’s spend some time together”.[81][82] In early 1967, Jagger, Richards and Jones began to be hounded by authorities over their recreational drug use, after ran a three-part feature entitled “Pop Stars and Drugs: Facts That Will Shock You”.[83] The series described alleged LSD parties hosted by the Moody Blues and attended by top stars including 's and Cream's Ginger Baker, and alleged admissions of drug use by leading pop musicians. The first article targeted (who was raided and charged soon after); the second instalment (published on 5 February) targeted the Rolling Stones.[84] A reporter who contributed to the story spent an evening at the exclusive London club Blaise’s, where a member of the Rolling Stones allegedly took several Benzedrine tablets, displayed a piece of hashish and invited his companions back to his flat for a “smoke”. The article claimed that this was Mick Jagger, but it turned out to be a case of mistaken identity; the reporter had in fact been eavesdropping on Brian Jones. On the night the article was published Jagger appeared on the Eamonn Andrews chat show and announced that he was filing a writ for libel against the News of the World.[85][84] A week later on 12 February, Sussex police, tipped off by the paper, who in turn were tipped off by Richards’ chauffeur,[86] raided a party at Keith Richards’ home, Redlands. No arrests were made at the time but Jagger, Richards and their friend art dealer Robert Fraser were subsequently charged with drug offences. Richards said in 2003, “When we got busted at 6 CHAPTER 1. THE ROLLING STONES

A trade ad for the 1965 Rolling Stones’ North American tour.

Redlands, it suddenly made us realize that this was a whole different ball game and that was when the fun stopped. Up until then it had been as though London existed in a beautiful space where you could do anything you wanted.”[87] On the treatment of the man responsible for the raid he later added: “As I heard it, he never walked the same again.”[86] In March 1967, while awaiting the consequences of the police raid, Jagger, Richards and Jones took a short trip to Morocco, accompanied by , Jones’ girlfriend and other friends. During this trip the stormy relations between Jones and Pallenberg deteriorated to the point that Pallenberg left Morocco with Richards.[88] 1.1. HISTORY 7

Richards said later: “That was the final nail in the coffin with me and Brian. He'd never forgive me for that and I don't blame him, but hell, shit happens.”[89] Richards and Pallenberg would remain a couple for twelve years. Despite these complications, the Rolling Stones toured Europe in March and April 1967. The tour included the band’s first performances in Poland, Greece, and .[90] On 10 May 1967, the same day Jagger, Richards and Fraser were arraigned in connection with the Redlands charges, Jones’ house was raided by police and he was arrested and charged with possession of cannabis.[81] Three out of five Rolling Stones now faced drug charges. Jagger and Richards were tried at the end of June. On 29 June, Jagger received a three month prison sentence for the possession of four amphetamine tablets; Richards was found guilty of allowing cannabis to be smoked on his property and sentenced to one year in prison.[91][92] Both Jagger and Richards were imprisoned at that point, but were released on bail the next day pending appeal.[93] ran the famous editorial entitled "Who breaks a butterfly on a wheel?" in which conservative editor William Rees-Mogg surprised his readers by his unusually critical discourse on the sentencing, pointing out that Jagger had been treated far more harshly for a minor first offence than “any purely anonymous young man”.[94] While awaiting the appeal hearings, the band recorded a new single, "", as a thank-you for the loyalty shown by their fans. It began with the sound of prison doors closing, and the accompanying included allusions to the trial of Oscar Wilde.[95] On 31 July, the appeals court overturned Richards’ conviction, and Jagger’s sentence was reduced to a conditional discharge.[96] Brian Jones’ trial took place in November 1967; in December, after appealing the original prison sentence, Jones received a £1000 fine and was put on three years’ probation, with an order to seek professional help.[97] December 1967 also saw the release of Their Satanic Majesties Request (UK No. 3; US No. 2), which received un- favourable reviews and was widely regarded as a poor imitation of the Beatles’ Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band.[98][99] Satanic Majesties had been recorded in difficult circumstances while Jagger, Richards and Jones were dealing with their court cases. The band parted ways with Oldham during the sessions. The split was amicable, at least publicly,[100] but in 2003 Jagger said: “The reason Andrew left was because he thought that we weren't concentrating and that we were being childish. It was not a great moment really – and I would have thought it wasn't a great moment for Andrew either. There were a lot of distractions and you always need someone to focus you at that point, that was Andrew’s job.”[81] Satanic Majesties thus became the first album the Rolling Stones produced on their own. Its psychedelic sound was complemented by the cover art, which featured a 3D photo by Michael Cooper, who had also photographed the cover of Sgt. Pepper. Bill Wyman wrote and sang a track on the album: "", which was also released as a single, the first on which Jagger did not sing lead.[101]

1.1.4 1968–1972: “Back to basics”

The band spent the first few months of 1968 working on material for their next album. Those sessions resulted in the song "Jumpin' Jack Flash", released as a single in May. The song and the subsequent album, Beggars Banquet (UK No. 3; US 5), an eclectic mix of country and blues-inspired tunes, marked the band’s return to their roots, and the beginning of their collaboration with producer . It featured the lead single "" (which addressed the political upheavals of May 1968) and "".[102][103] Beggars Banquet was delayed for nearly six months due to controversy over the design of the album cover, which featured a public toilet with graffiti covering the walls of the stall.[104] Beggars Banquet was well received at the time of release. Richards said, “There is a change between material on Satanic Majesties and Beggars Banquet. I'd grown sick to death of the whole Maharishi guru shit and the beads and bells. Who knows where these things come from, but I guess [the music] was a reaction to what we'd done in our time off and also that severe dose of reality. A spell in prison ... will certainly give you room for thought ... I was fucking pissed with being busted. So it was, 'Right we'll go and strip this thing down.' There’s a lot of anger in the music from that period.”[105] The end of 1968 saw the filming of The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus, which originally started as an idea about “the new shape of the rock-and-roll concert tour”.[14] It featured John Lennon, , , the Who, Jethro Tull, Marianne Faithfull, and . The footage was shelved for twenty-eight years but was finally released officially in 1996,[106] with a DVD version released in October 2004.[107] By the release of Beggars Banquet, Brian Jones was only sporadically contributing to the band. Jagger said that Jones was 8 CHAPTER 1. THE ROLLING STONES

“not psychologically suited to this way of life”.[108] His drug use had become a hindrance, and he was unable to obtain a US visa. Richards reported that, in a June meeting with Jagger, Richards, and Watts at Jones’ house, Jones admitted that he was unable to “go on the road again”, and left the band, saying "'I've left, and if I want to I can come back'".[7] On 3 July 1969, less than a month later, Jones drowned in the swimming pool under mysterious circumstances at his home, Cotchford Farm, in Hartfield, East Sussex.[109] The Rolling Stones were scheduled to play at a free concert for Blackhill Enterprises in London’s Hyde Park, two days after Jones’ death; they decided to proceed with the show as a tribute to him. The concert, their first with new guitarist Mick Taylor, was performed in front of an estimated 250,000 fans.[81] The performance was filmed by a Granada production team, and was shown on British television as .[2] The Blackhill Enterprises stage manager introduced them as “The World’s Greatest Rock and Roll Band”,[1][110] a description he repeated throughout their 1969 US tour, and which has stuck to this day (Cutler left Blackhill Enterprises to become the Stones’ road manager following the Hyde Park concert).[111][112] Jagger read an excerpt from Shelley's poem Adonaïs, an elegy written on the death of his friend John Keats, and they released thousands of butterflies in memory of Jones[81] before opening their set with “I'm Yours and I'm Hers”, a number.[110] Also performed, but previously unheard by the audience, were "" and "" from their forthcoming album Let It Bleed (released December 1969) and "Give Me A Drink" which eventually appeared on Exile on Main St. (released May 1972). The show also included the concert debut of "", which the band had just released the previous day.[113][114][115] Let It Bleed (UK No. 1; US 3) was released in December.[63] Their last album of the sixties, it featured "" with guest lead female vocals from Merry Clayton (sister of Sam Clayton, of the American rock band ).[116] Other tracks include "You Can't Always Get What You Want" (with by the London Bach Choir, who initially asked for their name to be removed from the album’s credits after being apparently 'horrified' by the content of some of its other material, but later withdrew this request), "Midnight Rambler" as well as a cover of Robert Johnson's "Love in Vain". Jones and Taylor are both featured on the album.[117] Just after the US tour the band performed at the at the Altamont Speedway, about 50 miles east of . The biker gang provided security, and a fan, Meredith Hunter, was stabbed and beaten to death by the Angels after they realised that he was armed.[118] Part of the tour and the Altamont concert were documented in ' film Gimme Shelter. As a response to the growing popularity of bootleg recordings (in particular Live'r Than You'll Ever Be, recorded during the 1969 tour), the album Get Yer Ya-Yas Out! (UK 1; US 6) was released in 1970; it was declared by critic Lester Bangs to be the best ever live album.[119] At the end of the decade the band appeared on the BBC’s review of the sixties music scene Pop Go the Sixties, performing “Gimme Shelter”, which was broadcast live on 31 December 1969. That following year, the band wanted out of contracts with both Klein and Decca, but still owed them a Jagger/Richards credited single. To get back at the label, and fulfill their final contractual obligation, the band came up with the track "Schoolboy Blues" – deliberately making it as crude as they could in hopes of forcing the Decca to keep it “in the vaults.”[120] Amid contractual disputes with Klein, they formed their own record company, . Sticky Fingers (UK No. 1; US No. 1), released in March 1971, the band’s first album on their own label, featured an elaborate cover design by .[121] The cover of the album was an Andy Warhol photograph of a man in tight jeans (from the waist down) featuring a functioning zipper. When unzipped, it revealed the subject’s underwear, imprinted with a saying – “This Is Not Etc.”[121] In some markets, an alternate cover was released due to the zippered cover’s offensive nature at the time.[121][122] The Stones’ Decca catalogue is currently owned by Klein’s ABKCO label.[123][124][125] In 1968, the Stones, following a suggestion by pianist Ian Stewart, put a control room in a van and created a mobile so that they would not be limited to the standard 9–5 hours most recording studios operated by.[126] The band leant the mobile studio out to other artists,[126][127] including , which used it to record Led Zeppelin III (1970)[128] and Led Zeppelin IV (1971).[126][128] Sticky Fingers was the first to feature the logo of Rolling Stones Records, which effectively became the band’s logo. It consisted of a pair of lips with a lapping tongue. Designer created the logo following a suggestion by Jagger to copy the outstuck tongue of the Hindu goddess Kali.[129] Critic Sean Egan has said of the logo, “Without using the Stones’ name, it instantly conjures them, or at least Jagger, as well as a certain lasciviousness that is the Stones’ own ... It quickly and deservedly became the most famous logo in the history of .”[130] The tongue and lips design was part of a package that, in 2003, VH1 named the “No. 1 Greatest Album Cover” of all time.[121] 1.1. HISTORY 9

The album contains one of their best known hits, "Brown Sugar", and the country-influenced "Dead Flowers". Both were recorded at 's Muscle Shoals Sound Studio during the 1969 American tour. The album continued the band’s immersion into heavily blues-influenced compositions. The album is noted for its “loose, ramshackle ambience”[131] and marked Mick Taylor’s first full release with the band.[132][133] Following the release of Sticky Fingers, the Rolling Stones left England after receiving financial advice from their financial manager at the time, Rupert Loewenstein, recommending that they go into tax exile before the start of the next financial year. They had learned that despite promises made that taxes were taken care of, they had not been paid for seven years and that they owned the UK government a relative fortune that could have meant the end of the band.[134] They moved to the South of , where Richards rented the Villa Nellcôte and sublet rooms to band members and entourage. Using the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio, they held recording sessions in the basement; they completed the resulting tracks, along with material dating as far back as 1969, at Sunset Studios in Los Angeles. The resulting double album, Exile on Main St. (UK No. 1; US No. 1), was released in May 1972. Given an A+ grade by critic [135] and disparaged by Lester Bangs – who reversed his opinion within months – Exile is now accepted as one of the Stones’ best albums.[136] The films (never officially released) and Ladies and Gentlemen: The Rolling Stones (released in 1974) document the subsequent highly publicised 1972 North American Tour.[137] The band’s double compilation, Hot Rocks 1964–1971 (US No. 4), was released in 1972. It is certified Diamond in the US having sold over 12 million copies, and has spent over 264 weeks on the Billboard album chart.[138] In 1974 Wyman released his first solo album, Monkey Grip, making him the first Rolling Stone to release solo material, predating later material released by Richards and Jagger in the 1980s and later.[139] As of 2017, Wyman has published 5 solo albums, with the latest, Back to Basics, released in 2015.[139][140]

1.1.5 1972–1977: Mid '70s

Members of the band set up a complex financial structure in 1972 to reduce payment of taxes.[141][142] Their holding company, Promogroup, has offices in both The and the Caribbean.[141][142] The Netherlands was chosen because it does not directly tax royalty payments. The article also says that “they have been tax exiles ever since – meaning they cannot make Britain their main home” and that “The Rolling Stones have paid just 1.6% tax on their earnings of £242 million over the past 20 years.”[141][142] In November 1972, the band began sessions in Kingston, , for their follow-up to Exile, (UK 1; US 1) (1973). The album spawned the worldwide hit "Angie", but proved to be the first in a string of commercially successful but tepidly received studio albums.[143] The sessions for Goats Head Soup led to a number of outtakes, most notably an early version of the popular ballad "", not released until Tattoo You eight years later.[144] The making of the record was interrupted by another legal battle over drugs, dating back to their stay in France; a warrant for Richards’ arrest had been issued, and the other band members had to return briefly to France for questioning.[145] This, along with Jagger’s convictions on drug charges (in 1967 and 1970[146]), complicated the band’s plans for their Pacific tour in early 1973: they were denied permission to play in and almost banned from Australia. This was followed by a European tour (bypassing France) in September/October 1973 – prior to which Richards had been arrested once more on drug charges, this time in England.[147] The band went to Musicland studios in to record their next album, 1974’s It’s Only Rock 'n' Roll (UK 2; US 1). Miller was not invited, and Jagger and Richards produced the album under the credit of “the Glimmer Twins”. Both the album and the single of the same name were hits.[148][149] Near the end of 1974, Taylor began to lose patience.[150] The band’s situation made normal functioning complicated, with band members living in different countries, and legal barriers restricting where they could tour. In addition, drug use was starting to affect Richards’ productivity, and Taylor felt some of his own creative contributions were going unrecognised.[151] At the end of 1974, with a recording session already booked in Munich to record another album, Taylor quit the Rolling Stones.[152] Taylor said in 1980, “I was getting a bit fed up. I wanted to broaden my scope as a guitarist and do something else ... I wasn't really composing songs or writing at that time. I was just beginning to write, and that influenced my decision ... There are some people who can just ride along from crest to crest; they can ride along somebody else’s success. And there are some people for whom that’s not enough. It really wasn't enough for me.”[153] 10 CHAPTER 1. THE ROLLING STONES

The Rolling Stones needed to find a new guitarist, and the recording sessions for the next album, (UK 2; US 1) (1976) in Munich provided an opportunity for some hopefuls to work while trying out for the band. Guitarists as stylistically disparate as Peter Frampton and Jeff were auditioned as well as Robert A. Johnson and Shuggie Otis. Both Beck and Irish guitarist Rory Gallagher later claimed that they had played without realising they were being auditioned, and both agreed that they would never have joined. American session players Wayne Perkins and Harvey Mandel also tried out but Richards and Jagger had a preference for the band to remain purely British. When Ronnie Wood auditioned, everyone agreed that he was the right choice.[154] He had already recorded and played live with Richards, and had contributed to the recording and writing of the track “It’s Only Rock 'n Roll”. He had earlier declined Jagger’s offer to join the Stones, because of his commitment to the Faces, saying “that’s what’s really important to me”.[155] Faces’ lead singer went so far as to say he would take bets that Wood would not join the Stones.[155] Wood officially joined the Rolling Stones in 1975 for their upcoming Tour of the Americas, while the Faces disbanded. Unlike the other band members, however, Wood was paid an employee’s salary, and remained so until the early 1990s, when he finally joined the Rolling Stones’ business partnership.[156] The 1975 Tour of the Americas kicked off in with the band performing on a flatbed trailer being pulled down Broadway. The tour featured stage props including a giant phallus and a rope on which Jagger swung out over the audience. Jagger had booked live recording sessions at the El Mocambo club in to balance a long-overdue live album, 1977’s Love You Live (UK 3; US 5), the first Stones live album since Get Yer Ya-Ya’s Out!.[157] Richards’ addiction to heroin delayed his arrival in Toronto; the other members had already arrived, waiting for him, and sent him a telegram asking him where he was. On 24 February 1977, when Richards and his family flew in from London, they were temporarily detained by Canada Customs after Richards was found in possession of a burnt spoon and hash residue. Three days later, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, armed with an arrest warrant for Pallenberg, discovered 22 grams of heroin in Richards’ room.[158] Richards was charged with importing narcotics into Canada, an offence that carried a minimum seven-year sentence.[159] Later the Crown prosecutor conceded that Richards had procured the drugs after arrival.[160] Despite the incident, the band played two shows in Toronto, only to raise more controversy when , then-wife of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, was seen partying with the band after one show. The band’s two shows were not advertised to the public. Instead, the El Mocambo had been booked for the entire week by April Wine for a recording session. 1050 CHUM, a local radio station, ran a contest for free tickets to see April Wine. Contest winners who selected tickets for Friday or Saturday night were surprised to find the Rolling Stones playing.[161] On 4 March, Richards’ partner Anita Pallenberg pleaded guilty to drug possession and incurred a fine in connection with the original airport incident.[161] The drug case against Richards dragged on for over a year. Ultimately, Richards received a suspended sentence and was ordered to play two free for the CNIB in Oshawa;[160] both shows featured the Rolling Stones and the New Barbarians, a group that Wood had put together to promote his latest solo album, and which Richards also joined. This episode strengthened Richards’ resolve to stop using heroin.[81] It also ended his relationship with Pallenberg, which had become strained since the death of their third child, Tara. Pallenberg was unable to curb her heroin addiction while Keith struggled to get clean.[162] While Richards was settling his legal and personal problems, Jagger continued his jet-set lifestyle. He was a regular at New York’s Studio 54 disco club, often in the company of model . His marriage to ended in 1977, although they had long been estranged.[163] Although the Rolling Stones remained popular through the early 1970s, music critics had begun to grow dismissive of the band’s output, and record sales failed to meet expectations.[60] By the mid-1970s, after became influential, many people had begun to view the Rolling Stones as an outdated band.[164]

1.1.6 1978–1982: Commercial peak

The group’s fortunes changed in 1978, after the band released Some Girls (UK No. 2; US No. 1), which included the hit single "Miss You", the country ballad "", "Beast of Burden", and "Shattered". In part as a response to punk, many songs, particularly "Respectable", were fast, basic, guitar-driven rock and roll,[165] and the album’s success re- established the Rolling Stones’ immense popularity among young people. Following the US Tour 1978, the band guested on the first show of the fourth season of the TV series Saturday Night Live. Following the success of Some Girls, the band released their next album (UK 1; US 1) in mid-1980.[166] 1.1. HISTORY 11

During the recording sessions of the album, a rift between Jagger and Richards was slowly beginning to form. Richards wanted to tour in summer or autumn of 1980 to promote the new album. Much to his disappointment, Jagger declined.[166] Emotional Rescue hit the top of the charts on both sides of the Atlantic and the title track reached No.3 in the US.[166] In early 1981, the group reconvened and decided to tour the US that year, leaving little time to write and record a new album, as well as rehearse for the tour. That year’s resulting album, Tattoo You (UK 2; US 1), featured a number of outtakes, including lead single "", which reached No.2 in the US and ranked No.22 on Billboard’s Hot 100 year-end chart. Two songs ("Waiting on a Friend" (US No. 13) and “Tops”) featured Mick Taylor’s unused rhythm guitar tracks, while jazz saxophonist Sonny Rollins played on "Slave" and “Waiting on a Friend”.[167] The Rolling Stones scored one more top 20 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1982, the No. 20 hit "". The Stones’ American Tour 1981 was their biggest, longest and most colourful production to date, with the band playing from 25 September through 19 December. It was the highest grossing tour of that year.[168] The tour included a concert at Chicago’s with Muddy Waters, in what would be one of his last performances before his death in 1983.[169] Some shows were recorded, resulting in the 1982 live album Still Life (American Concert 1981) (UK 4; US 5), and the 1983 Hal Ashby concert film Let’s Spend the Night Together, which was filmed at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona and the Brendan Byrne Arena in the Meadowlands, New Jersey.[170] In mid-1982, to commemorate their 20th anniversary, the Rolling Stones took their American stage show to Europe. The European Tour 1982 was their first European tour in six years, with a similar format to the American tour. The band were joined by former Allman Brothers Band keyboardist Chuck Leavell, who continues to perform and record with the Rolling Stones.[171] By the end of the year, the band had signed a new four-album recording deal with a new label, CBS Records, for a reported $50 million, then the biggest record deal in history.[172]

1.1.7 1983–1988: Band turmoil and solo efforts

Before leaving Atlantic, the Rolling Stones released Undercover (UK 3; US 4) in late 1983. Despite good reviews and the Top Ten peak position of the title track, the record sold below expectations and there was no tour to support it. Subsequently, the Stones’ new marketer/distributor CBS Records took over distributing the Stones’ Atlantic catalogue.[172] By this time, the Jagger/Richards rift had grown significantly. To Richards’ annoyance, Jagger had signed a solo deal with CBS Records, and he spent much of 1984 writing songs for his first album. He also declared his growing lack of interest in the Rolling Stones.[173] By 1985, Jagger was spending more time on solo recordings, and much of the material on 1986’s Dirty Work was generated by Richards, with more contributions by Wood than on previous Rolling Stones albums. The album was recorded in , and Jagger was often absent from the studio, leaving Richards to keep the recording sessions moving forward.[174] In June 1985, Jagger teamed up with for "", which was recorded as part of the charity movement.[175] This was one of Jagger’s first solo performances, and the song reached No 1 in the UK, and No 7 in the US.[176][177] In December 1985, Stewart died of a heart attack. The Rolling Stones played a private tribute concert for him at London’s 100 Club in February 1986, two days before they were presented with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.[178] Dirty Work (UK No. 4; US No. 4) was released in March 1986 to mixed reviews despite the presence of the US Top Five hit "Harlem Shuffle". With relations between Richards and Jagger at a low, Jagger refused to tour to promote the album, and instead undertook his own solo tour, which included Rolling Stones songs.[179][180] Richards has referred to this period in his relations with Jagger as “World War III”.[181] As a result of the animosity within the band during this period, they almost broke up.[179] Jagger’s solo records, She’s the Boss (UK 6; US 13) (1985) and (UK 26; US 41) (1987), met with moderate success, and in 1988, with the Rolling Stones mostly inactive, Richards released his first solo album, (UK 37; US 24). It was well received by fans and critics, going gold in the US.[182] The following year 5x5: The Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones, a documentary spanning the career of the band was released for their 25th anniversary.[183] 12 CHAPTER 1. THE ROLLING STONES

1.1.8 1989–1999: Comeback, return to popularity, and record-breaking tours

In early 1989, the Rolling Stones, including Mick Taylor and Ronnie Wood as well as Brian Jones and Ian Stewart (posthu- mously), were inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[60] Jagger and Richards set aside animosities and went to work on a new Rolling Stones album, Steel Wheels (UK 2; US 3). Heralded as a return to form, it included the singles "Mixed Emotions" (US No. 5), "" (US No. 23) and "Almost Hear You Sigh". The album also included “Continental Drift”, which the Rolling Stones recorded in Tangier, Morocco in 1989 with the Master Musicians of led by , coordinated by Tony King and Cherie Nutting. A BBC documentary film, The Rolling Stones in Morocco, was produced by Nigel Finch.[184] The subsequent Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle Tours, encompassing North America, Japan, and Europe, saw the Rolling Stones touring for the first time in seven years and it was their biggest stage production to date. Opening acts included Living Colour and Guns N' Roses; the onstage personnel included a horn section and backup singers and , both of whom continue to tour regularly with the band. Recordings from the Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle tours produced the 1991 concert album Flashpoint (UK 6; US 16), which also included two studio tracks recorded in 1991: the single "Highwire" and “Sex Drive”. The tour produced the IMAX concert film Live at the Max released in 1991.[185] The tour was the last to feature Wyman, who left the band after years of deliberation, although his retirement was not made official until January 1993.[186] He then published , an autobiography based on scrapbooks and diaries he had been keeping since the band’s early days. A few years later he formed Bill Wyman’s Rhythm Kings and began recording and touring again.[187] After the successes of the Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle tours, the band took a break. Watts released two jazz albums; Wood recorded his fifth solo album, the first in 11 years, called Slide On This, Wyman released his fourth solo album, Richards released his second solo album in late 1992, Main Offender, and did a small tour including big concerts in and .[188][189] Jagger got good reviews and sales with his third solo album, Wandering Spirit (UK 12; US 11). The album sold more than two million copies worldwide, going gold in the US.[182] After Wyman’s departure, the Rolling Stones’ new distributor/, , remastered and repackaged the band’s back catalogue from Sticky Fingers to Steel Wheels, except for the three live albums, and issued another hits compilation in 1993 entitled Jump Back. By 1993, the Rolling Stones were ready to start recording another studio album. Darryl Jones, former sideman of and , was chosen by Charlie Watts as Wyman’s replacement for 1994’s Voodoo Lounge (UK 1; US 2). The album met strong reviews and sales, going double platinum in the US. Reviewers took note of the album’s “traditionalist” sounds, which were credited to the Rolling Stones’ new producer .[190] Voodoo Lounge would win the Stones the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album at the 1995 Grammy Awards.[191] 1994 also brought the accompanying , which lasted into the following year. The tour grossed $320 million, becoming the world’s highest grossing tour at the time.[192] Numbers from various concerts and rehearsals (mostly acoustic) made up Stripped (UK 9; US 9), which featured a cover of ’s "", as well as infrequently played songs like "Shine a Light", “” and "The Spider and the Fly".[193] On 8 September 1994, the Rolling Stones performed their new song "" as well as “Start Me Up” at the 1994 MTV Video Music Awards at Radio City Music Hall in New York.[194] The band received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the ceremony.[194] The Rolling Stones were the first major recording artists to broadcast a concert over the Internet; a 20-minute video was broadcast on 18 November 1994 using the Mbone at 10 frames per second. The broadcast, engineered by Thinking Pictures and financed by Sun Microsystems, was one of the first demonstrations of streaming video; while it was not a true webcast, it introduced many to the technology.[195] The Rolling Stones ended the 1990s with the album Bridges to Babylon (UK 6; US 3), released in 1997 to mixed reviews.[196][197][198][199] The video of the single "Anybody Seen My Baby?" featured Angelina Jolie as guest[200] and met steady rotation on both MTV and VH1.[201] Sales were reasonably equivalent to those of previous records (about 1.2 million copies sold in the US), and the subsequent Bridges to Babylon Tour, which crossed Europe, North America and other destinations, proved the band to be a strong live attraction. Once again, a live album was culled from the tour, (UK 67; US 34), only this time all but two songs ("" and “The Last Time”) were previously unreleased on live albums. In 1999, the Rolling Stones staged the No Security Tour in the US and continued the Bridges to Babylon tour in Europe.[202] 1.1. HISTORY 13

1.1.9 2000–2011: A Bigger Bang and continued success

In late 2001, Mick Jagger released his fourth solo album, Goddess in the Doorway (UK 44; US 39) which met with mixed reviews.[203] A month after the September 11 attacks, Jagger and Richards took part in "The Concert for New York City", performing "Salt of the Earth" and “Miss You” with a backing band.[204] In 2002, the band released (UK 2; US 2), a greatest hits double album, to mark their forty years as a band. The collection contained four new songs recorded with the latter-day core band of Jagger, Richards, Watts, Wood, Leavell and Jones. The album has sold more than 7 million copies worldwide. The same year, Q magazine named the Rolling Stones as one of the “50 Bands To See Before You Die”,[205] and the 2002–2003 Licks Tour gave people that chance. The tour included shows in small theatres. The band headlined the Molson Canadian Rocks for Toronto concert in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, to help the city – which they have used for rehearsals since the Steel Wheels tour – recover from the 2003 SARS epidemic. The concert was attended by an estimated 490,000 people.[206] On 9 November 2003, the band played their first concert in Hong Kong as part of the Harbour Fest celebration, also in support of the SARS-affected economy. The same month, the band exclusively licensed the right to sell their new four-DVD boxed set, , recorded on the band’s most recent world tour, to the US Best Buy chain of stores. In response, some Canadian and US music retail chains (including HMV Canada and Circuit City) pulled Rolling Stones CDs and related merchandise from their shelves and replaced them with signs explaining the situation.[207] In 2004, a double live album of the Licks Tour, Live Licks (UK 38; US 50), was released, going gold in the US.[182] In November 2004, the Rolling Stones were among the inaugural inductees into the UK Music Hall of Fame.[208] On 26 July 2005 (Jagger’s birthday), the band announced the name of their new album, A Bigger Bang (UK 2; US 3), their first album in almost eight years. It was released on 6 September to strong reviews, including a glowing write-up in Rolling Stone magazine.[209] The single "" reached the top 15 in the UK.[210] The album included the political "Sweet Neo Con", a criticism of American Neoconservatism from Jagger.[211] The song was reportedly almost dropped from the album because of objections from Richards. When asked if he was afraid of political backlash such as the Dixie Chicks had endured, Richards responded that the album came first, and that, “I don't want to be sidetracked by some little political 'storm in a teacup'.”[212] The subsequent A Bigger Bang Tour began in August 2005, and visited North America, South America and East Asia. In February 2006, the group played the half-time show of Super Bowl XL in , Michigan. By the end of 2005, the Bigger Bang tour set a record of $162 million in gross receipts, breaking the North American mark also set by the Rolling Stones 1994. On 18 February 2006 the band played a free concert to over one million people at the Copacabana beach in ; one of the biggest rock concerts of all time.[213] After performances in Japan, , Australia and New Zealand in March/April 2006, the Rolling Stones tour took a scheduled break before proceeding to Europe; during this break Keith Richards was hospitalised in New Zealand for cranial surgery after a fall from a tree on Fiji, where he had been on holiday. The incident led to a six-week delay in launching the European leg of the tour.[214][215] In June 2006 it was reported that Ronnie Wood was continuing his programme of rehabilitation for alcohol abuse,[216][217] but this did not affect the rearranged European tour schedule. Two out of the 21 shows scheduled for July–September 2006 were later cancelled due to Mick Jagger’s throat problems.[218] The Rolling Stones returned to North America for concerts in September 2006, and returned to Europe on 5 June 2007. By November 2006, the Bigger Bang tour had been declared the highest grossing tour of all time.[219] The Rolling Stones performances at New York City’s Beacon Theatre on 29 October and 1 November 2006 were filmed by for a documentary film, Shine a Light, which was released in 2008. The film also features guest appearances by , Jack White, and .[220] An accompanying soundtrack, also titled Shine a Light (UK 2; US 11), was released in April 2008. The album’s debut at No. 2 in the UK charts was the highest position for a Rolling Stones concert album since Get Yer Ya-Ya’s Out! The Rolling Stones in Concert in 1970. At the Beacon Theater show, Music Executive, fell and ultimately succumbed to his injury.[221] On 24 March 2007, the band announced a tour of Europe called the “Bigger Bang 2007” tour. 12 June 2007 saw the release of the band’s second four-disc DVD set: , a seven-hour document featuring their shows in Austin, Rio de Janeiro, Saitama, and , along with extras. On 10 June 2007, the band performed their first gig at a festival in 30 years, at the Festival, to a crowd of 65,000, and were joined onstage by Amy Winehouse.[222] On 26 August 2007, they played their last concert of the Bigger Bang tour at in London. At the conclusion of the tour, the band had grossed a record setting $558 million and were listed in the latest edition of Guinness World 14 CHAPTER 1. THE ROLLING STONES

Records.[223] Mick Jagger released a compilation of his solo work called The Very Best of Mick Jagger (UK 57; US 77), including three unreleased songs, on 2 October 2007. On 12 November 2007, ABKCO released Rolled Gold: The Very Best of the Rolling Stones (UK 26), a double-CD remake of the 1975 compilation Rolled Gold.[224] In March 2008, Richards sparked rumours that a new Rolling Stones studio album may be forthcoming, saying during an interview following the premiere of Shine a Light, “I think we might make another album. Once we get over doing promotion on this film”. Watts remarked that he got ill whenever he stopped working.[225] In July 2008 it was announced that the Rolling Stones were leaving EMI and signing with Vivendi’s Universal Music, taking with them their catalogue stretching back to Sticky Fingers. New music released by the band while under this contract will be issued through Universal’s Polydor label.[226] will hold the US rights to the pre-1994 material, while the post-1994 material will be handled by (once a subsidiary of Atlantic).[227] During the autumn, Jagger and Richards worked with producer Don Was to add new vocals and guitar parts to ten unfinished songs from the Exile on Main St. sessions. Jagger and Taylor also recorded a session together in London where Taylor added lead guitar to what would be the expanded album’s single, "Plundered My Soul".[228] On 17 April 2010, the band released a limited edition 7-inch vinyl single of the previously unreleased track “Plundered My Soul” as part of Record Store Day. The track, part of the group’s 2010 re-issue of Exile on Main St., was combined with "" as its B-side.[229] The band appeared at Cannes Festival for the premiere of the documentary (directed by [230]) about the recording of the album Exile on Main St..[230] On 23 May, the re-issue of Exile on Main St. reached No. 1 in the UK charts, almost 38 years to the week after it first occupied that position, with the band becoming the first act to see a classic work return to No. 1 decades after it was first released.[231] In the US, the album re-entered the charts at No. 2.[232] In October 2010, the Stones released Ladies and Gentlemen: The Rolling Stones to the cinemas and later on to DVD. A digitally remastered version of the film was shown in select cinemas across the . Although originally released to cinemas in 1974, it had never been available for home release apart from bootleg recordings.[233] In October 2011, the Stones released The Rolling Stones: Some Girls Live In Texas '78 to the cinemas and later on to DVD. A digitally remastered version of the film was shown in select cinemas across the US. This live performance was recorded during one show in Ft. Worth, Texas in support of their US Tour 1978 and their album Some Girls. The film was released in (DVD/Blu-ray Disc) on 15 November 2011.[234] On 21 November, the band reissued Some Girls as a 2 CD deluxe edition with a second CD of twelve previously unreleased tracks (except “So Young,” which was a b-side to "") from the sessions with mostly newly recorded vocals from Jagger.[235] In a 2015 interview with Mick Jagger, when asked if retirement crosses his mind he stated, “Nah, not in the moment. I'm thinking about what the next tour is. I'm not thinking about retirement. I'm planning the next set of tours, so the answer is really, “No, not really.""[236]

1.1.10 2012–present: 50th anniversary and covers album

The Rolling Stones celebrated their 50th anniversary in the summer of 2012 by releasing the book The Rolling Stones: 50.[237] A new take on the band’s lip-and-tongue logo, designed by Shepard Fairey, was also released and used during the celebrations.[238] Jagger’s brother Chris performed a gig at The Rolling Stones Museum in Slovenia in conjunction with the celebrations.[239] The documentary Crossfire Hurricane, directed by , was released in October 2012. He conducted approx- imately fifty hours of interviews for the documentary, including extensive interviews with Wyman and Taylor.[240] This would be the first official career-spanning documentary since 1989’s 25x5: The Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones, which was filmed for their 25th anniversary in 1988.[183] A new compilation album, GRRR!, was released on 12 November, available in four different formats and including two new tracks, "" and "", which were recorded at Studio Guillaume Tell in Paris, France, within the last few weeks of August 2012.[241] The album debuted at No. 3 in the UK and No. 19 in the US and went to sell over 2 million copies worldwide.[210] The music video for “Doom and Gloom” featuring Noomi Rapace was released on 20 November.[242] 1.2. MUSICAL DEVELOPMENT 15

In November 2012, the Stones commenced their 50 & Counting... tour at London’s O2 Arena, where they were joined by Jeff Beck.[243] At their second show in London the group was joined onstage by and Florence Welch.[244] Their third anniversary concert took place on 8 December at the Barclays Center, Brooklyn, New York.[244] The last two dates were at the Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey on 13 and 15 December, and the band were joined by and blues rock band on the final night.[244][245] They also played two songs at 12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief.[246] The Stones played nineteen shows in the US in spring 2013, before returning to the UK. The band announced a return to Hyde Park, though it would not be free like the 1969 concert.[247] Jagger quipped, “I'll try and keep the poetry to a minimum,” and remarked, in respect of the white dress that he wore for the 1969 concert, “I can still just about get into the zippers.”[247] On 29 June, the band performed at the 2013.[248] , a live album recorded at the two Hyde Park gigs on 6 and 13 July, was released exclusively as a digital download through iTunes later that month and peaked at No. 16 in the UK and No. 19 in the US.[249][250] A live DVD, Sweet Summer Sun: Live in Hyde Park, was released on 11 November.[251] In February 2014, the band embarked on their tour spanning Middle East, Asia, Australia and Europe, sched- uled to last through to the summer.[252] On 17 March, Jagger’s longtime partner L'Wren Scott died suddenly, resulting in the cancellation and rescheduling of the opening tour dates to October.[253] On 4 June, The Rolling Stones performed for the first time in with Haaretz describing the concert as being “Historic with a capital H”.[254] The Rolling Stones embarked on their Latin American tour in February 2016[255][256] On 25 March, the band played a bonus show, a free open air concert in Havana, Cuba.[257] In June of that year, The Rolling Stones released, Totally Stripped, an expanded and reconceived edition of Stripped, available in multiple formats.[258] The Rolling Stones announced on 28 July that their concert on 25 March 2016 in Cuba had been commemorated in the film Havana Moon, which premiered on 23 September for one night only in more than a thousand theatres worldwide.[259][260] The Rolling Stones announced Olé Olé Olé: A Trip Across Latin America on 7 September,[261] a documentary of their 2016 Latin America tour,[262] which was shown in theatres on 12 December for one night only.[263] Olé Olé Olé: A Trip Across Latin America comes out on DVD and Blu-ray 26 May 2017.[263][264] The band released Blue & Lonesome on 2 December 2016. The album consisted of 12 blues covers of artists such as Howlin' Wolf, and .[265][266] Recording took place in British Grove Studios, London, in December 2015, and featured Eric Clapton on two tracks.[267] The album reached No. 1 in the UK, the second-highest opening sales week for an album that year.[268] It also debuted at No. 4 on the Billboard 200.[269] In July 2017, it was reported that the Rolling Stones were getting ready to record their first album of original material in more than a decade.[270]

1.2 Musical development

See also: Instruments played by the Rolling Stones

The Rolling Stones have assimilated various musical genres into their own collective sound. Throughout the band’s ca- reer, their musical contributions have been marked by a continual reference and reliance on musical styles including blues, psychedelia, R&B, country, folk, , dance, and world music, exemplified by Jones’ collaboration with the Master Musicians of Jajouka, as well as traditional English styles that use stringed instrumentation like harps. Brian Jones ex- perimented with the use of non-traditional instruments such as the sitar and slide guitar in their early days.[271][272][273] The group started out covering early rock 'n' roll and blues songs, and have never stopped playing live or recording cover songs.[274] Jagger and Richards shared an admiration of Jimmy Reed, Muddy Waters,[275] Howlin' Wolf,[275] and Little Walter, which influenced Brian Jones, of whom Richards says, “He was more into T-Bone Walker and jazz blues stuff. We'd turn him onto Chuck Berry and say, 'Look, it’s all the same shit, man, and you can do it.'"[7] Charlie Watts, a traditional jazz drummer,[276][277] was also introduced to the blues through his association with the pair. “Keith and Brian turned me on to Jimmy Reed and people like that. I learned that Earl Phillips was playing on those records like a jazz drummer, playing swing, with a straight four.”[278] Jagger, recalling when he first heard the likes of Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Muddy Waters, Fats Domino, and other major American R&B artists, said it “seemed the most real thing”[279] he had heard up 16 CHAPTER 1. THE ROLLING STONES

to that point. Similarly, Keith Richards, describing the first time he listened to Muddy Waters, said it was the “most powerful music [he had] ever heard ... the most expressive.”[279][280] He also stated, “when you think of some dopey, spotty seventeen year old from Dartford, who wants to be Muddy Waters-- and there were a lot of us-- in a way, very pathetic, but in another way, very ... heartwarming”.[281] Despite the Rolling Stones’ predilection for blues and R&B numbers on their early live set lists, the first original com- positions by the band reflected a more wide-ranging interest. The first Jagger/Richards single, "Tell Me (You're Coming Back)", has been described by critic Richie Unterberger as a " ballad ... When [Jagger and Richards] began to write songs, they were usually not derived from the blues, but were often surprisingly fey, slow, Mersey-type pop numbers”.[282] "As Tears Go By", the ballad originally written for Marianne Faithfull, was one of the first songs written by Jagger and Richards and also one of many written by the duo for other artists. Jagger said of the song, “It’s a relatively mature song considering the rest of the output at the time. And we didn't think of [recording] it, because the Rolling Stones were a butch blues group.”[283] The Rolling Stones did later record a version which became a top five hit in the US.[284] On the early experience, Richards said, “The amazing thing is that although Mick and I thought these songs were really puerile and kindergarten-time, every one that got put out made a decent showing in the charts. That gave us extraordinary confidence to carry on, because at the beginning songwriting was something we were going to do in order to say to Andrew [Loog Oldham], 'Well, at least we gave it a try ...'"[285] Jagger said, “We were very pop-orientated. We didn't sit around listening to Muddy Waters; we listened to everything. In some ways it’s easy to write to order ... Keith and I got into the groove of writing those kind of tunes; they were done in ten minutes. I think we thought it was a bit of a laugh, and it turned out to be something of an apprenticeship for us.”[285] The writing of "The Last Time", the Rolling Stones’ first major single, proved a turning point. Richards called it “a bridge into thinking about writing for the Stones. It gave us a level of confidence; a pathway of how to do it.”[68] The song was based on a traditional gospel song popularised by the Staple Singers, but the Rolling Stones’ number features a distinctive guitar riff, played by Brian Jones.[286] Prior to the emergence of Jagger/Richards as the Stones’ songwriters, the band members occasionally were given collective credit under the pseudonym Nanker Phelge. Some songs attributed to Nanker Phelge have been re-attributed to Jagger/Richards.[287] Beginning with Jones and continuing with Wood, the Rolling Stones have developed what Richards refers to as the “ancient art of weaving” responsible for part of their sound – the interplay between two guitarists on stage.[288] Unlike most bands, the Stones follow Richards’ lead rather than the drummer’s (Watts).[289] Likewise, Watts is primarily a jazz player who was able to bring that genres influences to the style of the band’s drumming.[276][277] The following of Richards’ lead has lead to conflicts between Jagger and Richards and they have been known to annoy with one another, but they have both agreed it makes a better record; Watts in particular has praised Jagger’s production skills.[290] In the studio, the band have tended to use a fluid personnel for recordings and not use the same players for each song. Guest pianists were commonplace on recordings; several songs on Beggars Banquet are driven by Nicky Hopkins' piano playing. On Exile on Main St., Richards plays bass on three tracks while Taylor plays on four.[291] Richards started using open tunings for rhythm parts (often in conjunction with a capo), most prominently an open-E or open-D tuning in 1968. Beginning in 1969, he often used 5-string open-G tuning (with the lower 6th string removed), as heard on the 1969 single "Honky Tonk Women", "Brown Sugar"(Sticky Fingers, 1971), "" (capo IV), "Happy" (capo IV) (Exile on Main St., 1972), and "Start Me Up"(Tattoo You, 1981).[292] The feuds between Jagger and Richards had some origin in the 1970s when Richards was a heroin addict,[293][294] resulting in Jagger managing the band’s affairs for numerous years.[295] When Richards got himself off of heroin and became more present in the decision making, Jagger was not used to this and did not like his authority diminished, resulting in the period which Richards has referred to as “World War III”.[296] Musical collaboration between members of the band and supporting musicians was key, due to the fluid lineups typically experienced by the band in the studio,[297][298] as tracks tended to be recorded “by whatever members of the group happened to be around at the time of the sessions.”[298] Over time, Jagger has developed into the template for rock frontmen and, with the help of the Stones, has, in the words of the Telegraph, “changed music” through his contributions to it as a pioneer of the modern .[299] 1.3. LEGACY 17

1.3 Legacy

Since their formation in 1962, the Rolling Stones survived multiple feuds (a period which Richards has called “World War III”)[300][301] and have gone on to release 30 studio albums, 13 live albums and 109 singles.[302] According to Offi- cialCharts.com, the Stones are ranked the fourth bestselling group of all time, with their top single being "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction”,[303] regarded by many at the time as “the classic example of rock and roll.”[275] The Stones have also contributed to the blues lexicon, creating their own “codewords” and slang, which they have used throughout their catalog of songs, including some of their more popular songs.[275] The band has been viewed as the musical “vanguard of a major transfusion” of various cultural attitudes, making them accessible youth in both America and Britain.[275] Muddy Waters was quoted as stating that the Rolling Stones and other English bands enhanced the interest of American youth into blues musicians; after they came to the United States, sales of Waters’ albums - and those of other blues musicians - increased due to the increase in public interest,[304] assisting to effectively turning the country back onto its own music.[305] The Rolling Stones have sold over 240 million albums worldwide[302] and have held over 48 tours of varying length. The Stones have also held three of the highest grossing tours of all time, Bridges to Babylon,[4] Voodoo Lounge,[192] and A Bigger Bang.[306] In May 2013, Rolling Stone declared them the “most definitional band that rock & roll has produced,”[300] with the Telegraph stating that Mick Jagger was “the Rolling Stone who changed music”.[307] The band has been the subject of numerous documentaries and were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by Pete Townshend in 1989.[308][309] The Rolling Stones have inspired and mentored new generations of musical artists both as a band[310] and individually.[311][312] They are also credited with changing the “whole business model of popular music.”[307] The band has received – and been nominated for – multiple awards during their 55 years as a band; including two Grammy awards (and 11 nominations),[313] the Juno award for International Entertainer of the Year in 1991,[314] U.K.'s Jazz FM Awards Album of the Year (2017) for their album Blue & Lonesome,[315] and NME awards such as best live band and the NME award for best music film, for their documentary Crossfire Hurricane.[316]

1.4 Tours

Main article: The Rolling Stones concerts

The Rolling Stones’ first concert was on 12 July 1962 at the Marquee Club in London.[317] The most documented of all the band’s concerts was the Altamont Free Concert at the Altamont Speedway in 1969. For this concert, the biker gang Hells Angels provided security, which resulted in a fan, Meredith Hunter, being stabbed and beaten to death by the Angels.[318] Part of the tour and the Altamont concert were documented in Albert and David Maysles' film Gimme Shelter. As a response to the growing popularity of bootleg recordings, the album Get Yer Ya-Yas Out! (UK 1; US 6) was released in 1970; it was declared by critic Lester Bangs to be the best live album ever.[319] From small clubs and hotels in London with little room for Jagger to move around[320][321] to selling out stadiums world- wide, Rolling Stones tours have significantly changed over the decades. Setups for the band started off simplistic compared to what they later became in the band’s career. with pyrotechnics, giant screens, and elaborate stage designs. By the Rolling Stones American tour of 1969, the band began to fill large halls and arenas, such as The Forum in Inglewood, .[322] They were also using more equipment, such as lighting rigs and better sound equipment compared to the clubs.[322] The 1969 tour is considered a “great watershed tour” by Mick Jagger due to the fact that they “started hanging the sound and therefore hanging the lights”[323] During the 1972 tour, the Stones developed a “complex light show” in which they hung up giant mirrors and bounced the light off of them.[323] During the 1975 Tour of the Americas, arena shows became an industry for the band and the Stones hired a new lighting director, Jules Fisher.[323] The props used on stage by the band increased in both size and sophistication, similar to things done on Broadway.[323] The band started to use multiple stages, from which they would select for a particular show. On this tour they had two versions what Jagger referred to as the “lotus stage” – one version of the stage that had a large Venetian (cylindrical) curtain and the other has leaves that would start in the folded up position and lower during the beginning of the concert.[323] This period also included a variety of props, including inflatables and other gimmicks ranging from inflatable penises “and things.”[323] The tour also incorporated a number of circus tricks.[323] 18 CHAPTER 1. THE ROLLING STONES

"...at the beginning of the show the stage was completely covered with a kind of sheath gauze. I had to get inside the lotus, climb up a ladder and hang on like grim death to one of the petals, which then opened to reveal the band playing.” — Mick Jagger, speaking of stage design in According to The Rolling Stones [323]

During the 1981–1982 American tour, the Stones worked with Japenese designer Kazuhide Yamazari in constructing their stages for stadium sized locations and audiences. During this period, stages increased in size to include runways, movable sections of stage going out into the audience, and growing in all other aspects.[321] This tour used coloured panels and was one of the last Stones tours to do so before switching to devices such as video screens.[321] Stadium shows provided a new challenge for the band, the venues were large enough in size that the band became “like ants” to audience members.[321] This resulted in Jagger having to project himself “over the footlights” and the band needing to employ more gimmicks, such as pyrotechnics, lights, and video screens.[321]

“When you're out there in this vast stadium, you have to physically tiny up on stage, so that’s why on the 1981-2 tour we had those coloured panels and later we started using devices like video screens. We became very aware of not being seen, of just being there like ants. Mick is the one who really has to project himself over the footlights. And when the show gets that big, you need a little extra help, you need a couple of gimmicks, as we call it, in the show. You need fireworks, you need lights, you need a bit of theatre.” — Charlie Watts, According to the Rolling Stones[321]

As time went on, their props and stage equipment became increasingly sophisticated. When they started to fill stadium sized venues and bigger, they ran into the problem of the audience no longer being able to see them due to the increased seating capacity – this problem was especially clear in their free 2006 concert in Rio de Janeiro on the A Bigger Bang tour,[324] which used over 500 lights, hundreds of speakers, and a video screen almost 13 metres in length.[325][326][327] Due to the vast size of the beach which the Stones performed on (2.5 km),[327] sound systems had to be set up in a relay pattern down the length of the beach, in order to keep the sound in sync with music from the stage;[327] for every 340 metres of beach, the sound had to be delayed an additional second.[326][327]

1.5 Band members

Current members

• Mick Jagger – vocals, harmonica, rhythm guitar, percussion, keyboards (1962–present)[328][329]

• Keith Richards – rhythm and lead guitar, , vocals (1962–present)[328][329]

• Charlie Watts – drums, percussion (1963–present)[328][329]

• Ronnie Wood – lead and rhythm guitar, bass guitar, backing vocals (1975–present)[328][329]

Former members

• Brian Jones – rhythm guitar, harmonica, keyboards, piano, backing vocals (1962–1969; died 1969)[328][329]

• Ian Stewart – keyboards, piano (1962–1963; touring 1969, 1975–1976, 1978, 1981–1982; died 1985)[328][329]

• Dick Taylor – bass guitar (1962)[10]

• Mick Taylor – lead guitar, bass guitar, backing vocals (1969–1974; guest 1981, 2012–2014)[328][329]

• Bill Wyman – bass guitar, keyboards, piano, backing vocals (1962–1993; guest 2012)[328][329] 1.6. DISCOGRAPHY 19

Current touring members

• Chuck Leavell – keyboards, backing vocals (1982–present)[329] • Bernard Fowler – backing vocals, percussion (1989–present)[329] • Darryl Jones – bass guitar, backing vocals (1993–present)[329] • Matt Clifford – keyboards, French horn, musical integrator (1989–1990, 2012–present)[329] • – saxophone, keyboards (1999–present)[329] • Karl Denson – saxophone (2014–present)[329] • Sasha Allen – backing vocals, co-lead vocals on "Gimme Shelter" (2016–present)[330]

Former touring musicians

• – saxophone (1969–1973; 1981–2014; died 2014)[331] • – (1970–1973)[332] • Lisa Fischer – backing vocals, co-lead vocals on "Gimme Shelter" (1989–2015)[329] • Billy Preston – keyboards, backing vocals (1973–1977; died 2006)[333] • Nicky Hopkins – keyboards (1971–1973; died 1994)[334] • – saxophone (1981)[335][336] • Ian McLagan – keyboards (1978–1981; died 2014)[337][338] • – additional guitar, backing vocals (1997–2007)[339]

1.5.1 Timeline

1.6 Discography

Main article: The Rolling Stones discography

Studio albums

• The Rolling Stones (1964, UK) / England’s Newest Hit Makers (1964, US) • 12 X 5 (1964, US) • The Rolling Stones No. 2 (1965, UK) / The Rolling Stones, Now! (1965, US) • Out of Our Heads (1965, UK) / Out of Our Heads (1965, US) • December’s Children (And Everybody’s) (1965, US) • Aftermath (1966, UK) / Aftermath (1966, US) • Between the Buttons (1967, UK) / Between the Buttons (1967, US) • Their Satanic Majesties Request (1967) • Beggars Banquet (1968) 20 CHAPTER 1. THE ROLLING STONES

• Let It Bleed (1969) • Sticky Fingers (1971) • Exile on Main St. (1972) • Goats Head Soup (1973) • It’s Only Rock 'n Roll (1974) • Black and Blue (1976) • Some Girls (1978) • Emotional Rescue (1980) • Tattoo You (1981) • Undercover (1983) • Dirty Work (1986) • Steel Wheels (1989) • Voodoo Lounge (1994) • Bridges to Babylon (1997) • A Bigger Bang (2005) • Blue & Lonesome (2016)

1.7 See also

• The Rolling Stones Museum • List of highest-grossing concert tours

1.8 References

1.8.1 Footnotes

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[5] Nelson 2010, p. 8.

[6] Nelson 2010, p. 9.

[7] Greenfield 1981.

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[9] Nelson 2010, p. 11.

[10] Jagger et al. 2003, p. 40.

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[16] Nelson 2010, pp. 14–15.

[17] Wyman 2002, pp. 40–41; 44–45.

[18] Jagger et al. 2003, pp. 50–51.

[19] Nelson 2010, p. 20.

[20] Wyman 1990, p. 123.

[21] Oldham 2000, p. 223.

[22] Wyman 2002, pp. 56–57.

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• Cohen, Rich (2016). The Sun & the Moon & the Rolling Stones. Random House. ISBN 978-0-804-17923-2.

• Coral, Gus; Hinckley, David; Rodman, Debra (1995). The Rolling Stones: Black & White Blues. , Georgia: Turner Publishing Inc. ISBN 978-1-57036-150-0. 34 CHAPTER 1. THE ROLLING STONES

• Davis, Stephen (2001). Old Gods Almost Dead: The 40-Year Odyssey of the Rolling Stones. New York, NY: Broadway Books. ISBN 0-7679-0312-9. • Egan, Sean (2013). The Mammoth Book of The Rolling Stones. London: Robinson. ISBN 978-1-78033-646-6. • Egan, Sean (2014). The Utmost Guide to The Rolling Stones. London: Askill. ISBN 978-0-954575-06-9. • Gilliland, John (1969). “The British Are Coming! The British Are Coming!: The U.S.A. is invaded by a wave of long-haired English rockers.” (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries. • Greenfield, Robert (1981). The Rolling Stone Interviews: Keith Richards. New York: St. Martin’s Press/Rolling Stone Press. ISBN 978-0-312-68954-4. • Greenspan, Edward, ed. (1980). "Regina v. Richards 49 C.C.C. (2d)". Canadian Criminal Cases. Canada Law Book. • Haslam, Dave (2015). Life After Dark: A History of British & Music Venues. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-857-20700-5. • Jagger, Mick; Richards, Keith; Watts, Charlie; Wood, Ronnie (2003). According to the Rolling Stones. San Fran- cisco, California: Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-4060-6. • Marshall, Jim (2012). The Rolling Stones 1972. San Francisco, California: Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-1-4521- 2180-2. • McLagan, Ian (2000). All the Rage: A Riotous Romp Through Rock and Roll History. New York: St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 978-0-8230-7842-4. • Moon, Tom (2004). “The Rolling Stones”. In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian. The New Rolling Stone Album Guide. London: Fireside. pp. 695–699. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. Portions posted at “The Rolling Stones Album Guide”. rollingstone.com. Retrieved 22 November 2014. • Nathan, David; Lindsay, Susan Gedutis (2001). Inside the Hits. Berklee Press. p. 217. • Neill, Andy (2015). Keith Richards: A Life in Pictures. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-857-12873-7. • Nelson, Murray N. (2010). The Rolling Stones: A Musical Biography. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-38034-1. • Norman, Philip (2001). The Stones. London: Sidgwick & Jackson. ISBN 0-283-07277-6. • Oldham, Andrew Loog (2000). Stoned. St. Martin’s Griffin. ISBN 978-0-312-27094-0. • Patell, Cyrus R.K. (2011). Rolling Stones’ Some Girls. A&C Black. p. 24. • Paytress, Mark (2003). Rolling Stones: Off the Record. London: Omnibus. ISBN 978-0-7119-8869-9. • Perone, James (2012). The Album: A Guide to ’s Most Provocative, Influential, and Important Creations. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-37906-2. • Richards, Keith (2010). Life (1st ed.). New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-03438-8. • Sandford, Christopher (1999). Mick Jagger: Primitive Cool. New York: Cooper Square Press. ISBN 978-0-8154- 1002-7. • Sandford, Christopher (2003). Keith Richards: Satisfaction. New York: Caroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-7867-1368-4. • Schinder, Scott; Schwartz, Andy (2010). Icons of Rock: An Encyclopedia of the Legends Who Changed Music Forever. ABC-CLIO. p. 230. • Szatmary, David P. (2014). Rockin' in Time (8th ed.). Pearson. • Wells, Simon (2012). The Great Rolling Stones Drug Bust. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-857-12711-2. 1.9. FURTHER READING 35

• Wyman, Bill (1990). Bill Wyman, Stone Alone: The Story of a Rock 'n' Roll Band. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-82894-4.

• Wyman, Bill (2002). Rolling with the Stones. DK Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7894-8967-8.

1.9 Further reading

• Booth, Stanley (1984). Dance with the Devil: The Rolling Stones & Their Times. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-53488-3.

• Booth, Stanley (1995). Keith: Standing in . New York: St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 0-312-11841-4.

• Carr, Roy (1976). The Rolling Stones: An Illustrated Record. Harmony Books. ISBN 0-517-52641-7.

• Cutler, Tom (2010). A Gentleman’s Bedside Book: Entertainment for the Last Fifteen Minutes of the Day. Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 978-1-849-01803-6.

• Egan, Sean (2006). The Rough Guide to the Rolling Stones. London: Penguin. ISBN 1-84353-719-2.

• Flippo, Chet (1985). On the Road With the Rolling Stones. Doubleday/Dolphin. ISBN 0-385-19374-2.

• Forget, Thomas (2003). The Rolling Stones. New York: Rosen Central. ISBN 0-8239-3644-9.

• Greenfield, Robert (2002) [1974]. S.T.P.: A Journey Through America with the Rolling Stones. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81199-5.

• Hector, James (1995). The Complete Guide to the Music of the Rolling Stones. London: Omnibus. ISBN 0-7119- 4303-6.

• Hotchner, A. E. (1990). Blown Away: The Rolling Stones and the Death of the Sixties. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-69316-6.

• Jackson, Laura (1993). Golden Stone: The Untold Life and Tragic Death of Brian Jones. New York: St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 0-312-09820-0.

• Janovitz, Bill (2013). Rocks Off: 50 Tracks That Tell the Story of the Rolling Stones. New York: St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 1-250-02631-8.

• McMillian, John (2013). Beatles vs. Stones. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 1-4391-5969-6.

• Miller, Jim (1980). The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll: The Definitive History of the Most Important Artists and Their Music. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-73728-6.

• Phelge, James (2000). Nankering with the Stones. ISBN 1-55652-373-4.

• Sanchez, Tony (1996). Up and Down with The Rolling Stones. New York: Da Capo. ISBN 0-306-80711-4.

• Spitz, Marc (2011). Jagger: Rebel, Rock Star, Rambler, Rogue. Gotham Books. ISBN 978-1-59240-655-5.

1.10 External links

• Official website

• The Rolling Stones at DMOZ

• “The Rolling Stones”. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

• The Rolling Stones at AllMusic 36 CHAPTER 1. THE ROLLING STONES

• The Rolling Stones discography at Discogs

• The Rolling Stones on IMDb • The Rolling Stones discography at MusicBrainz 1.10. EXTERNAL LINKS 37

Brian Jones, 1965 38 CHAPTER 1. THE ROLLING STONES

Keith Richards, 1972. 1.10. EXTERNAL LINKS 39

Mick Taylor, 1972. 40 CHAPTER 1. THE ROLLING STONES

The Rolling Stones’ logo, designed by John Pasche and modified by Craig Braun,[129] was introduced in 1971. 1.10. EXTERNAL LINKS 41

Bill Wyman, 1975. 42 CHAPTER 1. THE ROLLING STONES

Ronnie Wood (left) and Jagger (right) in Chicago, 1975 1.10. EXTERNAL LINKS 43

Tour of the Americas '75, 23 July 1975. Wood, Richards and Jagger. 44 CHAPTER 1. THE ROLLING STONES

The Rolling Stones performing in December 1981 1.10. EXTERNAL LINKS 45

Charlie Watts in 1981

Multiple platinum award for their 1994 album Voodoo Lounge, on display at the Museo del Rock in . 46 CHAPTER 1. THE ROLLING STONES

Keith Richards, 2006. 1.10. EXTERNAL LINKS 47

The Rolling Stones, 2006. 48 CHAPTER 1. THE ROLLING STONES

The Rolling Stones at , London during A Bigger Bang Tour in August 2006 1.10. EXTERNAL LINKS 49

The Rolling Stones in 2008 (from left to right: Watts, Wood, Richards, Jagger) at the Film Festival's world premiere of Martin Scorsese’s documentary film Shine a Light. 50 CHAPTER 1. THE ROLLING STONES

Jagger and Richards on stage in December 2012 1.10. EXTERNAL LINKS 51

Stage set for the 50 & Counting tour at the Prudential Center, New Jersey 52 CHAPTER 1. THE ROLLING STONES

The Rolling Stones performing at Hyde Park, London on 13 July 2013 Chapter 2

Mick Jagger

Sir Michael Philip “Mick” Jagger (born 26 July 1943) is an English singer and , the lead singer and one of the founder members of the Rolling Stones. Jagger’s career has spanned over 56 years, and he has been described as “one of the most popular and influential frontmen in the history of rock & roll”. Jagger’s distinctive voice and performance, along with Keith Richards' guitar style, have been the trademark of the Rolling Stones throughout the career of the band. Jagger gained press notoriety for his admitted drug use and romantic involvements, and was often portrayed as a countercultural figure. In the late 1960s, Jagger began acting in films (starting with Performance and Ned Kelly), to mixed reception. In 1985, he released his first solo album, She’s the Boss. In early 2009, Jagger joined the electric supergroup SuperHeavy. In 1989 he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and in 2004 into the UK Music Hall of Fame with the Rolling Stones. As member of the Rolling Stones and as solo artist he reached the #1 of UK and US singles chart with 13 singles, the Top 10 with 32 singles and the Top 40 with 70 singles. In 2003, he was knighted for his services to popular music.

2.1 1943–1961: Early life

Michael Philip Jagger was born into a middle-class family in Dartford, Kent.[3] His father, Basil Fanshawe “Joe” Jagger (13 April 1913 – 11 November 2006), and grandfather, David Ernest Jagger, were both teachers. His mother, Eva Ensley Mary (née Scutts; 6 April 1913 – 18 May 2000), born in Sydney, Australia, of English descent,[4] was a hairdresser[5] and an active member of the Conservative Party. Jagger’s younger brother, Chris (born 19 December 1947), is also a musician.[6] The two have performed together.[7] Although brought up to follow his father’s career path, Jagger “was always a singer” as he stated in According to the Rolling Stones. “I always sang as a child. I was one of those kids who just liked to sing. Some kids sing in choirs; others like to show off in front of the mirror. I was in the church choir and I also loved listening to singers on the radio–the BBC or Radio Luxembourg–or watching them on TV and in the movies.”[8] In September 1950, Keith Richards and Jagger were classmates at Wentworth Primary School, Dartford. In 1954, Jagger passed the eleven-plus and went to Dartford Grammar School, which now has the Mick Jagger Centre installed within the school’s site, named after its most famous alumnus. Jagger and Richards lost contact with each other when they went to different schools, but after a chance encounter on platform two at Dartford railway station in July 1960, resumed their friendship and discovered their shared love of rhythm and blues, which for Jagger had begun with Little Richard.[9] Jagger left school in 1961 after obtaining seven O-levels and three A-levels. Jagger and Richards moved into a flat in Edith Grove in Chelsea, London, with a guitarist they had encountered named Brian Jones. While Richards and Jones planned to start their own rhythm and blues group, Jagger continued to study business on a government grant as an undergraduate student at the London School of Economics,[10] and had seriously considered becoming either a journalist or a politician, comparing the latter to a pop star.[11][12]

53 54 CHAPTER 2. MICK JAGGER

2.2 1962–present: The Rolling Stones

Main article: The Rolling Stones

2.2.1 1960s

In their earliest days the members played for no money in the interval of Alexis Korner's gigs at a basement club opposite Ealing Broadway tube station (subsequently called “Ferry’s” club). At the time, the group had very little equipment and needed to borrow Korner’s gear to play. This was before Andrew Loog Oldham became their manager. The group’s first appearance under the name the Rollin' Stones (after one of their favourite Muddy Waters tunes) was at the Marquee Club in London, a jazz club, on 12 July 1962. They would later change their name to “the Rolling Stones” as it seemed more formal. Victor Bockris states that the band members included Jagger, Keith Richards, Brian Jones, Ian Stewart on piano, Dick Taylor on bass and Tony Chapman on drums. However, Richards states in Life that “The drummer that night was Mick Avory--not Tony Chapman, as history has mysteriously handed it down...”[13] Avory himself has categorically denied “on many occasions”[14] that he played with the Rollin' Stones that night. In fact he only rehearsed twice with them in the Bricklayers Arms pub, before they became known as the Rollin' Stones. Some time later the band went on their first tour in the ; this was known as the “training ground” tour, because it was a new experience for all of them.[15] The line-up did not at that time include drummer Charlie Watts or bassist Bill Wyman.[15] By 1963 they were finding their musical stride as well as popularity.[16] By 1964 two unscientific opinion polls rated them as Britain’s most popular group, even outranking the Beatles.[10] By autumn 1963, Jagger had left the London School of Economics in favour of his promising musical career with the Rolling Stones. The group continued to mine the works of American rhythm and blues artists such as Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley, but with the strong encouragement of Andrew Loog Oldham, Jagger and Richards soon began to write their own songs. This core songwriting partnership would flourish in time; one of their early compositions, "As Tears Go By", was a song written for Marianne Faithfull, a young singer Loog Oldham was promoting at the time.[17] For the Rolling Stones, the duo would write "The Last Time", the group’s third No. 1 single in the UK (their first two UK No. 1 hits had been cover versions) based on “This May Be the Last Time”, a traditional Negro spiritual song recorded by the Staple Singers in 1955. Another fruit of this collaboration was their first international hit, "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction". It also established the Rolling Stones’ image as defiant troublemakers in contrast to the Beatles’ “lovable moptop” image.[10] Jagger told Stephen Schiff in a 1992 Vanity Fair profile: “I wasn't trying to be rebellious in those days; I was just being me. I wasn't trying to push of anything. I'm being me and ordinary, the guy from suburbia who sings in this band, but someone older might have thought it was just the most awful racket, the most terrible thing, and where are we going if this is music?... But all those songs we sang were pretty tame, really. People didn't think they were, but I thought they were tame.”[18] The group released several successful albums, including December’s Children (And Everybody’s), Aftermath and Between the Buttons, but in their personal lives their behaviour was brought into question. In 1967, Jagger and Richards were arrested on drug charges and were given unusually harsh sentences: Jagger was sentenced to three months’ imprisonment for possession of four over-the-counter pep pills he had purchased in Italy. The traditionally conservative editor of The Times, William Rees-Mogg, wrote an article critical of the sentences; and on appeal Richards’ sentence was overturned and Jagger’s was amended to a conditional discharge (although he ended up spending one night inside London’s Brixton Prison).[19] However, the Rolling Stones continued to face legal battles for the next decade.[20][21][22]

2.2.2 1970s

In 1970 Jagger bought "", a manor house and estate in Hampshire.[23] The Rolling Stones and several other bands recorded there using a mobile studio.[24] After Jones’s death and their move in 1971 to the south of France as tax exiles,[25] Jagger and the rest of the band changed their look and style as the 1970s progressed. He also learned to play guitar and contributed guitar parts for certain songs on Sticky Fingers (1971) and all subsequent albums (with the exception of Dirty Work in 1986). For the Rolling Stones’ 2.2. 1962–PRESENT: THE ROLLING STONES 55

Jagger on stage in July 1972, New York

highly publicised 1972 American tour, Jagger wore glam-rock clothing and glittery makeup on stage. Later in the decade they ventured into genres like disco and punk with the album Some Girls (1978). Their interest in the blues, however, had been made manifest in the 1972 album Exile on Main St.. His emotional on the gospel-influenced "Let It Loose", one of the album’s tracks, has been described by music critic Russell Hall as having been Jagger’s finest-ever vocal achievement.[26] After the band’s acrimonious split with their second manager, Allen Klein, in 1971, Jagger took control of their business affairs after speaking with an up-and-coming frontman, J. B. Silver, and has managed them ever since in collaboration with his friend and colleague, Rupert Löwenstein. Mick Taylor, Brian Jones’s replacement, left the band in December 1974 and was replaced by Faces guitarist Ronnie Wood in 1975, who also operated as a mediator within the group, and between Jagger and Richards in particular.[27]

Attempt on life

In 1975, members of the Hells Angels attempted to murder Jagger. They were angered by him having publicly blamed the Angels, who had been hired to provide security at the Altamont Free Concert in December 1969, for much of the crowd violence at the event, in which a young man, Meredith Hunter was stabbed and beaten to death by several Angels. Three others died at the event, which was attended by roughly 350,000 people. The murder conspirators, it was reported many years later (in 2008), had used a boat to approach a residence Jagger was staying at on New York's . The plot failed when the boat nearly sank in a storm and the plotters were forced to swim for their lives.[28] 56 CHAPTER 2. MICK JAGGER

Jagger in Zuiderpark te Den Haag, Netherlands, 1976

2.2.3 1980s

While continuing to tour and release albums with the Rolling Stones, Jagger began a solo career. In 1985 he released his first solo album She’s the Boss, produced by Nile Rodgers and , and featuring , Jeff Beck, Jan Hammer, Pete Townshend and the Compass Point All Stars. It sold fairly well, and the single “Just Another Night” was a Top Ten hit. During this period, he collaborated with the Jacksons on the song "State of Shock", sharing lead vocals with . For his own personal contributions in the 1985 Live Aid multi-venue charity concert, he performed at 's JFK Stadium; he did a duet with of “It’s Only Rock and Roll”, and the performance was highlighted by Jagger tearing away Turner’s skirt. He also did a cover of "Dancing in the Street" with David Bowie, who himself appeared at . The video was shown simultaneously on the screens of both Wembley and JFK Stadiums. The song reached number one in the UK the same year. In 1987 he released his second solo album, Primitive Cool. While it failed to match the commercial success of his debut, it was critically well received. In 1988 he produced the songs “Glamour 2.3. FRIENDSHIP WITH KEITH RICHARDS 57

Boys” and “Which Way to America” on Living Colour's album Vivid. Between 15 and 28 March he had a solo concert tour in Japan (, and ).[29]

2.2.4 1990s

Wandering Spirit was the third solo album by Jagger and was released in 1993. It would be his only solo album release of the 1990s. Jagger aimed to re-introduce himself as a solo artist in a musical climate vastly changed from that of his first two albums, She’s the Boss and Primitive Cool. Following the successful comeback of the Rolling Stones’ Steel Wheels (1989), which saw the end of Jagger and Richards’ well-publicised feud, after acquiring as co-producer in January 1992 Jagger began recording the album in Los Angeles over seven months until September 1992, recording simultaneously as Richards was making Main Offender. Jagger would keep the celebrity guests to a minimum on Wandering Spirit, only having as a vocalist on his cover of '"Use Me" and bassist from on three tracks. Following the end of the Rolling Stones’ contract and their signing to Virgin Records, Jagger signed with (which had signed the Stones in the 1970s) to distribute what would be his only album with the label. Released in February 1993, Wandering Spirit was commercially successful, reaching No.12 in the UK and No.11 in the US.[30][31]

2.2.5 2000s

In 2001, Jagger released Goddess in the Doorway, spawning the hit single “Visions of Paradise”. In the same year he also joined Keith Richards in the Concert for New York City, a charity concert in response to the 11 September attacks, to sing "Salt of the Earth" and "Miss You".[32] He celebrated the Rolling Stones’ 40th anniversary by touring with them on the year-long Licks Tour in support of their career retrospective Forty Licks double album.[33] In 2007 the Rolling Stones grossed US$437 million on their A Bigger Bang Tour, which got them into the 2007 edition of Guinness World Records for the most lucrative music tour.[34] Jagger has refused to say when the band will retire, stating in 2007: “I'm sure the Rolling Stones will do more things and more records and more tours. We've got no plans to stop any of that really.”[35] In October 2009, Jagger and U2 performed "Gimme Shelter" (with Fergie and will.i.am) and "Stuck in a Moment You Can't Get Out Of" at the 25th Anniversary Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Concert.[36]

2.2.6 2010s

On 20 May 2011 Jagger announced the formation of a new supergroup, SuperHeavy, which includes Dave Stewart, Joss Stone, Damian Marley and A.R. Rahman.[37] Jagger has featured on will.i.am's 2011 single "T.H.E. (The Hardest Ever)". It was officially released to iTunes on 4 February 2012.[38] On 21 February 2012, Jagger, B.B. King, Buddy Guy and Jeff Beck, along with a blues ensemble, performed at the White House concert series before President Barack Obama. When Jagger held out a mic to him, Obama sang twice the line “Come on, baby don't you want to go” of the blues cover 'Sweet Home Chicago', the blues anthem of Obama’s home town.[39] Jagger hosted the season finale of Saturday Night Live on 19 and 20 May 2012, doing several comic skits and playing some of the Rolling Stones’ hits with Arcade Fire, , and Jeff Beck.[40] Jagger performed in 12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief with the Rolling Stones on 12 December 2012.[41] The Stones finally played the Glastonbury festival in 2013, headlining on Saturday 29 June.[42] This was followed by two concerts in London’s Hyde Park as part of their 50th anniversary celebrations, their first in the Park since their famous 1969 performance.[43][44] In 2013, Jagger teamed up with his brother for two new duets to mark the 40th anniversary of Chris’ debut album.[45] 58 CHAPTER 2. MICK JAGGER

2.3 Friendship with Keith Richards

Jagger’s relationship with bandmate Keith Richards is frequently described as "love/hate" by the media.[46][47] Richards himself said in a 1998 interview: “I think of our differences as a family squabble. If I shout and scream at him, it’s because no one else has the guts to do it or else they're paid not to do it. At the same time I'd hope Mick realises that I'm a friend who is just trying to bring him into line and do what needs to be done.”[48] Richards’ autobiography, Life, was released on 26 October 2010.[49] According to a 15 October 2010 article published by the Associated Press, Richards described Jagger as “unbearable” within the book, noting that their relationship has been strained “for decades”[50]. By 2015, Richards’ opinion had softened, still calling Jagger a “snob” (and giving supporting evidence from Jagger’s daughter), but adding “I still love him dearly... your friends don't have to be perfect.”[51]

2.4 Acting and film production

Jagger has also had an intermittent acting career, most notably in Donald Cammell and Nicolas Roeg's Performance (1968) and as Australian bushranger Ned Kelly (1970).[52] He composed an improvised soundtrack for Kenneth Anger's film Invocation of My Demon Brother on the Moog synthesiser in 1969. He auditioned for the role of Dr. Frank N. Furter in the 1975 film adaptation of The Rocky Horror Show, a role that was eventually played by the original performer from its run on London’s West End, Tim Curry. The same year he was personally approached by director Alejandro Jodorowsky[53] to play the role of Feyd-Rautha[54] in Jodorowsky’s proposed adaptation of Frank Herbert's Dune, but the movie never made it to the screen.[55] He appeared as himself in ' film in 1978. In the late 1970s Jagger was cast as Wilbur, a main character in Werner Herzog's Fitzcarraldo. However, the illness of main actor Jason Robards (later replaced by Klaus Kinski) and a delay in the film’s notoriously difficult production resulted in his being unable to continue, due to schedule conflicts with a band tour; some of the footage of Jagger’s work is shown in the documentaries Burden of Dreams and My Best Fiend. In 1983 he starred in Faerie Tale Theatre's The Nightingale as the emperor.[56] He developed a reputation for playing the heavy later in his acting career in films including Freejack (1992), Bent (1997), and The Man From Elysian Fields (2002). In 1995 Jagger founded Jagged Films with Victoria Pearman.[57] Its first release was the World War II drama Enigma in 2001. That same year it produced a documentary on Jagger entitled . The programme, which first aired on television 22 November, coincided with the release of his fourth solo album, Goddess in the Doorway.[58] In 2008 the company began work on The Women, an adaptation of the George Cukor film of the same name. It was directed by Diane English.[59][60] The Rolling Stones have been the subjects of numerous documentaries, including Gimme Shelter, which was filmed during the band’s 1969 tour of the US, and 1968’s Sympathy for the Devil directed by French New Wave director Jean-Luc Godard. Martin Scorsese worked with Jagger on Shine a Light, a documentary film featuring the Rolling Stones with footage from the A Bigger Bang Tour during two nights of performances at New York’s Beacon Theatre. It screened in Berlin in February 2008.[61] Variety's Todd McCarthy said the film “takes full advantage of heavy camera coverage and top-notch sound to create an invigorating musical trip down memory lane, as well as to provoke gentle musings on the wages of ageing and the passage of time.” He predicted the film would fare better once released to video than in its limited theatrical runs. Jagger was a co-producer of, and guest-starred in the first episode of, the short-lived comedy American television series The Knights of Prosperity. He also co-produced the 2014 James Brown biopic, Get On Up.[62] An attempt was made to by Keith Richards and Johnny Depp to persuade Jagger to appear alongside them in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides, however, it was unsuccessful[63]

2.5 Personal life 2.6. INTERESTS AND PHILANTHROPY 59

2.5.1 Relationships

Notable partners

Bianca De Macias, Jagger’s wife from 1971 to 1978.

Model Jerry Hall, Jagger’s partner from 1977 to 1999; unofficially married from 1990 to 1999.

Jagger has been married (and divorced) once,[64][65][65] and also has had several other relationships.

2.5.2 Children

Jagger has eight children with five women.[81][82] Jagger also has five grandchildren,[10][83][84] and became a great-grandfather on 19 May 2014, when Jade’s daughter Assisi gave birth to a daughter.[85]

2.5.3 Family

Jagger’s father, Basil “Joe” Jagger died of pneumonia on 11 November 2006 at age 93.[89] Although the Rolling Stones were on the A Bigger Bang tour, Jagger flew to Britain to see his father before returning to the same day after being informed that his condition was improving, where he was to perform that night.[90] The show went ahead as scheduled despite Jagger learning of his father’s passing that afternoon,[91] with friends of Jagger stating that the show going on was “what Joe would had wanted”.[90] Jagger called his father the “greatest influence” in his life.[92]

2.6 Interests and philanthropy

Jagger is an avid cricket fan.[93] He founded Jagged Internetworks to cover English cricket.[93] He keenly follows the England national football team and has regularly attended FIFA World Cup games, appearing at France 98, 2006, South Africa 2010 and 2014.[94][95] In August 2014, Jagger was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to September’s referendum on that issue.[96] Jagger is a supporter of music in schools, and is Patron of The Mick Jagger Centre in Dartford in the UK, and sponsors music through his Red Rooster Programme in local schools. The Red Rooster name is taken from the title of one of the Rolling Stones earliest singles.[97] 60 CHAPTER 2. MICK JAGGER

2.7 Knighthood

Jagger was honoured with a knighthood for services to popular music in the Queen’s Birthday Honours 2002[98] and on 12 December 2003 he received the accolade by The Prince of Wales.[99] Mick Jagger’s knighthood received mixed reactions. Some fans were disappointed when he accepted the honour as it seemed to contradict his anti-establishment stance.[100] As UPI noted in December 2003, Jagger has no “known record of charitable work or public services” although he is a patron of the British Museum. Jagger was on record as saying “apart from the Rolling Stones, the Queen is the best thing Britain has got”, but was absent from the Queen’s Golden Jubilee pop concert at Buckingham Palace that marked her 50 years on the throne.[101] Queen Elizabeth II reportedly refused to award Jagger in person.[102] Charlie Watts was quoted in the book According to the Rolling Stones as saying, “Anybody else would be lynched: 18 wives and 20 children and he’s knighted, fantastic!"[103] The ceremony took place in December 2003. Jagger’s father and daughters Karis and Elizabeth were in attendance.[10][90] Jagger stated that while the award did not have significant meaning for him, he was “touched” by the significance that it held for his father, saying that his father “was very proud”.[104][90] Jagger’s knighthood also caused some friction between him and bandmate Keith Richards, who was irritated when Jagger accepted the “paltry honour”.[105] Richards said that he did not want to take the stage with someone wearing a “coronet and sporting the old ermine. It’s not what the Stones is about, is it?"[99] Jagger retorted: “I think he would probably like to get the same honour himself. It’s like being given an ice cream—one gets one and they all want one.”[99]

2.8 In popular culture

From the time that the Rolling Stones developed their anti-establishment image in the mid-1960s, Jagger, with guitarist Keith Richards, has been an enduring icon of the counterculture. This was enhanced by his controversial drug-related arrests, sexually charged on-stage antics, provocative song lyrics, and his role of the bisexual Turner in the 1970 film Performance. One of his biographers, Christopher Andersen, describes him as “one of the dominant cultural figures of our time”, adding that Jagger was “the story of a generation”.[106] Jagger, who at the time described himself as an anarchist and espoused the leftist slogans of the era, took part in a demonstration against the Vietnam War outside the US Embassy in London in 1968. This event inspired him to write "Street Fighting Man" that same year.[107] A variety of celebrities attended a lavish party at New York’s St. Regis Hotel to celebrate Jagger’s 29th birthday and the end of the band’s 1972 American tour. The party made the front pages of the leading New York newspapers.[108] Pop artist Andy Warhol painted a series of silkscreen portraits of Jagger in 1975, one of which was owned by Farah Diba, wife of the Shah of Iran. It hung on a wall inside the royal palace in Tehran.[109] In 1967 Cecil Beaton photographed Jagger’s naked buttocks, a photo that sold at Sotheby’s auction house in 1986 for $4,000.[110] Jagger was allegedly a contender for the anonymous subject of 's 1973 hit song "You're So Vain", in which he sings backing vocals.[111] Although Don McLean does not use Jagger’s name in his famous song "American Pie", he alludes to Jagger onstage at Altamont, calling him Satan.[112] In 2010, a retrospective exhibition of portraits of Jagger was presented at the festival Rencontres d'Arles, in France. The catalogue of the exhibition is the first photo album of Jagger and shows his evolution over 50 years.[113] He was listed as one of the fifty best-dressed over 50 by the Guardian in March 2013.[114] 's popular song "" is about Jagger. Jagger himself acknowledged the song in an interview, calling the concept “very flattering.”[115] Jagger is also referenced in Kesha's song "Tik Tok", the ' hit "The Time (Dirty Bit)", and his vocal delivery is referenced by rapper Ghostface Killah in his song “The Champ”, from his 2006 album "Fishscale, which was later referenced by in the 2008 T.I. and Jay-Z single "Swagga Like Us". In 1998, The MTV animated show Celebrity Deathmatch had a clay-animated fight to the death between Jagger and lead singer Steven Tyler. Jagger wins the fight by using his tongue to stab Tyler through the chest. The 2000 film Almost Famous, set in 1973, refers to Jagger: “Because if you think Mick Jagger'll still be out there, trying to be a rock star at age 50 ... you're sadly, sadly mistaken.”[116] In 2012, Jagger was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his 2.9. LEGACY 61

most famous artwork – the Beatles’ Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires.[117] Jagger’s net worth has been estimated at $360 million.[118]

2.9 Legacy

In the words of British dramatist and novelist , “the only point concerning Mick Jagger’s influence over 'young people' that doctors and psychologists agreed on was that it wasn't, under any circumstances, fundamentally harmless.”[119] According to Norman, even at his most scandalous had not exerted a “power so wholly and disturbingly physical": “Presley”, he wrote in 1984, “while he made girls scream, did not have Jagger’s ability to make men feel uncomfortable.”[119] Norman also likens Jagger in his early performances with the Rolling Stones in the 1960s to a male ballet dancer, with “his conflicting and colliding sexuality: the swan’s neck and smeared harlot eyes allied to an overstuffed and straining codpiece.”[119] Other authors also attribute similar connotations to Jagger. His performance style has been studied in the academic field as an analysis concerning gender, image and sexuality.[120] It has been written for example that his performance style “opened up definitions of gendered masculinity and so laid the foundations for self-invention and sexual plasticity which are now an integral part of contemporary youth culture".[121] His stage personas also contributed significantly to the British tradition of popular music that always featured the character song and where the art of singing becomes a matter of acting—which creates a question concerning the singer’s relationship to his own words.[122] His voice has been described as a powerful expressive tool for communicating feelings to his audience and expressing an alternative vision of society.[123] To express “virility and unrestrained passion” he developed techniques previously used by African American preachers and gospel singers such as “the roar, the guttural belt style of singing, and the buzz, a more nasal and raspy sound”.[123] Steven Van Zandt also wrote: “The acceptance of Jagger’s voice on pop radio was a turning point in rock & roll. He broke open the door for everyone else. Suddenly, Eric Burdon and weren't so weird – even Bob Dylan.”[124] AllMusic has described Jagger as “one of the most popular and influential frontmen in the history of rock & roll”.[125] Musician David Bowie joined many rock bands with blues, folk and soul orientations in his first attempts as a musician in the mid-1960s, and he was to recall: “I used to dream of being their Mick Jagger”.[126] Bowie would also offer that “I think Mick Jagger would be astounded and amazed if he realized that to many people he is not a sex symbol, but a mother image.”[127] Jagger appeared on Rolling Stone's List of 100 Greatest Singers at number 16; in the article, Lenny Kravitz wrote: “I sometimes talk to people who sing perfectly in a technical sense who don't understand Mick Jagger. [...] His sense of pitch and melody is really sophisticated. His vocals are stunning, flawless in their own kind of perfection.”[128] This edition also cites Mick Jagger as a key influence on Jack White, Steven Tyler and .[128] More recently, his cultural legacy is also associated with his aging accompanied by some vitality. frontman Jon Bon Jovi, also a veteran, has said: “We continue to make Number One records and fill stadiums. But will we still be doing 150 shows per tour? I just can't see it. I don't know how the hell Mick Jagger does it at 67. That would be the first question I'd ask him. He runs around the stage as much as I do yet he’s got almost 20 years on me.”[129] Since his early career Jagger has embodied what some authors describes as a "Dionysian archetype" of “eternal youth” personified by many rock stars and the rock culture.[130] As wrote biographer Laura Jackson, “It is impossible to imagine current culture without the unique influence of Mick Jagger.”[131]

2.9.1 Autobiography

Jagger has repeatedly said that he will not write an autobiography. However, according to journalist John Blake, co-author of the book Up and Down with the Rolling Stones, in the early 1980s, after a slew of unauthorised books about him, Jagger was persuaded by Lord Weidenfeld to prepare his own, for a £1 million advance. The resulting 75,000-word manuscript is now held by Blake, who, he says, was briefly on track to publish it, until Jagger withdrew support.[132] 62 CHAPTER 2. MICK JAGGER

2.10 Discography

See also The Rolling Stones discography.

2.10.1 Solo albums

2.10.2 Compilation

2.10.3 Collaborative albums

2.10.4 Singles

2.11 Filmography

Jagger has appeared in the following films: Jagger was slated to appear in the 1982 film Fitzcarraldo and some scenes were shot with him, but he had to leave for a Rolling Stones tour and his character was eliminated.[137][138]

2.11.1 As producer

• Running Out of Luck (1987) • Enigma (2001) • Being Mick (2001) • The Women (2008) • Get on Up (2014) • Mr. Dynamite: The Rise of James Brown (2014) • Vinyl (2016)

2.12 References

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[134] Australian chart peaks:

• Top 100 (Kent Music Report) peaks to 19 June 1988: Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (Illustrated ed.). St. Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 153. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. N.B. the Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between mid 1983 and 19 June 1988. • Top 50 (ARIA Chart) peaks from 26 June 1988: “australian-charts.com > Mick Jagger in Australian Charts”. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2016. • Top 100 (ARIA Chart) peaks from January 1990 to December 2010: Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia’s Music Charts 1988–2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. 68 CHAPTER 2. MICK JAGGER

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[138] Lawson, Carol (23 March 1981). “Herzog Jungle Film Halts As Ill Robards Leaves”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2017.

2.13 External links

• Official website

• Mick Jagger on IMDb • Mick Jagger on Charlie Rose

• Sir Michael Philip ('Mick') Jagger (1943–), Singer and : Sitter associated with 33 portraits (National Portrait Gallery) • The Rolling Stones – Mick Jagger

• Mick Jagger Joins a New ABC Sitcom • 1983 Audio interview with Mick Jagger-discusses Undercover album Classic Rock Central

• Mick Jagger interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1969) 2.13. EXTERNAL LINKS 69

Jagger live at the , , Italy, in 2003 70 CHAPTER 2. MICK JAGGER

Jagger performing with the Stones at Hyde Park, London in July 2013 2.13. EXTERNAL LINKS 71

Jagger and Richards in San Francisco during the Rolling Stones’ 1972 US tour 72 CHAPTER 2. MICK JAGGER

Jagger’s jumpsuit from the Stones 1972 tour, on display at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame museum, , Ohio 2.13. EXTERNAL LINKS 73

Jagger’s military-style jacket worn during the 1989–1990 tour, on display at Hard Rock Cafe, Sydney, Australia 74 CHAPTER 2. MICK JAGGER

Jagger singing during the Rolling Stones’ 50 & Counting Tour in , Massachusetts, 12 June 2013 Chapter 3

Keith Richards

For the basketball coach, see Keith Richard.

Keith Richards (born 18 December 1943) is an English guitarist, singer, songwriter, and author, best known as a founding member of the rock band the Rolling Stones. Rolling Stone magazine credited Richards for “rock’s greatest single body of riffs” on guitar and ranked him 4th on its list of 100 best guitarists.[1] Fourteen songs that Richards wrote with the Rolling Stones’ lead vocalist Mick Jagger are listed among Rolling Stone magazine’s "500 Greatest Songs of All Time".[2] The Stones are generally known for their guitar interplay of rhythm and lead (“weaving”) between Richards and Brian Jones, Mick Taylor and Ronnie Wood over the years. In spite of this, Richards plays the only guitar tracks on some of their most famous songs including "", "Ruby Tuesday", "Sympathy for the Devil" and "Gimme Shelter".

3.1 Early life

Richards was born 18 December 1943 at Livingston Hospital, in Dartford, Kent, England. He is the only child of Doris M. L. (née Dupree) and Herbert W. Richards. His father was a factory worker who was wounded in World War II during the Normandy invasion.[3]:17–18 Richards’ paternal grandparents, Ernie and Eliza Richards, were socialists and civic leaders, whom he credited as “more or less creat(ing) the Walthamstow Labour Party”, whilst Eliza also became mayor of the Municipal Borough of Waltham- stow in London in 1941.[4] His great-grandfather’s family originated from Wales.[3]:17–18[5][6]:500 His maternal grandfather, Augustus Theodore “Gus” Dupree, who toured Britain with a jazz big band, Gus Dupree and his Boys, fostered Richards’ interest in guitar.[3]:29–30 Richards has said that it was Dupree who gave him his first guitar.[7] His grandfather 'teased' the young Richards with a guitar that was on a shelf that Richards couldn't reach at the time. Finally Dupree told Richards, that if Richards could reach the guitar then he could have it. Richards then devised all manner of ways of reaching the guitar, putting books and cushions on a chair and finally got the guitar and his grandfather let him have it. His grandfather taught him the rudiments of Richards’ first tune, "Malagueña". He worked on the number 'like mad' and then his grandfather let him keep the guitar. He called it 'the prize of the century'. Richards played at home, listening to recordings by Billie Holiday, Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington and others.[3]:33 His father, on the other hand, disparaged his son’s musical enthusiasm.[8] One of Richards’ first guitar heroes was .[6]:72 Richards attended Wentworth Primary School with Mick Jagger and was his neighbour until 1954, when the family moved. From 1955 to 1959 he attended Dartford Technical High School for Boys.[3]:22[9] Recruited by Dartford Tech’s choirmaster, R. W. “Jake” Clare, Richards sang in a trio of boy sopranos at, among other occasions, Westminster Abbey for Queen Elizabeth II.[3]:27–28 In 1959 Richards was expelled from Dartford Tech for truancy and transferred to Sidcup Art College, where he met Dick Taylor.[3]:30[10]:263 At Sidcup he was diverted from his studies proper and devoted more time to playing guitar with other students in the boys’ room. At this point Richards had learned most of Chuck Berry's solos.[3]:34–35

75 76 CHAPTER 3. KEITH RICHARDS

Richards met Jagger on a train as Jagger was heading for classes at the London School of Economics.[3]:38 The mail-order rhythm & blues albums from by Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters that Jagger was carrying revealed a mutual interest[11][12] and led to a renewal of their friendship. Along with mutual friend Dick Taylor, Jagger was singing in an amateur band: Little Boy Blue and the Blue Boys, which Richards soon joined. The Blues Boys folded when Brian Jones, after sharing thoughts on their joint interest in the blues music, invited Mick and Keith to the Bricklayers Arms pub, where they then met Ian Stewart.[13][14] By mid-1962 Richards had left Sidcup Art College to devote himself to music and moved into a London flat with Jagger and Jones. His parents divorced about the same time, resulting in his staying close to his mother and remaining estranged from his father until 1982.[3]:327–328 After the Rolling Stones signed to Decca Records in 1963 their band manager, Andrew Loog Oldham, dropped the s from Richards’ surname believing that “Keith Richard”, in his words, “looked more pop”.[3]:63 In the late 1970s Richards re-established the s in his surname.

3.2 Musicianship

3.2.1 Bandleader

Stewart said Richards was the Rolling Stones’ bandleader, and Richards says his job is “oiling the machinery”. Bill Wyman and Ronnie Wood say that while most bands follow the drummer, the Rolling Stones, Wyman says, have “no way of 'not' following” Richards.[15][16][17]

3.2.2 Guitarist

Chris Spedding calls Richards’ guitar playing “direct, incisive and unpretentious”.[18] Richards says he is focused on chords and rhythms while avoiding flamboyant and competitive virtuosity by not trying to be the “fastest gun in the west”.[15] Richards prefers teaming with at least one other guitarist and has almost never toured without one.[19] Chuck Berry has been an inspiration for Richards,[20]:30 and with Jagger, he introduced Berry’s songs to the Rolling Stones’ early repertoire. In the late 1960s Jones’ declining contributions led Richards to record all guitar parts on many tracks, including slide guitar. Jones’ replacement Mick Taylor played guitar with the Rolling Stones from 1969 to 1974. Taylor’s virtuosity on lead guitar led to a pronounced separation between lead and rhythm guitar roles, most notably onstage.[15] In 1975 Taylor was replaced by Wood, whose arrival marked a return to a guitar interplay Richards called “the ancient art of weaving”, which he and Jones had gleaned from the Chicago Blues artists.[21]:39, 180 A break in touring during 1967–1968 allowed Richards to focus on open tunings. Richards primarily used open tunings for fingered chording developing a distinctive style of syncopated and ringing I-IV chording heard on "Street Fighting Man" and "Start Me Up".[22] Richards’ favoured—but not exclusively used—open tuning is a five-string open G tuning: GDGBD. This tuning removes the low sixth string, which would normally be tuned to D in a six string G tuning, as the root note is on the 5th string, and the lower note just “gets in the way” of Richards’ own playing, as well as the bass player’s.[23] Several of his Telecasters are tuned this way (see the “Guitars” section below). This tuning is prominent on Rolling Stones’ recordings including "Honky Tonk Women", "Brown Sugar" and “Start Me Up”.[24] Richards has stated that banjo tuning was the inspiration for this tuning.[25] Richards regards as the basis for his playing,[26] believing that the limitations of would cause him to “lose that touch” if he stopped playing an acoustic.[24] Richards plays acoustic guitar on many Rolling Stones’ tracks, including “Play with Fire”, “Brown Sugar” and "Angie". All guitars on the studio versions of “Street Fighting Man” and "Jumpin' Jack Flash" feature acoustic guitars overloaded to a cassette recorder, then reamped through a loudspeaker in the studio.[27] 3.2. MUSICIANSHIP 77

Richards in February 2006 78 CHAPTER 3. KEITH RICHARDS

3.2.3 Vocals and other instruments

Richards sang in a school choir – most notably for Queen Elizabeth II – until adolescence’s effect on his voice forced him out of it.[28]:173–174 He has sung backing vocals on every Rolling Stones album. Since Between the Buttons (1967), he has sung lead or co-lead on at least one track (see list below) of every Rolling Stones studio album, but Their Satanic Majesties Request, Sticky Fingers, It’s Only Rock 'n Roll and Blue & Lonesome. During the Rolling Stones’ 1972 tour Richards began singing lead vocals on "Happy" in concert, and has since then typically sung one lead vocal, progressing to two since 1986.[29] During the 2006 and 2007 Rolling Stones’ tours Richards sang "You Got the Silver" (1969) without self-accompaniment.[30] Recordings of Richards playing other instruments besides guitar are not unusual. He has played bass guitar on several Rolling Stones’ studio recordings, including "Sympathy for the Devil" (1968) and "Happy" (1972). Richards also played bass guitar for the supergroup The Dirty Mac.[31] Richards regards keyboards as a songwriting tool and has played them on several Rolling Stones recordings and played them live for two Ronnie Wood concerts and during The New Barbarians' 1979 tour. Richards has also played percussion on select Rolling Stones tracks, such as the floor tom on “Jumpin' Jack Flash” (1968), tambourine on “Infamy” (2005)[32] and bicycle spokes on “Continental Drift” (1989).[33]

3.3 Songwriting

Richards and Jagger began their songwriting partnership in 1963 at the insistence of manager Andrew Loog Oldham who saw no long career in playing covers.[34] The earliest Jagger/Richards collaborations were recorded by other artists, including Gene Pitney, whose rendition of “That Girl Belongs to Yesterday” was their first top-ten single in the UK.[35] They scored another top-ten hit in 1964 with the debut single written for Marianne Faithfull,"As Tears Go By". Richards recalls: “We were writing these terrible pop songs that were becoming top ten hits ... They had nothing to do with us, except we wrote 'em.”[36] The first top-ten hit for the Rolling Stones with a Jagger and Richards original was "The Last Time" in early 1965;[37] "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" (also 1965) was their first international number one recording. Richards has stated that the “Satisfaction” riff came to him in his sleep; he woke up just long enough to record it on a cassette player by his bed.[28]:51 Since Aftermath (1966) most Rolling Stones albums have consisted mainly of Jagger and Richards originals. Their songs reflect the influence of blues, R&B, rock & roll, pop, soul, gospel and country, as well as forays into psychedelia and social commentary. Their work in the 1970s and beyond has incorporated elements of , disco, reggae and punk.[36] Richards has also written and recorded slow torchy ballads, such as "All About You" (1980). In his solo career, Richards has often shared co-writing credits with drummer and co-producer . Richards has said, “I've always thought songs written by two people are better than those written by one. You get another angle on it.”[36] Richards has frequently stated that he feels less like a creator than a conduit when writing songs: “I don't have that god aspect about it. I prefer to think of myself as an antenna. There’s only one song, and Adam and Eve wrote it; the rest is a variation on a theme.”[36] Richards was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1993.[38]

3.4 Record production

Richards has been active as a music producer since the 1960s. He was credited as producer and musical director on the 1966 album Today’s Pop Symphony, one of manager Andrew Loog Oldham's side projects, although there are doubts about how much Richards was actually involved with it.[20]:224 On the Rolling Stones’ 1967 album Their Satanic Majesties Request the entire band was credited as producer, but since 1974, Richards and Mick Jagger have frequently co-produced Rolling Stones’ and other artists’ records under the name "the Glimmer Twins", often in collaboration with other producers. In early 1973, Mick Jagger and Keith Richards developed an interest in the band Kracker, resulting in a deal whereby the band’s second album was licensed for distribution outside America by Rolling Stones Records, making Kracker the first 3.4. RECORD PRODUCTION 79

band on that label. Members Victor Angulo - guitar/vocals, Art Casado - Drums, Carl Driggs - Lead Vocals/percussion, Chuck Francour - Lead Vocals/Keyboard and Carlos Garcia - Bass/vocals were all born in Cuba which made them a unique band for the times. Since the 1980s Richards has chalked up numerous production and co-production credits on projects with other artists including , Johnnie Johnson and Ronnie Spector, as well as on his own albums with the X-Pensive Winos (see below). In the 1990s Richards co-produced and added guitar and vocals to a recording of nyabinghi Rastafarian chanting and drumming entitled "Wingless Angels", released on Richards’ own record label, Mindless Records, in 1997.

3.4.1 Solo recordings

Richards has released few solo recordings. His first solo single released in 1978 was versions of Chuck Berry's "" and Jimmy Cliff's "The Harder They Come". In 1987, after Jagger pursued a solo recording and tour- ing career, Richards formed the “X-pensive Winos” with co-songwriter and co-producer Steve Jordan, whom Richards assembled for his Chuck Berry documentary Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll. Additional members of the X-pensive Winos included guitarist , saxophonist Bobby Keys, keyboardist and on bass. The first Winos’ record, Talk Is Cheap, also featured Bernie Worrell, Bootsy Collins and Maceo Parker. Since its release, Talk Is Cheap has gone gold and has sold consistently. Its release was followed by the first of the two US tours Richards has done as a solo artist. Live at the Hollywood Palladium, 15 December 1988 documents the first of these tours. In 1992 the Winos’ second studio record Main Offender was released, and was also followed by a tour.[39] Although the Winos featured on both albums, they were credited to Richards as a solo artist. A third Richards album, , was released in September 2015.[40]

3.4.2 Recordings with other artists

During the 1960s, most of Richards’ recordings with artists other than the Rolling Stones were sessions for Andrew Oldham's Immediate Records label. Notable exceptions were when Richards, along with Mick Jagger and numerous other guests, sang on the Beatles' 1967 TV broadcast of "";[39] and when he played bass with John Lennon, Eric Clapton, , Ivry Gitlis and Yoko Ono as the Dirty Mac for The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus TV special, filmed in 1968.[41] In the 1970s Richards worked outside the Rolling Stones with Ronnie Wood on several occasions, contributing guitar, piano and vocals to Wood’s first two solo albums and joining him on stage for two July 1974 concerts to promote I've Got My Own Album to Do. In December 1974 Richards also made a guest appearance at a Faces concert. During 1976 and '77, Richards played on and co-produced 's solo recording Pay Pack & Follow (released in 2001). In 1979 he toured the US with the New Barbarians, the band that Wood put together to promote his album ; he and Wood also contributed guitar and backing vocals to “Truly” on Ian McLagan's 1979 album Troublemaker (re-released in 2005 as Here Comes Trouble).[39] Since the 1980s Richards has made more frequent guest appearances. In 1981 he played on reggae singer Max Romeo's album Holding Out My Love to You. He has worked with Tom Waits on three occasions, adding guitar and backing vocals to Waits’ album Rain Dogs (1985); co-writing, playing and sharing the lead vocal on “That Feel” on Bone Machine (1992); and adding guitar and vocals to Bad As Me (2011). In 1986 Richards produced and played on Aretha Franklin's rendition of "Jumpin' Jack Flash" and served as musical producer and band leader (or, as he phrased it, “S&M director”)[42] for the Chuck Berry film Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll.[39] In the 1990s and 2000s Richards continued to contribute to a wide range of musical projects as a guest artist. A few of the notable sessions he has done include guitar and vocals on Johnnie Johnson's 1991 release Johnnie B. Bad, which he also co-produced; and lead vocals and guitar on “Oh Lord, Don't Let Them Drop That Atomic Bomb on Me” on the 1992 Charles Mingus tribute album Weird Nightmare. He duetted with country legend George Jones on “Say It’s Not You” on the Bradley Barn Sessions (1994); a second duet from the same sessions – “Burn Your Playhouse Down” – appeared on Jones’ 2008 release Burn Your Playhouse Down – The Unreleased Duets. He partnered with on “Deuce and a Quarter” for Scotty Moore's album All the King’s Men (1997). His guitar and lead vocals are featured on the Hank Williams tribute album Timeless (2001) and on veteran blues guitarist Hubert Sumlin's album About Them Shoes (2005). 80 CHAPTER 3. KEITH RICHARDS

Keith Richards 2005

Richards also added guitar and vocals to Toots & the Maytals' recording of “Careless Ethiopians” for their 2004 album True Love which won the Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album.[43] Additionally, in December 2007 Richards released a download-only Christmas-single via iTunes of "Run Rudolph Run"; and the B-side was a 2003 recorded version of the famous reggae song "Pressure Drop" featuring singing with Richards backed by original Maytals band members Jackie Jackson and Paul Douglas.[39]

3.4.3 Rare and unreleased recordings

In 2005 the Rolling Stones released Rarities 1971–2003, which includes some rare and limited-issue recordings, but Richards has described the band’s released output as the “tip of the iceberg”.[44] Many of the band’s unreleased songs and studio jam sessions are widely bootlegged, as are numerous Richards solo recordings, including his 1977 Toronto studio sessions, some 1981 studio sessions and tapes made during his 1983 wedding trip to Mexico.[39]

3.5 Public image and private life

Music journalist Nick Kent attached to Richards Lord Byron's epithet of “mad, bad, and dangerous to know”. Jagger thought that Richards’ image had “contributed to him becoming a junkie”.[3]:213–214 In 1994 Richards said his image was “like a long shadow ... Even though that was nearly twenty years ago, you cannot convince some people that I'm not a mad drug addict.”[45] Richards’ notoriety for illicit drug use stems in part from several drug busts during the late 1960s and 1970s and his 3.5. PUBLIC IMAGE AND PRIVATE LIFE 81

candour about using heroin and other substances. Richards has been tried on drug-related charges five times: in 1967, twice in 1973, in 1977, and in 1978.[3]:133–135, 215–216, 280–283[46]:177–178 The first trial – the only one involving a prison sentence[46]:177–178 – resulted from a February 1967 police raid on Redlands, Richards’ Sussex estate, where he and some friends, including Jagger, were spending the weekend.[47]:243–245 The subsequent arrest of Richards and Jagger put them on trial before the British courts, while also exposing them to public opinion. On 29 June 1967, Jagger was sentenced to three months’ imprisonment for possession of four amphetamine tablets. Richards was found guilty of allowing cannabis to be smoked on his property and sentenced to one year in prison.[47]:276 Both Jagger and Richards were imprisoned at that point: Jagger was taken to Brixton Prison in south London,[48] and Richards to Wormwood Scrubs Prison in west London.[49] Both were released on bail the next day pending appeal.[47]:277 On 1 July The Times ran an editorial entitled Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?, portraying Jagger’s sentence as persecution, and public sentiment against the convictions increased.[20]:286 A month later the appeals court overturned Richards’ conviction for lack of evidence, and gave Jagger a conditional discharge.[47]:278–279 On 27 February 1977, while Richards was staying in a Toronto hotel, then known as the Harbour Castle Hilton on Queen’s Quay East, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police found heroin in his room and charged him with “possession of heroin for the purpose of trafficking” – an offence that at that time could result in prison sentences of seven years to life under the Narcotic Control Act.[46]:67–68 His passport was confiscated and Richards and his family remained in Toronto until 1 April, when Richards was allowed to enter the United States on a medical visa for treatment for heroin addiction.[3]:261–263 The charge against him was later reduced to “simple possession of heroin”.[46]:134 For the next two years, Richards lived under threat of criminal sanction. Throughout this period he remained active with the Rolling Stones, recording their biggest-selling studio album, Some Girls, and touring North America. Richards was tried in October 1978, pleading guilty to possession of heroin.[20]:453 [46]:134–136 He was given a suspended sentence and put on probation for one year, with orders to continue treatment for heroin addiction and to perform a benefit concert on behalf of the Canadian National Institute for the Blind after a blind fan testified on his behalf.[46]:178 Although the prosecution had filed an appeal of the sentence, Richards performed two CNIB benefit concerts at Oshawa Civic Auditorium on 22 April 1979; both shows featured the Rolling Stones and the New Barbarians.[50] In September 1979 the Ontario Court of Appeal upheld the original sentence.[51] In 2016, he stated he still occasionally drinks alcohol and consumes hashish and cannabis.[52] Richards maintained cordial relations after breaking up with Italian-born actress Anita Pallenberg (d. June 13, 2017),[53] the mother of his first three children. Richards and Pallenberg, who never married, were a couple from 1967 to 1979. Together they have a son, Marlon Leon Sundeep (named after the actor Marlon Brando), born in 1969,[20]:343 and a daughter, Angela (originally named Dandelion), born in 1972.[20]:392 Their third child, a son named Tara Jo Jo Gunne (after Richards’ and Pallenberg’s friend Guinness heir Tara Browne), died on 6 June 1976 at just over two months old of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).[3]:242–246 Richards was away on tour at the time, something he said has haunted him since.[6]:263 He was criticised at the time for performing that night after learning of the death, but he later said it was the only way he could cope.[54] Later in 1979, Richards met his future wife, model . They married on 18 December 1983, Richards’ 40th birthday, and have two daughters, Theodora Dupree and Alexandra Nicole, born in 1985 and 1986 respectively. In September 2014, Richards published a children’s book with Theodora, Gus and Me: The Story of My Granddad and My First Guitar. Theodora was reported as contributing pen and ink illustrations for the book, which was inspired by the man she’s named after (Richards’ grandfather Theodore Augustus Dupree).[55] Richards still owns Redlands, the Sussex estate he purchased in 1966, as well as a home in Weston, Connecticut, and another in the private resort island of Parrot Cay, Turks & Caicos.[56][57] His primary home is in Weston.[58] In June 2013, Richards said that he would retire with his family to Parrot Cay or Jamaica if he knew his death was coming.[59] However, in November 2016 he said “I'd like to croak magnificently, onstage.”[52] Keith Richards has five grandchildren,[60] three from his son Marlon and two from his daughter Angela.[61] He is an avid reader with a strong interest in history and owns an extensive library.[62][63] An April 2010 article revealed that Richards yearns to be a librarian.[64] 82 CHAPTER 3. KEITH RICHARDS

Toronto hotel, site of Richards’ 1977 drug bust. 3.6. 21ST CENTURY 83

3.6 21st century

On 27 April 2006, while in Fiji, Richards slipped off the branch of a dead tree (later to be reported by the interna- tional press as a coconut tree) and suffered a head injury. He subsequently underwent cranial surgery at a New Zealand hospital.[65] The incident delayed the Rolling Stones’ 2006 European tour for six weeks and forced the band to resched- ule several shows. The revised tour schedule included a brief statement from Richards apologising for “falling off my perch.”[66] The band made up most of the postponed dates in 2006, and toured Europe in 2007 to make up the remainder. In a video message in late 2013 as part of the On Fire tour, Richards gave his thanks to the surgeons in New Zealand who treated him, remarking that “I left half my brain there.”[67] In August 2006 Richards was granted a pardon by Arkansas governor Mike Huckabee for a 1975 reckless driving citation.[68][69] In 2007, Richards played Captain Edward Teague in At World’s End, the third film in the Pirates of the Caribbean series. In 2011, he played Captain Edward Teague again in the fourth film Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. See also List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. In 2012, he joined the 11th annual Independent Music Awards judging panel to assist independent musicians’ careers.[70] In a 2015 interview with the New York Daily News, Richards expressed his dislike for Rap and hip hop, deeming them for “tone deaf” people and consisting of “a drum beat and somebody yelling over it”[25][71] In the same interview he called and “great jokes” and bemoaned the lack of syncopation in most rock and roll, claiming it “sounds like a dull thud to me”. He also said he stopped being a Beatles fan in 1967 when they visited the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi;[72] nevertheless, this didn't prevent him from playing bass in John Lennon’s pickup band “The Dirty Mac” for a performance of the Beatles’ song “Yer Blues” in the Stones’ Rock and Roll Circus in December 1968. For the weekend of 23 September 2016, Richards, together with director , curated and hosted a three- nights programme on BBC Four, called Lost Weekend. Richards’ choices consisted of his favourite 1960s comedy shows, cartoons and thrillers, interspersed with interviews, rare musical performances and night imagery. This 'televisual journey' was the first of its kind on British TV. Temple also directed a documentary, The Origin of the Species, about Richards’ childhood in post-war England and his musical roots.

3.6.1 Tributes for other artists

From the start of his career Richards has made appearances to pay tribute to those artists with whom he has formed friendships and those who have inspired and encouraged him. After the earliest success of the band, who played cover songs of American blues artists, while he and Jagger were just beginning their own songwriting, the Rolling Stones visited the States to pay back, in his words, “that’s where that fame bit comes in handy”. Since that time, he has performed on many occasions to show appreciation toward them. Among these, he has appeared with in a tribute concert for in 2006 playing guitar and singing a duet, "Love Hurts". On 12 March 2007 Richards attended the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame ceremony to induct the Ronettes; he also played guitar during the ceremony’s all-star jam session.[39] On 26 February 2012, Richards paid tribute to fellow musicians Chuck Berry and Leonard Cohen who were the recipients of the first annual PEN Awards for songwriting excellence at the JFK Presidential Library in Boston, Massachusetts.[73] In an April 2007 interview for NME magazine, music journalist Mark Beaumont asked Richards what the strangest thing he ever snorted was,[74] and quoted him as replying: “My father. I snorted my father. He was cremated and I couldn't resist grinding him up with a little bit of blow. My dad wouldn't have cared ... It went down pretty well, and I'm still alive.”[75][76] In the media uproar that followed, Richards’ manager said that the anecdote had been meant as a joke;[77] Beaumont told Uncut magazine that the interview had been conducted by international telephone and that he had misquoted Richards at one point (reporting that Richards had said he listens to Motörhead, when what he had said was Mozart), but that he believed the ash-snorting anecdote was true.[74][78] Musician from the band wrote a song titled 'Cocaine And Ashes’, which was inspired by Richards’ drug habits.[79] Doris Richards, Richards’ 91-year-old mother, died of cancer in England on 21 April 2007. An official statement released by a family representative stated that Richards kept a vigil by her bedside during her last days.[80][81] Richards made a cameo appearance as Captain Teague, the father of Captain Jack Sparrow (played by Johnny Depp), in Pirates of the Caribbean: At World’s End, released in May 2007,[82] and won the Best Celebrity Cameo award at the 2007 84 CHAPTER 3. KEITH RICHARDS

Richards paying tribute to fellow musicians Chuck Berry and Leonard Cohen at the first annual PEN Awards in the JFK Presidential Library in Boston, Massachusetts, 16 February 2012

Spike Horror Awards for the role.[83] Depp has stated that he based many of Sparrow’s mannerisms on Richards.[82][84][85] Richards reprised his role in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides, released in May 2011. In March 2008 fashion house Louis Vuitton unveiled an advertising campaign featuring a photo of Richards with his Gibson ES-355, taken by photographer Annie Leibovitz. Richards donated the fee for his involvement to the Climate Project, an organisation for raising environmental awareness.[86] On 28 October 2008 Richards appeared at the Musicians’ Hall of Fame induction ceremony in Nashville, Tennessee, joining the newly inducted Crickets on stage for performances of "Peggy Sue", "Not Fade Away" and "That'll Be the Day".[87][88] In August 2009, Richards was ranked No. 4 in Time magazine's list of the 10 best electric guitar players of all time.[89] In September 2009 Richards told Rolling Stone magazine that in addition to anticipating a new Rolling Stones album, he had done some recording with Jack White: “I enjoy working with Jack,” he said. “We've done a couple of tracks.”[90] On 17 October 2009, Richards received the Rock Immortal Award at Spike TV's Scream 2009 awards ceremony at the Greek Theatre, Los Angeles; the award was presented by Johnny Depp.[91] “I liked the living legend, that was all right,” Richards said, referring to an award he received in 1989,[92] “but immortal is even better.”[93] In 2009, a book of Richards’ quotations was published, titled What Would Keith Richards Do?: Daily Affirmations from a Rock 'n' Roll Survivor.[94] In August 2007 Richards signed a publishing deal for his autobiography,[95] Life, which was released 26 October 2010.[6] Richards appeared in the 2011 documentary : Reggae Got Soul which was featured on BBC and described as “The untold story of one of the most influential artists ever to come out of Jamaica”.[96][97] 3.7. FRIENDSHIP WITH MICK JAGGER 85

Richards with the Rolling Stones during the 50 & Counting Tour in December 2012

3.7 Friendship with Mick Jagger

Richards’ relationship with bandmate Jagger is frequently described as "love/hate" by the media.[98][99] Richards himself said in a 1998 interview: “I think of our differences as a family squabble. If I shout and scream at him, 86 CHAPTER 3. KEITH RICHARDS

Jagger and Richards in San Francisco during the Rolling Stones’ 1972 US tour

it’s because no one else has the guts to do it or else they're paid not to do it. At the same time I'd hope Mick realises that I'm a friend who is just trying to bring him into line and do what needs to be done.”[100] Richards, along with Johnny Depp, tried unsuccessfully to persuade Jagger to appear in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides, alongside Depp and Richards.[101] Richards’ autobiography, Life, was released on 26 October 2010.[102] On 15 October 2010, the Associated Press published an article stating that Richards refers to Jagger as “unbearable” in the book and notes that their relationship has been strained “for decades.”[103] Richards’ opinion had softened by 2015, still calling Jagger a “snob” (and giving supporting evidence from Jagger’s daugh- ter), but adding “I still love him dearly... your friends don't have to be perfect.”[72]

3.8 Musical equipment 3.8. MUSICAL EQUIPMENT 87

Richards playing “Micawber,” a 1953 Fender Telecaster in 2006.

3.8.1 Guitars

Richards has a collection of approximately 3,000 guitars.[104] Even though he has used many different guitar models, in a 1986 Guitar World interview Richards joked that no matter what model he plays, “give me five minutes and I'll make 'em all sound the same.”[15] Richards has often thanked Leo Fender, and other guitar manufacturers for making the instruments, as he did during the induction ceremony of the Rolling Stones into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Some of his notable instruments are: 88 CHAPTER 3. KEITH RICHARDS

• Harmony Meteor – This was Richards’ main guitar in the Stones’ early periods; it was all but retired in 1964 when he acquired his Standard.

• 1959 Standard – Richards acquired this instrument, fitted with a Bigsby tailpiece, in 1964.[105] The guitar was the first “star-owned” Les Paul in Britain and served as one of Richards’ main instruments through 1966.[106] He later sold the guitar to future Rolling Stones bandmate Mick Taylor.[107] The guitar was most likely stolen during the Nellcôte burglary in July 1971.

• 1961 Casino – Richards first used this instrument in May 1964, shortly before the Stones’ first tour of America. The guitar (along with the 1959 Les Paul Standard) became a frequently used guitar by Richards until 1966.[108][109][110][111]

• 1965 VII;- In the mid 1960s, Richards, and Brian Jones, were often seen with matching Firebird VIIs in vintage sunburst.

• 1957 Gibson Les Paul Custom – In 1966 Richards acquired a 1957 Les Paul Custom,[112] and hand-painted it with psychedelic patterns in 1968. It served as his main stage and studio guitar from 1966 through the end of the Rolling Stones’ 1971 UK tour. The guitar was most likely stolen during the Nellcôte burglary in July 1971, and ended up in the hands of a collector in the mid-1990s.

• He acquired a second late 1950s Gibson Les Paul Custom in 1969 to use in open-G tuning on the 1969 and 1970 tour.

• Gibson ES-355s – Richards used this semi-hollow model on stage during the Rolling Stones’ 1969 tour;[113] it was a favourite for both Richards and Taylor during recording sessions for Sticky Fingers and Exile on Main St.. Richards has used ES-355s on every tour since 1997. In 2006, he also unveiled a white Gibson ES-345.[114][115]

• Gibson Les Paul Juniors – Richards has regularly used both single-cutaway and double-cutaway Juniors since 1973. The one he is most frequently seen with is a TV-yellow double-cutaway instrument nicknamed “Dice”, which he has used since 1979. On recent tours he has used this guitar for "Midnight Rambler" and "Out of Control".

• 1953 Fender Telecaster - The guitar most associated with Richards, he acquired this butterscotch Telecaster in 1971. Nicknamed "Micawber", after a character in Charles Dickens' novel David Copperfield,[23] it is set up for five-string open-G tuning (-GDGBD), and has an aftermarket bridge made of brass, with individual saddles rather than the 3 the original bridge would have had. Richards has removed the saddle for the low string.[23] The neck pick-up has been replaced by Ted Newman Jones with a Gibson PAF humbucking pick-up, and the bridge pick-up has been replaced by a Fender lap steel pick-up (similar to a Fender Broadcaster pick-up). Ted Newman Jones scored several guitars to rebuild Keith’s collection, two of which to this day are Keith’s most famous guitars, a 1953 butterscotch-Telecaster which he would later (in the 1980s) name 'Micawber' and a 1954 natural ash finished Telecaster he would later name 'Malcolm'. Over the years, there was speculation that the 'Micawber' Telecaster was possibly the Telecaster that Eric Clapton gave to Keith at the time of the Exile sessions. Ted Newman Jones squelched the theory, “No, that guitar was not from Eric Clapton. It and a 1954 one ('Malcolm') were some of the ones I replaced when his guitars were stolen at Nellcôte.” “Micawber” is one of Richards’ main stage guitars, and is often used to play "Brown Sugar", "", and "Honky Tonk Women".[116]

• 1954 Fender Telecaster – A second Telecaster, nicknamed both “Malcolm” and “Number 2”, is also set up for 5- string open-G tuning with the same bridge setup as Micawber and has a Gibson PAF pick-up in the neck position. It has a natural finish and the wood grain is visible.[116]

• 1967 Fender Telecaster – A third Telecaster used for five-string open-G playing is a dark sunburst model, which is also fitted with a Gibson PAF pick-up. The PAF on this guitar has had its cover removed, exposing the bobbins.[116] Richards has used this guitar on stage for many songs, including "You Can't Always Get What You Want" and "Tumbling Dice".

• 1958 – Fellow Rolling Stones guitarist Ronnie Wood gave Richards his 1958 Mary Kaye Sig- nature Stratocaster after the band’s 1982 tour. The guitar is finished in see-through blond and fitted with gold hardware.[116] Richards has used this guitar onstage for “You Don't Have to Mean It” and "Miss You". 3.8. MUSICAL EQUIPMENT 89

• 1975 Fender Telecaster Custom – Richards first used this guitar on the Rolling Stones’ 1975 Tour of the Americas, and it was his main stage and recording guitar until 1986. It was later adapted for five-string open-G tuning, and reappeared on stage in 2005.

• plexiglas guitar – The Dan Armstrong guitar was given to Richards during rehearsals for the 1969 tour[117] and became one of his main stage and studio guitars until it was stolen during the Nellcote burglary in July 1971. For the 1972 tour, he purchased two new Dan Armstrong guitars, which he only used during the first couple of shows. Fitted with a custom-made “sustained treble” humbucker pick-up, he used the guitar mainly in standard tuning. It can be heard on “Carol”, “Sympathy for the Devil”, and “Midnight Rambler” on Get Yer Ya-Ya’s Out. On the 1970 tour Richards added a second Dan Armstrong guitar fitted with a “rock treble” pick-up.

• Gibson Hummingbird – played since the late 1960s[118]

• Gibson L6-S Custom – Played around the time of the Black and Blue album. Appears in the promotional videos for “Crazy Mama”, "" and "Hot Stuff".

• Zemaitis Five-String – Custom-made in 1974 by British luthier Tony Zemaitis, the guitar nicknamed both “Macabre” and “the Pirate Zemaitis” was decorated with skulls, a pistol and a dagger. Richards used it as his main open-G guitar from 1975 to 1978, when it was destroyed in a fire at his rented Los Angeles home. Richards used a Japanese- made replica on the 2005–06 tour.

• Newman-Jones custom guitars – Texas luthier Ted Newman-Jones made several custom five-string instruments that Richards used on the 1973 tours of Australasia and Europe. Richards used another Newman-Jones custom model on the 1979 New Barbarians tour.

3.8.2 Amplifiers

Richards’ amplifier preferences have changed repeatedly, but he is a long-time proponent of using low-powered amps in the studio, getting clarity plus distortion by using two amps, a larger one such as a Fender Twin run clean, along with a Fender Champ, which is overdriven.[119] To record Crosseyed Heart, Richards used a stock tweed Fender Champ with 8” speaker coupled with a modified Fender Harvard.[120] Some of his notable amplifiers are:

• Mesa/Boogie Mark 1 A804 – Used between 1977 and 1993, this 100-watt 1x12” combo is finished in hardwood with a wicker grille. It can be heard on the Rolling Stones albums Love You Live, Some Girls, Emotional Rescue and Tattoo You, as well as on Richards’ two solo albums Talk is Cheap and Main Offender. This amplifier was handcrafted by Randall Smith and delivered to Richards in March 1977.[121]

• Fender Twin – Since the 1990s, Richards has tended to use a variety of Fender “tweed” Twins on stage. Containing a pair of 12” speakers, the Fender Twin was, by 1958, an 80-watt all-tube guitar amplifier. Richards has utilised a pair of Fender Twins “to achieve his signature clean/dirty rhythm and lead sound.”[122]

• Fender Dual Showman – first acquired in 1964, Richards made frequent use of his blackface Dual Showman amp through mid-1966. Used to record The Rolling Stones, Now!, Out of Our Heads, December’s Children and Aftermath before switching over to various prototype amplifiers from Vox in 1967 and the fairly new Hiwatt in 1968

• Ampeg SVT – With 350 watts the Ampeg SVT amps’ midrange control, midrange shift switch, input pads, treble control with bright switch shaped the guitar sound of 1970s live Stones. Used live by the Stones for guitar, bass and organ (Leslie) from '69 to '78. For a brief period in 1972 and 1973, Ampeg V4 and VT40 amps shared duties in the studio with Fender Twin and Deluxe Reverb amps. 90 CHAPTER 3. KEITH RICHARDS

Richards, Rolling Stones Voodoo Lounge World Tour, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1995.

3.8.3 Effects

In 1965 Richards used a Gibson Maestro fuzzbox to achieve the distinctive tone of his riff on "(I Can't Get No) Satisfac- tion";[123] the success of the resulting single boosted the sales of the device to the extent that all available stock had sold out by the end of 1965.[124] In the 1970s and early 1980s Richards frequently used guitar effects such as a wah-wah pedal, a phaser and a Leslie speaker,[125] but he mainly relies on combining “the right amp with the right guitar” to achieve the sound he wants.[126]

3.9 Discography

3.9.1 Studio albums

• Talk Is Cheap (1988)

• Main Offender (1992)

• Crosseyed Heart (2015)

3.9.2 Other releases

• Live at the Hollywood Palladium, December 15, 1988

• Vintage Vinos (compilation) 3.10. GUEST APPEARANCES 91

3.9.3 Singles

3.10 Guest appearances

• The Beatles – backing vocals on "All You Need Is Love" broadcast (1967) • The Dirty Mac – The Rolling Stones’ Rock & Roll Circus (recorded 1968, released 2004) – bass guitar on "Yer Blues" and “Whole lotta Yoko” starring Yoko Ono, Ivry Gitlis, The Dirty Mac. • Billy Preston – That’s the Way God Planned It (1969) – bass guitar • Alexis Korner – Musically Rich...and Famous: Anthology 1967–1982 (2003) – guitar on “Get Off of My Cloud” (recorded 1974 or 1975) • Ronnie Wood – I've Got My Own Album to Do (1974) – co-composer, guitar and lead vocals on “Sure the One You Need"; co-composer, guitar, piano and backing vocals on “Act Together"; guitar and backing vocals on several other tracks; The First Barbarians Live From Kilburn (recorded 1974, released 2007): guitar, lead vocals, keyboards; Now Look (1975) – guitar and backing vocals on “Breathe on Me”, "[I Can't Stand the Rain]]" and “I Can Say She’s Alright"; Gimme Some Neck (1979) – guitar and backing vocals on “Buried Alive”, backing vocals on “Seven Days” • Faces – The Faces’ Final Concert (recorded 1974, released 2000) – guitar on “Sweet Little Rock & Roller”, “I'd Rather Go Blind” and "Twistin' the Night Away" • John Phillips – Pay Pack & Follow (recorded 1976–77, released 2001) and Pussycat (outtakes and alternate mixes – recorded 1976–77, released 2008) – co-producer, guitar, backing vocals • – (1978) – guitar • The New Barbarians – Buried Alive: Live in Maryland (recorded 1979, released 2006) – guitar, piano, lead and backing vocals • Ian McLagan – Troublemaker (1979, re-released in 2005 as Here Comes Trouble) – guitar and backing vocals on “Truly” • Screamin' Jay Hawkins – Portrait of a Man: A History of Screamin' Jay Hawkins (1979) – guitar on "I Put a Spell on You" and “Armpit #6” • Max Romeo – Holding Out My Love For You (1981) – guitar, mixing • Tom Waits – Rain Dogs (1985) – guitar and backing vocals on “Big Black Mariah”, “Union Square” and “Blind Love"; Bone Machine (1992) – co-composer, guitar and vocals on “That Feel"; Bad As Me (2011) – guitar on “Chicago”, “Satisfied” and “Hell Broke Luce"; guitar and vocals on “Last Leaf” • Sun City: Artists United Against Apartheid (1985) – co-composer and guitar on “Silver and Gold” • Slim Jim Phantom, Lee Rocker & Earl Slick – Phantom Rocker and Slick (1986) – guitar on “My Love Hurts”, “Hickory Wind” and “Wild Horses"Mistake” • Aretha Franklin – Jumpin' Jack Flash film soundtrack (1986): producer and guitar on title track, also on Jewels in the Crown: All-Star Duets with the Queen (2007) • Chuck Berry concert film Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll (1987) – musical producer, guitar and backing vocals • Nona Hendryx – Female Trouble (1987) – guitar on “Rock This House” • – Conscious Party (1988) – guitar on “Lee & Molly” • Feargal Sharkey – Wish (1988) – guitar on “More Love” • The Dirty Strangers – Dirty Strangers (1988): guitar; From W12 to Wittering (2009) – piano on five tracks, co- composer of “Real Botticelli” 92 CHAPTER 3. KEITH RICHARDS

• Johnnie Johnson – Johnnie B. Bad (1991) – co-producer, guitar and lead vocals on “”, co- composer and guitar on “Tanqueray” • – Mr. Lucky (1991) – guitar on "Crawling King Snake", guitar and backing vocals on “Whiskey and Wimmen” • The Neville Brothers – Uptown (1991) – guitar • Weird Nightmare – Meditations on Mingus (1992) – guitar and lead vocals on “Oh Lord Don't Let Them Drop That Atomic Bomb on Me” • George Jones – Bradley Barn Sessions (1994) – guitar and lead vocals on “Say It’s Not You"; Burn Your Playhouse Down – The Unreleased Duets (2008) – lead vocals on “Burn Your Playhouse Down” (recorded in 1994) • Bernie Worrell – Funk of Ages (1994) – guitar • – Resurrection (1994) – guitar • Marianne Faithfull – A Collection (1994) – co-producer and guitar on “Ghost Dance"; Easy Come, Easy Go (2008): guitar and harmony vocals on “Sing Me Back Home” • The Chieftains – Long Black Veil (1995) – guitar on “The Rocky Road to ” • Ivan Neville – Thanks (1995) – guitar; Scrape (2004) – guitar • Bo Diddley – (1996) – guitar on “Bo Diddley Is Crazy” • B.B. King – Deuces Wild (1997) – guitar on “Paying The Cost To Be The Boss” • Wingless Angels (1997) – co-producer, guitar and backing vocals • Scotty Moore – All the King’s Men (1997) – guitar and lead vocals on “Deuce and a Quarter” • Jimmy Rogers All-Stars – Blues Blues Blues (1999) – guitar on “Trouble No More”, “Don't Start Me Talkin'" and “Goin' Away” • – Sheryl Crow and Friends: Live From Central Park (1999) – guitar and lead vocals on “Happy” • Charlie Watts – Charlie Watts – Project (2000) – guitar on “The Elvin Suite” • Timeless: Tribute to Hank Williams (2001) – guitar and lead vocals on “You Win Again” • – voice on the episode entitled "How I Spent My Strummer Vacation" • Peter Wolf – Sleepless (2002) – guitar and lead vocals on “Too Close Together” • & Friends – Stars & Guitars (2002) – guitar and lead vocals on "Dead Flowers"; Outlaws and Angelsls (2004) – guitar and vocals on "We Had It All", guitar on “Trouble in Mind” and "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin On" • Hubert Sumlin – About Them Shoes (2004) – guitar and lead vocals on “Still a Fool"; guitar on “I Love the Life I Lead” and “Little Girl” • Toots & the Maytals – True Love (2004) – guitar and lead vocals on “Careless Ethiopians"; guitar and backing vocals on "Pressure Drop" (released 2007). • Return to Sin City– A Tribute to Gram Parsons (2004) – guitar and lead vocals on "Love Hurts" • Make It Funky (2005) – guitar and lead vocals on “I'm Ready” • Les Paul & Friends – American Made World Played (2005) – guitar on "Good Morning Little Schoolgirl" • Buddy Guy – Bring 'Em In (2005) – guitar on " The Price You Gotta Pay”. • – Last Man Standing: The Duets (2006) – guitar and lead vocals on “That Kind of Fool” 3.11. LEAD VOCALS ON ROLLING STONES TRACKS 93

• Ronnie Spector – Last of the Rock Stars (2006) – guitar and lead vocals on “It’s Gonna Work Out Fine”, guitar on “All I Want” • Lee “Scratch” Perry – Scratch Came Scratch Saw Scratch Conquered (2008) – guitar on “Heavy Voodoo” and “Once There’s a Will There’s a Way"; 2010 Revelations (2010) – guitar, piano, bass and drums on “Book of Moses” • Little Steven's Underground Garage – Christmas a Go-Go (2008) – guitar and lead vocals on “Run Rudolph Run” • Ben Waters – Boogie for Stu: A Tribute to Ian Stewart (2011) – guitar on “Rooming House Boogie” and “"; lead vocals on “” • Lou Pallo – Thank You Les (Les Paul tribute album) (2012) – guitar and lead vocals on “It’s Been a Long, Long Time”

3.11 Lead vocals on Rolling Stones tracks

Below is a list of the officially released Rolling Stones tracks on which Richards sings lead vocals or shares lead-vocal duties:

• "Something Happened to Me Yesterday" (alternates with Jagger), "Connection" (co-lead with Jagger) – Between the Buttons (1967) • "Salt of the Earth" (first verse) – Beggars Banquet (1968) • "You Got the Silver"– Let It Bleed (1969) • "Happy"– Exile on Main St. (1972) • ""– Goats Head Soup (1973) • "" (alternates with Jagger) – Black and Blue (1976) • “Happy” (live) – Love You Live (1977) • "Before They Make Me Run"– Some Girls (1978) • "All About You"– Emotional Rescue (1980) • "Little T&A"– Tattoo You (1981) • “” – Undercover (1983) • “Too Rude”, ""– Dirty Work (1986) • “Can't Be Seen”, "Slipping Away"– Steel Wheels (1989) • “Can't Be Seen” (live) – Flashpoint (1991) • “The Worst”, “Thru and Thru” – Voodoo Lounge (1994) • “Slipping Away” (acoustic studio rehearsal) – Stripped (1995) • “You Don't Have to Mean It”, “Thief in the Night”, “How Can I Stop” – Bridges to Babylon (1997) • “Thief in the Night” (live), “Memory Motel” (live, alternates with Jagger and Dave Matthews)– No Security (1998) • “Anyway You Look At It” (Alternates with Jagger) – Saint of me (B -Side)(1998) • “Losing My Touch” – Forty Licks (2002) • “Happy” (live), "The Nearness of You" (live), “You Don't Have to Mean It” (live) – Live Licks (2004) 94 CHAPTER 3. KEITH RICHARDS

• "", "Infamy"– A Bigger Bang (2005) • “Hurricane” – CD single (free at US Rolling Stones concerts in 2005 with donation to Hurricane Katrina fund) • “Thru and Thru” (live) – Rarities 1971–2003 (2005) • “You Got the Silver” (live), “Connection” (live), “Little T&A” (live) – Shine a Light (2008) • “Soul Survivor” (Alternative Take) – "Exile on Main Street (2010 Reissue)" (2010) • “We Had it All” – Some Girls (2011 Reissue) (2011)

3.12 Filmography

3.13 Bibliography

• 2009: Life • 2014: Gus & Me: The Story of My Granddad and My First Guitar

3.14 See also

3.15 References

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[90] Greene, Andy (2 September 2009). “Keith Richards on Recording With Jack White, New Stones LP”. Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 5 September 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2009. 98 CHAPTER 3. KEITH RICHARDS

[91] “Spike TV press release”. Spike.com. 15 October 2009. Archived from the original on 10 January 2010. Retrieved 15 October 2010.

[92] “The 1st International Rock Awards 1989”. waddywachtelinfo.com. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2009.

[93] “Depp, Richards Light Up Spike TV’s 'Scream 2009”. Associated Press. 18 October 2009. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009.

[94] Richards, Keith (2009). Jessica Pallington West, ed. What Would Keith Richards Do?: Daily Affirmations from a Rock 'n' Roll Survivor. New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-59691-614-2.

[95] Rich, Motoko (1 August 2007). “A Rolling Stone Prepares to Gather His Memories”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2008.

[96] “Toots and the Maytals: Reggae Got Soul”. BBC Four (documentary). Directed by George Scott. UK. 2011. 59 min. Retrieved 15 December 2016. <“Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2017.>

[97] Tootsandthemaytals. “Toots & The Maytals - Reggae Got Soul - Documentary Trailer.” YouTube. YouTube, 15 August 2013. Web. 15 December 2016. <“Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017.>

[98] – IrelandOn-Line Archived 12 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine.

[99] “Entertainment | Stones row over Jagger knighthood”. BBC News. 4 December 2003. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.

[100] Holden, Stephen. “The Pop Life”. New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2014.

[101] “Johnny Depp, Keith Richards to Begin Fourth 'Pirates’ – Mick Jagger rumored for fourth 'Pirates’". My Fox Houston. 26 April 2010. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2011.

[102] Richards, Keith (2010). Life. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-03438-X. OCLC 548642133.

[103] Bloxham, Andy (15 October 2010). “Keith Richards: 'Mick Jagger has been unbearable since 1980s’". The Telegraph. Tele- graph Media Group. Archived from the original on 1 September 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2015.

[104] “Keith Richards’ Guitar Museum”. Femalefirst.co.uk. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 28 Septem- ber 2014.

[105] Burrluck, Dave (September 2007). “The Keithburst Les Paul”. Guitarist Magazine: 55–58.

[106] Bacon, Tony (2002). 50 Years of the Gibson Les Paul. Backbeat. pp. 38, 50, 123. ISBN 0-87930-711-0. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009.

[107] “Keith Richards 1959 Les Paul Standard”. Richard Henry Guitars. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2009.

[108] “Epiphone Casino Electric Guitar”. Vintageguitars.org.uk. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2010.

[109] “Epiphone News: Rolling Stones at 50”. Epiphone.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012.

[110] “Epiphone: 1961 50th Anniversary Casino”. Epiphone.com. Archived from the original on 28 February 2012.

[111] “Epiphone Casino”. Epiphone.com. Archived from the original on 15 February 2012.

[112] “The Ed Sullivan Show”. 20. Episode 884. 11 September 1966.

[113] The Rolling Stones (1969). Get Yer Ya-Ya’s Out (re-release) (DVD released 2009). ABKCO.

[114] The Rolling Stones (1997). Bridges to Babylon (DVD released 1999). Warner Home Video.

[115] The Rolling Stones (June 2005). The Biggest Bang (DVD released 2007). Universal Music Operations.

[116] “Rolling Stones – Keith Richards Guitar Gear Rig and Equipment”. Archived from the original on 8 December 2009. 3.16. EXTERNAL LINKS 99

[117] “Through The Years, Clearly: Dan Armstrong Series”. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012.

[118] “Keith Richards’ Guitars and Gear”. GroundGuitar. 20 June 2014. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.

[119] Egan, Sean (1 September 2013). “Keith Richards on Keith Richards: Interviews and Encounters”. Chicago Review Press. Archived from the original on 30 April 2016 – via Google Books.

[120] “Keith Richards’ Guitar Tech Reveals Keef’s Studio Rig”. 29 October 2015. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.

[121] “Keef’s '77 Mar k 1 El Mocambo Boogie”. Archived from the original on 2008-12-30.

[122] “1958 Fender Strat & 1959 Fender Twin”. Premierguitar.com. Archived from the original on 22 December 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2015.

[123] Bosso, Joe (2006). “”. Guitar Legends: The Rolling Stones. Future plc. p. 12.

[124] “Sold on Song: (I Can't Get No) Satisfaction”. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2008.

[125] Dalton, David (1981). The Rolling Stones: The First Twenty Years. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 163. ISBN 0-394-52427-6.

[126] Wheeler, Tom (December 1989). “Keith Richards: Not Fade Away”. Guitar Player. New Bay Media LLC.

[127] "(Spoilers): Did anyone notice this easter egg during the flashback scene? • r/piratesofthecaribbean”. reddit.

3.16 External links

• Official website • Keith Richards at AllMusic

• Keith Richards on IMDb • Keith Richards on National Public Radio in 2010

• Keith Richards at the Songwriters Hall of Fame • Keith Richards discography at Discogs

• Keith Richards discography at MusicBrainz • CBC Archives Richards’ trial and sentencing in 24 October 1978 and 16 April 1979

• Richards,_Keith at DMOZ Chapter 4

Bill Wyman

Bill Wyman (born William George Perks Jr., 24 October 1936) is an English musician, , songwriter and singer. He was the bass guitarist for the English rock and roll band the Rolling Stones from 1962 until 1993. Since 1997, he has recorded and toured with his own band, Bill Wyman’s Rhythm Kings. He has worked producing both records and film, and has scored music for film in movies and television. Wyman has kept a journal since he was a child after World War II. As an author, he has written seven books. Wyman is also a photographer, and his works have been displayed in galleries around the world.[1] Wyman’s lack of funds in his early years led him to create and build his own fretless bass guitar. He became an amateur archaeologist and enjoys metal detecting; The Times published a letter about his hobby. He designed and marketed a patented “Bill Wyman signature metal detector", which he has used to find relics in the English countryside dating back to the era of the Roman Empire. As a businessman he owns several establishments, including the Sticky Fingers Café, a rock and roll-themed bistro serving American cuisine, which first opened in 1989 in Kensington.

4.1 Early life

Wyman was born as William George Perks Jr. in Lewisham Hospital in Lewisham, south London, the son of William Perks, a bricklayer, and Molly (née Jeffery) Perks. One of five children, Wyman spent most of his early life living in a terraced house in one of the roughest streets in Sydenham, southeast London. He describes his childhood as “scarred by poverty”.[2] He attended Beckenham and Penge County Grammar School from 1947 to Easter 1953, leaving before the GCE exams after his father found him a job working for a bookmaker and insisted that he take it.[3][4]

4.2 Music career

Wyman took piano lessons from age 10 to 13. A year after his marriage on 24 October 1959 to Diane Cory, an 18-year- old bank clerk, he bought a Burns electric guitar for £52 (equivalent to £1,080 in 2015[5]) on hire-purchase, but was not satisfied by his progress.[6] He switched to bass guitar after hearing one at a Barron Knights concert. He created a fretless electric bass guitar[7] by removing the frets from a cheap Japanese bass guitar he was reworking and played this in a south London band, the Cliftons, in 1961. He used the stage name Lee Wyman (later Bill) Wyman, taking the surname of a friend with whom he had done national service in the Royal Air Force from 1955 to 1957.[8] He legally changed his surname to Wyman in August 1964.[9]

100 4.2. MUSIC CAREER 101

4.2.1 The Rolling Stones and 1980s side projects

Main article: The Rolling Stones When drummer Tony Chapman told him that a rhythm and blues band called the Rolling Stones needed a bass player, he auditioned and was hired on 7 December 1962 as a successor to Dick Taylor. The band was impressed by his instrument and amplifiers (one of which Wyman built himself), but because he was married, employed, and older, Wyman remained an outsider.[10] Wyman was the oldest member of the group.[9] In addition to playing bass, Wyman frequently provided backing vocals on early records and through 1967 in concert as well. He sang lead on the track "In Another Land", on the Their Satanic Majesties Request album and a single. The song is one of two Wyman compositions released by the Rolling Stones; the second is “Downtown Suzie” (sung by Mick Jagger), on Metamorphosis, a collection of Rolling Stones outtakes. The title “Downtown Suzie” was chosen by their erstwhile manager Allen Klein without consulting Wyman or the band. The original title was “Sweet Lisle Lucy”, named after Lisle Street, a street in the red light district in , London. Wyman kept a journal throughout his life, beginning when he was a child, and used it in writing his 1990 autobiography Stone Alone and his 2002 book Rolling with the Stones. In Stone Alone, Wyman claims to have composed the riff of "Jumpin' Jack Flash" with Brian Jones and drummer Charlie Watts. Wyman mentions that "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" was released as a single only after a 3–2 vote within the band: Wyman, Watts and Jones voted for, Jagger and Keith Richards against, feeling it not sufficiently commercial. In the 1970s and early 1980s he made three solo albums, none commercially very successful but all well received by critics. In July 1981 his "(Si, Si) Je suis un rock star" became a top-20 hit in many countries.[11] Wyman also played on The London Howlin' Wolf Sessions, released 1971, with Howlin' Wolf, Eric Clapton, Charlie Watts and Stevie Winwood, and on the album Jamming with Edward, released in 1972, with , Nicky Hopkins, Jagger and Watts. In 1981 Wyman composed the soundtrack album Green Ice for the Ryan O'Neal/Omar Sharif film of the same name. In the mid-1980s he composed music for two films by Italian director Dario Argento: Phenomena (1985) and Terror at the Opera (1987). In 1985, he was approached by producers working on a movie based on the Vietnam War, who asked him to provide the theme tune. He completed a demo of the 1969 song Spirit in the Sky and sent it off to them for review. The producers’ feedback was highly positive, but they soon ran out of money and had to scrap the project. The demo tape was apparently lost, but on an audio CD included with Bill Wyman’s Scrapbook in 2013, he says that “somebody out there must have heard it because four months later – in the June of that year – Doctor and the Medics appeared with the release of their version of that song which eventually went to number one for three weeks. A coincidence perhaps? Still, such is life.” He made a cameo appearance in the 1987 film Eat the Rich. He produced and played on a few albums of the group Tucky Buzzard.[12] Wyman was close to Brian Jones; he and Jones usually shared rooms together while they were on tour and often went to clubs together. He and Jones hung out together even when Jones was distancing himself from the band. Wyman was distraught when he heard the news of Jones’ death, being one of two members besides Watts to attend Jones’ funeral in July 1969. Wyman was also friends with guitarist Mick Taylor. Like the other Rolling Stones, he has worked with Taylor since Taylor’s departure from the band in 1974. After the Rolling Stones’ 1989–90 Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle Tours, Wyman left the group; his decision was announced in January 1993.[13] The Rolling Stones have continued to record and tour with Darryl Jones on bass. On 24 October 2012, the Stones announced that Wyman and Mick Taylor were expected to join them on stage at the upcoming shows in London (25 and 29 November) and Newark (13 and 15 December). Richards went on to say that the pair would strictly be guests, and Darryl Jones would continue to supply the bass for the majority of the show. He said, “Darryl doesn't get enough recognition. He and Bill can talk about songs they want to step in and out of.”[14] [15] At the first London show on 25 November, Wyman played on two back-to-back tracks: "It’s Only Rock 'n Roll" and "Honky Tonk Women". He later stated that he was not interested in joining the band for further tour dates in 2013.[16] 102 CHAPTER 4. BILL WYMAN

4.2.2 Later activity

Main article: Bill Wyman’s Rhythm Kings

Wyman continues to tour with the Rhythm Kings, which has featured such musicians as Martin Taylor,[17] , , (formerly with Tucky Buzzard), and . Following his 70th birth- day in October 2006, Wyman undertook another British tour. On 10 December 2007, Wyman and his band appeared alongside a reunited Led Zeppelin at the Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert at the O2 in London. Wyman was a judge for the 5th annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists’ careers.[18] In 2009, ex-Rolling Stones guitarist Mick Taylor was invited as a guest performer with Wyman’s Rhythm Kings. On 25 October 2009, Wyman performed a reunion show with Faces, filling in for the late as he had previously done in 1986 and 1993.[19][20] On 19 April 2011, pianist Ben Waters released an Ian Stewart tribute album titled Boogie 4 Stu. Wyman played on two tracks: “Rooming House Boogie” and “Watchin' the River Flow”, the latter recorded with the Rolling Stones.

4.3 Musical instruments

Wyman’s bass sound came not only from his homemade fretless bass, but the "walking bass" style he adopted, inspired by Willie Dixon and Ricky Fenson. Wyman has played a number of basses, including a Framus Star bass and a number of other Framus basses,[21][22] a Vox Teardrop bass (issued as a Bill Wyman signature model), a Fender Mustang Bass, two Ampeg Dan Armstrong basses, a Gibson EB-3, and a bass. Since the late 1980s, Wyman has primarily played basses. Wyman’s amplifiers over the years have included a Vox T-60, a piggyback Fender Bassman, a Hiwatt bass stack, and an Ampeg SVT. Wyman, especially in the early Stones’ years, had a distinctive way of holding his bass – almost vertically. He stated that the reason he held a bass in that position was simply because his hands were small.

4.4 Personal life

Wyman, although moderate in his use of alcohol and drugs, has stated that he became “girl mad” as a psychological crutch.[23] The June 2006 issue of Maxim magazine ranked Wyman at number 10 on its “Living Sex Legends” list, as he is reputed to have had sex with over 1,000 women. Wyman married his first wife Diane in 1959 and their son Stephen Paul Wyman was born on 29 March 1962. They separated in 1967 and divorced in 1969.[24] On 2 June 1989, aged 52, Wyman married 18-year-old Mandy Smith, whom he had been dating since she was 13 and he was 47 years old. According to Smith, their relationship was sexually consummated when she was 14 years old.[25] Their relationship was the subject of considerable media attention. The marriage ended in spring 1991, although the divorce was not finalised until 1993.[26] In April 1993, Wyman married Suzanne Accosta. The couple have three daughters.[27] Wyman lives in Gedding Hall, a country house near in Suffolk[28] and in St. Paul de Vence in the South of France; in St. Paul de Vence his friends include numerous artists. He is a cricket supporter and played in a celebrity match at the Oval against a former England XI taking a hat-trick.[29][30] He is a lifelong Crystal Palace FC fan. When on a European tour with the Rolling Stones, he feigned toothache and said he needed to travel back to London to see a dentist, in fact he went to watch Palace at Wembley in the 1990 FA Cup Final.[31] Wyman started selling metal detectors in 2007.[32] Treasure detecting adventures in the British Isles are detailed in his 2005 illustrated book Treasure Islands co-written with Richard Havers.[33][34] Wyman is a keen photographer. He has taken photographs throughout his career and in June 2010 launched a retrospective 4.5. IN POPULAR CULTURE 103 of his work in an exhibition in St Paul de Vence. The exhibition included images of his music acquaintances as well as famous artists from the South of France including Marc Chagall.[35] In 2009, Wyman quit smoking after 55 years.[36] In March 2016, it was announced that Wyman had been diagnosed with prostate cancer and was expected to make a full recovery.[37]

4.5 In popular culture

Wyman is namechecked in the 1986 Smithereens song “Behind the Wall of Sleep”.[38]

4.6 Discography

4.6.1 Solo albums

• Monkey Grip (June 1974) UK No. 39 [1 wk], US No. 99 [11 wks]

• Stone Alone (March 1976) US No. 166 [5 wks]

• Bill Wyman (April 1982) UK No. 55 [6 wks]

• Stuff (October 1992 in Japan and Argentina only, 2000 UK)

• Back To Basics (June 22, 2015)

4.6.2 Collaborative album

• Willie & The Poor Boys (May 1985) US No. 96 [12 wks] (with Mickey Gee, Andy Fairweather-Low, , and Charlie Watts)

4.6.3 Compilation

• A Stone Alone: The Solo Anthology 1974–2002 (2002, UK)

4.6.4 Bill Wyman’s Rhythm Kings

Main article: Bill Wyman’s Rhythm Kings

• Struttin' Our Stuff (October 1997)

• Anyway the Wind Blows (October 1998)

• Groovin' (May 2000) UK No. 52 [3 wks]

• Double Bill (May 2001) UK No. 88 [2 wks]

• Just for a Thrill (May 2004) UK No. 149 [1 wk] 104 CHAPTER 4. BILL WYMAN

4.6.5 Also plays on

• I Can Tell, John Hammond, Jr., 1967

• The London Howlin' Wolf Sessions, 1971

• Manassas, 1972

• Jamming with Edward!, 1972

• Drinkin' TNT And Smokin' Dynamite, Junior Wells and Buddy Guy, 1977

4.6.6 Solo singles

• "In Another Land" (December 1967) Peaked US No. 87

• “Monkey Grip Glue” (June 1974)

• “White Lightnin'" (September 1974)

• “A ” (April 1976)

• "(Si, Si) Je suis un rock star" (July 1981) UK No. 14 [9 wks]

• “Visions” (1982)

• “Come Back Suzanne” (March 1982) Australia No. 14 [10 wks]

• “A New Fashion” (March 1982) UK No. 37 [4 wks]

• "Baby Please Don't Go" (June 1985) US Mainstream Rock No. 35 [7 wks]

• “What & How & If & When & Why” (June 2015)

4.7 Bibliography

Bill Wyman has authored or co-authored the following titles:

4.7.1 Archaeology

• Bill Wyman’s Treasure Islands ISBN 0-7509-3967-2

4.7.2 The Rolling Stones

• Stone Alone ISBN 0-306-80783-1

• Rolling with the Stones ISBN 0-7513-4646-2.

• Bill Wyman’s Blues Odyssey ISBN 0-7513-3442-1

• The Stones – A History in Cartoons ISBN 0-7509-4248-7

The last three books and Bill Wyman’s Treasure Islands were all written in collaboration with Richard Havers. 4.8. REFERENCES 105

4.7.3 Art

• Wyman Shoots Chagall ISBN 0904351629

4.8 References

[1] Wyman, Bill (2009). “Official Website/Photography”. Official Website/project page: photography. Retrieved 28 September 2009.

[2] Wyman, Bill (1990). Stone Alone. Viking. p. 41. ISBN 0-670-82894-7.

[3] Rej, Bent (2006). The Rolling Stones: in the beginning. Great Britain: Firefly Books Ltd. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-55407-230-9.

[4] Ray, Coleman (1991-01-01). Bill Wyman - Stone alone: the story of a rock 'n' roll band. Penguin. p. 66. ISBN 0140128220. OCLC 26358579.

[5] UK Consumer Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Gregory Clark (2016), "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)", MeasuringWorth.com.

[6] Wyman 1990. pp. 82–84.

[7] Roberts, Jim (2001). 'How The Fender Bass Changed the World' or Jon Sievert interview with Bill Wyman, Guitar Player magazine December (1978)

[8] Wyman 1990. p. 141.

[9] Rej 2006, p. 163.

[10] Wyman, Bill (2007). “Wyman Official Website-Video Diary”. “The Day I Joined the Stones” Wyman on video recollecting his past with his diary. Video page in website. Retrieved 28 September 2009.

[11] Wyman, Bill (2002). Rolling With the Stones. DK Publishing. p. 466. ISBN 0-7894-9998-3.

[12] “Biography”. Allmusic. Retrieved 15 June 2016.

[13] McPherson, Ian. “The Rolling Stones Chronicle 1993”. Retrieved 26 August 2008.

[14] Brian Hiatt (24 October 2012). “Inside the Rolling Stones’ Reunion”. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 5 July 2013.

[15] “Rolling Stones to Reunite with Bill Wyman and Mick Taylor for O2 Shows – New York Music News”. New York Music News. 21 November 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012.

[16] “Bill Wyman Not Interested in The Stones”. .gibson.com. Retrieved 5 July 2013.

[17] Martin Taylor interview (2008) in which he speaks of working with Wyman

[18] “Past Judges”. Independent Music Awards. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 4 May 2010.

[19] The Rough Guide to Rock.

[20] “Bill’s blog – 24–27 October 2009”.

[21] “Bill Wyman”. Framus Vintage Archive. Retrieved April 29, 2015.

[22] "'Framus - known all over the world'". Framus Vintage Archive. Retrieved April 29, 2015.

[23] McPherson, Ian. “Portrait of Bill”. Retrieved 26 August 2008.

[24] Wyman 2002. pp. 23, 34, 254 and 339.

[25] Jenny Johnston (17 April 2010). “Mandy Smith: I DID sleep with Bill Wyman when I was 14... but now the only man in my life is God”. The Daily Mail. London, UK. Retrieved 4 May 2010.

[26] Hoyle, Antonia (3 June 2008). "'If it happened now, Bill would go to jail.' Mandy Smith on the Rolling Stone who seduced her at the age of 13”. Mail Online/Femail. Retrieved 5 October 2009. 106 CHAPTER 4. BILL WYMAN

[27] Wyman 2002. p. 487, pp. 496–97.

[28] Kray twins link to historic Suffolk hall - News - East Anglian Daily Times Retrieved 2011-11-04.

[29] interview, August 2008, featuring celebrities discussing their love for cricket

[30] “Bill Wyman talks exclusively to FR2DAY’s David Stoyle”. Fr2day.com. 6 June 2010. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2011.

[31] predictions: Lawro v ex-Rolling Stone Bill Wyman, BBC Sport; retrieved 2 May 2015.

[32] “Bill Wyman Signature Metal Detector”. Billwymandetector.com. Retrieved 13 September 2011.

[33] “Bill Wyman’s Treasure Islands”. Richardhavers.com. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2011.

[34] “Bill Wyman’s Treasure Islands”. Billwyman.com. 18 October 2007. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 13 September 2011.

[35] “Interview in FR2DAY”. Fr2day.com. 6 June 2010. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2011.

[36] Rolling Stone Bill Wyman can't get no satis-fag-tion Mail

[37] Khomami, Nadia (8 March 2016). “Rolling Stone Bill Wyman diagnosed with prostate cancer”. The Guardian. Manchester, England. Retrieved 8 March 2016.

[38] “Especially for You (1986)". Retrieved 30 March 2014.

4.9 External links

• Bill Wyman’s website

• Bill Wyman’s villa in Vence, South of France • Bill Wyman at AllMusic 4.9. EXTERNAL LINKS 107

Wyman touring in 1975 with the Rolling Stones Chapter 5

Charlie Watts

Charles Robert "Charlie" Watts (born 2 June 1941) is an English drummer, best known as a member of the Rolling Stones. Originally trained as a graphic artist, he started playing drums in London’s rhythm and blues clubs, where he met Brian Jones, Mick Jagger, and Keith Richards. In 1963, he joined their group, the Rolling Stones, as drummer, while doubling as designer of their record sleeves and tour stages. He has also toured with his own group, the Charlie Watts Quintet, and appeared at London’s prestigious jazz-club Ronnie Scott’s with the Charlie Watts Tentet. In 2006, Watts was elected into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame; in the same year, Vanity Fair elected him into the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame. In the estimation of noted music critic Robert Christgau, Watts is “rock’s greatest drummer.” In 2016, he was ranked 12th on Rolling Stone's “100 Greatest Drummers of All Time” list.[1]

5.1 Early life

Charles Robert “Charlie” Watts was born to Charles Richard Watts, a lorry driver for the London Midland & Scottish Railway, and his wife Lillian Charlotte (née Eaves),[2] at University College Hospital, London, and raised (along with his sister Linda) in Kingsbury. He attended Tylers Croft Secondary Modern School from 1952 to 1956; as a schoolboy, he displayed a talent for art, cricket and football.[3] As a child, Watts lived in Wembley, at 23 Pilgrims Way.[4] Many of Wembley’s houses had been destroyed by German bombs during World War II; Watts and his family lived in a prefabricated home, as did many in the community.[4] Watts’s neighbour Dave Green, who lived next door at 22 Pilgrims Way,[4] was a childhood friend, and they remain friends today; Green went on to become a jazz bass player. Green recalls that as boys, “we discovered 78rpm records. Charlie had more records than I did... We used to go to Charlie’s bedroom and just get these records out.”[5] Watts’ earliest records were jazz recordings; he remembers owning 78 RPM records of Jelly Roll Morton, and .[5] Green recalls that Watts also “had the one with Monk and the Johnny Dodge Trio. Charlie was ahead of me in listening and acquisitions.”[5] When Watts and Green were both about thirteen, Watts became interested in drumming:[5]

I bought a banjo, and I didn't like the dots on the neck. So I took the neck off, and at the same time I heard a drummer called Chico Hamilton, who played with Gerry Mulligan, and I wanted to play like that, with brushes. I didn't have a snare drum, so I put the banjo head on a stand.[5]

Green and Watts began their musical careers together from 1958 to 1959, playing in a jazz band in Middlesex called the Jo Jones All Stars.[5] Watts initially found his transition to rhythm and blues puzzling; commenting, “I went into rhythm and blues. When they asked me to play, I didn't know what it was. I thought it meant Charlie Parker, played slow.[5] Watts’ parents gave him his first in 1955; he was interested in jazz, and would practice drumming along with jazz records he collected.[6] After completing secondary school, he enrolled at Harrow Art School (now the University of Westminster), which he attended until 1960. After leaving school, Watts worked as a graphic designer for an advertising

108 5.2. MUSICAL CAREER 109

company called Charlie Daniels Studios, and also played drums occasionally with local bands in coffee shops and clubs. In 1961 he met Alexis Korner, who invited him to join his band, Blues Incorporated.[7] At that time Watts was on his way to a sojourn working as a graphic designer in , but he accepted Korner’s offer when he returned to London in February 1962.[8] Watts played regularly with Blues Incorporated and maintained a job with another advertising firm of Charles, Hobson and Grey. It was in mid-1962 that Watts first met Brian Jones, Ian “Stu” Stewart, Mick Jagger, and Keith Richards, who also frequented the London rhythm and blues clubs, but it was not until January 1963 that Watts finally agreed to join The Rolling Stones.[9]

5.2 Musical career

Besides his music, Watts contributed graphic art to early Rolling Stones records such as the Between the Buttons record sleeve and was responsible for the 1975 tour announcement press conference in New York City. The band surprised the throng of waiting reporters by driving and playing "Brown Sugar" on the back of a flatbed truck in the middle of Manhattan traffic, a gimmick AC/DC copied later the same year. (Status Quo repeated the trick for the 1984 video to “The Wanderer” and U2 would later emulate it in the 2004 video for “All Because of You”.) Watts remembered this was a common way for New Orleans jazz bands to promote upcoming dates. Moreover, with Jagger, he designed the elaborate stages for tours, first contributing to the lotus-shaped design of that 1975 Tour of the Americas, as well as the 1989–1990 Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle Tour, the 1997 Bridges to Babylon Tour, the 2002-2003 Licks Tour, and the 2005-2007 A Bigger Bang Tour. Watts has been involved in many activities outside his life as a member of The Rolling Stones. In 1964, he published a cartoon tribute to Charlie Parker entitled Ode to a High Flying Bird. Although he has made his name in rock, his personal tastes lie principally in jazz. In the late 1970s, he joined Ian Stewart in the back-to-the-roots boogie-woogie band , which featured many of the UK’s top jazz, rock and R&B musicians. In the 1980s, he toured worldwide with a big band that included such names as Evan Parker, Courtney Pine and , who was also a member of Rocket 88. In 1991, he organised a jazz quintet as another tribute to Charlie Parker. 1993 saw the release of Warm And Tender, by the Charlie Watts Quintet,[10] which included vocalist Bernard Fowler. This same group then released Long Ago And Far Away in 1996. Both records included a collection of Great American Songbook standards. After a successful collaboration with Jim Keltner on The Rolling Stones’ Bridges to Babylon, Watts and Keltner released a techno/instrumental album simply titled, Charlie Watts/Jim Keltner Project. Watts stated that even though the tracks bore such names as the “Elvin Suite” in honour of the late Elvin Jones, Max Roach and Roy Haynes, they were not copying their style of drumming, but rather capturing a feeling by those artists. Watts at Scott’s was recorded with his group, “the Charlie Watts Tentet”,[10] at the famous jazz club in London, Ronnie Scott’s. In April 2009 he started to perform concerts with the ABC&D of Boogie Woogie together with pianists Axel Zwingenberger and Ben Waters plus his childhood friend Dave Green on bass. In 1989, The Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In the July 2006 issue of Modern Drummer magazine, Watts was voted into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame, joining , , Steve Gadd, and other highly esteemed and influential drummers from the history of rock and jazz.[11] In the estimation of noted music critic Robert Christgau, Watts is “rock’s greatest drummer.”[12]

5.3 Private life and public image

On 14 October 1964, Watts married Shirley Ann Shepherd (born 11 September 1938), whom he had met before the band became successful. The couple have one daughter, Serafina, born in March 1968, who in turn has given birth to Watts’ only grandchild, a girl named Charlotte. Watts has expressed a love–hate attitude toward touring. When he appeared on the BBC’s Radio 4 Desert Island Discs,[13] in February 2001, he said that he has had a compulsive habit for decades of sketching every new hotel room he occupies – and its furnishings. He stated that he keeps every sketch, but still doesn't know why he feels the compulsion to do this. Watts’ personal life has outwardly appeared to be substantially quieter than those of his bandmates and many of his rock- and-roll colleagues; onstage, he seems to furnish a calm and amused counterpoint to his flamboyant bandmates. Ever 110 CHAPTER 5. CHARLIE WATTS

Watts during a performance with The Rolling Stones in 2006 faithful to his wife Shirley, Watts consistently refused sexual favours from groupies on the road; in Robert Greenfield’s STP: A Journey Through America with The Rolling Stones, a documentary of the 1972 American Tour, it is noted that when the group was invited to the Playboy Mansion during that tour, Watts took advantage of Hugh Hefner's game room instead of frolicking with the women. “I've never filled the stereotype of the rock star,” he remarked. “Back in the '70s, Bill Wyman and I decided to grow beards, and the effort left us exhausted.”[14] Watts has spoken openly about a period in the mid-1980s when his previously moderate use of alcohol and drugs became problematic: "[My drug and alcohol problems were] my way of dealing with [family problems]... Looking back on it, I 5.3. PRIVATE LIFE AND PUBLIC IMAGE 111

Watts, backstage prior to performing with The Rolling Stones at Georgia Southern University on 4 May 1965 think it was a mid-life crisis. All I know is that I became totally another person around 1983 and came out of it about 1986. I nearly lost my wife and everything over my behaviour”.[15] One anecdote relates that in the mid-1980s, an intoxicated Jagger phoned Watts’ hotel room in the middle of the night asking “Where’s my drummer?". Watts reportedly got up, shaved, dressed in a suit, put on a tie and freshly shined shoes, descended the stairs, and punched Jagger in the face, saying: “Don't ever call me your drummer again. You're my fucking singer!"[16] Watts is noted for his personal wardrobe: the British newspaper has named him one of the World’s Best Dressed Men. In 2006, Vanity Fair elected Watts into the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame.[17] In June 2004, Watts was diagnosed with throat cancer, despite having quit smoking in the late 1980s, and underwent a course of radiotherapy. The cancer has since gone into remission, and he returned to recording and touring with The Rolling Stones. Watts now lives in Dolton, a rural village in west Devon, where he and wife Shirley own an Arabian horse stud farm.[18] 112 CHAPTER 5. CHARLIE WATTS

He also owns a percentage of The Rolling Stones’ various corporate entities.

5.4 Discography

See also: The Rolling Stones discography

In addition to his work with The Rolling Stones, Watts has released the following albums:

• The Charlie Watts Orchestra Live at Fulham Town Hall (1986/)

• The Charlie Watts Quintet - From One Charlie (1991/Continuum Records)

• The Charlie Watts Quintet - A Tribute to Charlie Parker with Strings (1992/Continuum Records)

• The Charlie Watts Quintet - Warm and Tender (1993/Continuum Records)

• The Charlie Watts Quintet - Long Ago and Far Away (1996/Virgin Records)

• The Charlie Watts-Jim Keltner Project (2000/Cyber Octave Records)

• The Charlie Watts Tentet - Watts at Scott’s (2004/Sanctuary Records)

• The ABC&D of Boogie Woogie - The Magic of Boogie Woogie (2010/Vagabond Records)

• The ABC&D of Boogie Woogie Live in Paris (2012/Columbia Records)

5.5 References

[1] “100 Greatest Drummers of All Time”. Rolling Stone. 31 March 2016. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.

[2] Bill Wyman; (1997). Bill Wyman, Stone Alone: The Story of a Rock 'n' Roll Band. Da Capo Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-306-80783-1. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017.

[3] Wyman, Bill (2002). Rolling With the Stones. DK Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 0-7894-9998-3.

[4] “The Musical Life: Tag Team”. the New Yorker. 23 July 2012 (p. 20).

[5] “The Musical Life: Tag Team”. the New Yorker. 23 July 2012 (p. 21).

[6] Wyman 2002. p. 19.

[7] “John Pidgeon’s Rock’sbackpages blog”. Rocksbackpagesblogs.com. Archived from the original on 9 November 2011. Re- trieved 30 October 2011.

[8] Wyman 2002. pp. 29-30 and 34.

[9] Wyman 2002. pp. 32 and 44.

[10] Yanow, Scott (2 July 1941). “Allmusic credits - Jazz”. Allmusic.com. Retrieved 30 October 2011.

[11] “Modern Drummer’s Readers Poll Archive, 1979–2014”. Modern Drummer. Archived from the original on 21 August 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.

[12] “”. Blender, Oct. 2005. Archived from the original on 4 August 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015.

[13] “BBC Radio 4 - Desert Island Discs, Charlie Watts”. BBC. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012.

[14] Cohen, Rich (November 3, 1994). “Tour de force”. Rolling Stone: 110. 5.6. EXTERNAL LINKS 113

[15] McPherson, Ian. “Portrait of Charlie”. Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2008.

[16] Richards, Keith. Life. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2010. Print.

[17] “The International Hall of Fame: Men”. Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.

[18] “Halsdon Arabians”. Halsdon Arabians. Archived from the original on 29 October 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.

5.6 External links

• Allmusic biography and performance credits • Gigging Drum Charts: Charlie Watts

• Charlie Watts and the Tentet • Rolling Stones: Charlie Watts

• Charlie Watts on IMDb 114 CHAPTER 5. CHARLIE WATTS

5.7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

5.7.1 Text

• The Rolling Stones Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones?oldid=797793522 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Derek Ross, Vicki Rosenzweig, Mav, The Anome, Sjc, Gareth Owen, Rjstott, Ed Poor, Christian List, Deb, Ortolan88, William Avery, Ellmist, Modemac, Ewen, Soulpatch, Olivier, Chuq, Edward, Jazz77, Patrick, D, Tubby, HollyAm, Dan Koehl, Menchi, Bobby D. 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CHARLIE WATTS

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CHARLIE WATTS

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Lucajeter, Mortee, Andi1349, DuaneAllman24, TheSandDoctor, Edward Highgate, Wileraja ,62ז ,ris22, PrimeBOT, Robertoangel Kingaccuracy, Wayne Elgin, Jaggerismydarling, Harrystyles909, RogMorOP, Deep.spacist, Jmoore4646 and Anonymous: 1851 • Keith Richards Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Richards?oldid=797214513 Contributors: Malcolm Farmer, Gareth Owen, Deb, Zoe, Hephaestos, Infrogmation, Dante Alighieri, Asilvahalo, Paul Benjamin Austin, Tregoweth, CatherineMunro, Kingturtle, Vzbs34, Net- snipe, Andres, Bemoeial, Furrykef, Jgm, Lord Emsworth, Lumos3, Sjorford, AlexPlank, Sander123, RedWolf, Sbisolo, Moondyne, JB82, Timrollpickering, Michael Snow, Lupo, David Gerard, Gobeirne, Albatross2147, Tristil, DocWatson42, Jthiesen, Redcountess, ShaneKing, Cobaltbluetony, Everyking, Elf-friend, Elinnea, Fleminra, Ferdinand Pienaar, Gzornenplatz, Bobblewik, Stevietheman, Auximines, Quadell, Antandrus, Oneiros, Sam Hocevar, Keresaspa, Biot, Joyous!, Jagnor, Marine 69-71, Rickvaughn, 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CHARLIE WATTS

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